So wobɛpɛ sɛ wudi kan hu wo ba no akwahosan ho asɛm? Momma yɛnka Prenatal Genetic Testing ho asɛm!

Sɛ worehwɛ kwan sɛ wobɛyɛ ɛna a, nea wopɛ paa ne sɛ wobɛwo akokoaa a ɔwɔ apɔwmuden, ɛnte saa? Enti, ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka akwan titiriw bi a wɔfa so yɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛboa wo ma wudi kan hu sɛ ebia akokoaa no wɔ awosu mu yare anaa awo mu yare bi bere a ɔda so ara wɔ awotwaa mu no ho asɛm. Yɛfrɛ eyinom `(Prenatal Genetic Testing)`. Saa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi nyɛ biribi a ɛsɛ sɛ obiara yɛ, nanso ɛho hia yiye sɛ wuhu eyi.

Dɛn ne eyi (Prenatal Genetic Testing)?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, eyinom yɛ nhwehwɛmu a etumi hu sɛ ebia wo ba a ɔhyɛ yafunu mu no wɔ awosu mu yare anaa awo mu dɛmdi bi. Nea ɛnte sɛ mogya su, hemoglobin, ne asikre mu nhwehwɛmu a wotaa yɛ bere a wonyinsɛn no, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu yi ho nhia na sɛ wopɛ nkutoo a wubetumi ayɛ . Wubetumi ne wo duruyɛfo akasa afa eyi ho na woasi nhwehwɛmu a eye ma wo ho gyinae.

Yɛn nipadua mu biribiara yɛ nea yɛn awosu mu nkwaadɔm na ɛhwɛ so. Wɔkora saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi so wɔ nneɛma a wɔfrɛ no chromosomes mu. Enti, ɛtɔ da bi a, sɛ nsakrae anaa sintɔ bi ba saa awosu anaa nkwaadɔm yi mu a, nyarewa ahorow betumi aba. Yɛfrɛ tebea horow a ɛte saa a ɛwɔ awo mu no ``(Congenital Disorders)''. Saa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi tumi hu tebea horow a ɛtete saa no bi ansa na wɔawo akokoaa no mpo.

Dɛn ne sɔhwɛ ahorow abien yi? (Screening ne Nhwehwɛmu a Wɔyɛ de Hu Nyarewa) .

Okay, afei momma yɛnhwɛ. ``Prenatal Genetic Testing'' ahodoɔ titire mmienu na ɛwɔ hɔ.

1. Nhwehwɛmu a Wɔde Hwɛ: Wɔde eyinom di dwuma de hu sɛ ebia wo ba no wɔ asiane mu sɛ obenya awosu mu tebea pɔtee bi anaa. Eyi nkyerɛ ankasa sɛ akokoaa no wɔ yare no. Nanso, sɛ asiane no yɛ kɛse a, wo duruyɛfo bɛkyerɛ wo nea ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ akyi.

2. Nhwehwɛmu a Wɔde Hu Akokoaa: Saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi akyerɛ sɛ akokoaa no wɔ awosu mu tebea bi anaasɛ onni bi. Mpɛn pii no, sɛ nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu kyerɛ sɛ asiane bi wɔ hɔ nkutoo a, anaasɛ asiane kɛse bi wɔ hɔ esiane biribi foforo nti nkutoo a, wɔyɛ eyinom.

Afei momma yɛnka saa ahorow yi mu biara ho asɛm nkɔ akyiri kakra.

Momma yenni kan nhwɛ ‘Screening Tests’ (sɔhwɛ ahorow a ɛhwehwɛ asiane a ɛwɔ awotwaa mu) .

Ade a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae ne sɛ saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu yi nka da sɛ awosu mu tebea bi wɔ hɔ. Sɛ nea efi mu ba no nyɛ nea ɛfata mpo a, ɛnkyerɛ sɛ akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ akokoaa no benya tebea no. Nea ɛkyerɛ ara ne sɛ asiane pɔtee bi wɔ hɔ sɛ wɔde toto afoforo ho a. Wo duruyɛfo betumi akyerɛkyerɛ nea afi mu aba yi mu akyerɛ wo na wakyerɛkyerɛ anammɔn a ɛsɛ sɛ wutu akyi. Wɔ tebea horow bi mu no, ebia wɔbɛkamfo akyerɛ nso sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare no.

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔde hwehwɛ nipadua mu:

1. Carrier Screening - So wowɔ yareɛ bi a ɛbɛtumi akɔ wo ba no so?

Eyi yɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu a wo ne wo hokafo betumi ayɛ. Ɛhwehwɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm biako tebea horow a ebetumi de akwahosan ho tebea horow a emu yɛ den a wo ba no betumi anya afi awo mu aba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, etumi hu tebea horow te sɛ Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Disease, ne Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ wo mogya mu nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ woyɛ obi a wowɔ awosu mu asiane bi a, ɛho hia yiye sɛ wo hokafo no nso yɛ nhwehwɛmu. Efisɛ, sɛ awofo baanu no nyinaa wɔ awosu mu asiane koro a, ɛda adi sɛ akokoaa no benya saa yare no bi a emu yɛ den. Saa ``Carrier Screening`` sɔhwɛ yi yɛ pɛnkoro pɛ wɔ nkwa nna mu.

2. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ chromosome dodow a ɛnteɛ ho

Sɛnea yɛaka dedaw no, yenya chromosomes abien abien - biako fi yɛn maame hɔ na biako fi yɛn papa hɔ. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wɔ saa nyinsɛn a wɔde ma yi mu no, abɔde mu mfomso betumi aba. Afei chromosome abien no afã horow betumi ayera anaasɛ wɔde aka ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ``Down Syndrome`` (chromosome 21 foforo a ɛwɔ hɔ) ne ``Turner's Syndrome`` (X chromosome a ɛyera a ɛwɔ hɔ). Nea efi sɔhwɛ ahorow yi mu ba no betumi ayɛ soronko wɔ nyinsɛn biara mu.

Sɔhwɛ ahorow pii wɔ hɔ:

• Awotwaa mu DNA nhwehwɛmu a nkwammoaa nnim: Wɔsan frɛ eyi `(Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing)` anaa `(NIPT)`. Eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wubeyi wo ba no DNA (`fetal DNA`) nketenkete afi wo mogya mu na woahwehwɛ nneɛma bi a ɛtaa ba wɔ chromosomal mu. Nanso, esiane sɛ akokoaa yi DNA dodow sua koraa nti, nyinsɛn adapɛn 10 akyi nkutoo na wobetumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu yi.
• Serum screening: Eyi nso yɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde gye wo mogya. Nanso, ɛnhwɛ akokoaa no DNA tẽẽ. Mmom no, ɛhwehwɛ protein ahorow a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu no mu de hu asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya nkwaadɔm mu nneɛma a ɛnteɛ. Eyinom ho nhwɛso ne `(Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso)`, `(Quad screening)` ne `(First Trimester Serum screening)`. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu yi mu biara wɔ bere pɔtee bi mu wɔ nyinsɛn mu, enti ɛyɛ papa sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo sɛ emu nea ɛfata wo. Mpɛn pii no, wobetumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 11 akyi.

3. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛnteɛ ho

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, nkwaboaa a ɛnteɛ betumi ama nsakrae aba akokoaa no nipadua nhyehyɛe mu. Anaasɛ, sɛ chromosomes no yɛ nea ɛfata mpo a, ebia akokoaa no wɔ nipadua mu dɛmdi bi. Ultrasound ne mogya mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ bere a wɔyem no betumi ama wɔanya asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ akokoaa no benya nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛnteɛ a ɛte saa ne sɛ ebia efi awosu mu nneɛma a ɛnteɛ no ho adwene.

• Nuchal Translucency (NT scan) a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu: .Saa ultrasound sɔhwɛ yi susuw honam ani a ɛwɔ akokoaa no kɔn akyi no mu duru. Sɛ saa duru yi dɔɔso dodo a, ebetumi akyerɛ sɛ asiane wɔ hɔ sɛ nkwaboaa mu nkwaadɔm a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so, ne nipadua mu haw ahorow te sɛ akokoaa no koma nyin a ɛnteɛ. Wɔyɛ saa ultrasound yi wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 11 kosi 14 ntam.
• AFP nhwehwɛmu (ɛanom mogya mu nhwehwɛmu): Wɔfa wo mogya bi na wosusuw protein bi a wɔfrɛ no AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) dodow. Sɛ saa dodow yi dɔɔso dodo a, ebetumi akyerɛ sɛ ebia nipadua mu haw ahorow bi wɔ akokoaa no yafunu, n’anim, anaa n’akyi berɛmo mu. Wɔyɛ eyi wɔ adapɛn 15 kosi 22 ntam.
• Quad screen: Eyi susuw nneɛma anan dodow a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu de hu asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wo ba no benya nkwaadɔm mu nkwaadɔm a ɛnteɛ ne ntini a ɛwɔ ntini mu no mu sintɔ. Wɔsan frɛ eyi sɛ ``Multiple Marker Screen''. Wɔyɛ eyi nso wɔ adapɛn 15 kosi 22 ntam.
• Fetal anatomy scan: Eyi ne nea nnipa pii nim sɛ "Anomaly Scan". Wɔ eyi mu no, wɔde ultrasound di dwuma de hwehwɛ akokoaa no nipadua nhyehyɛe mu, a amemene, nnompe, koma, asaabo, yafunu, n’anim, ne ne akwaa a ɛrenyin ka ho. Wɔtaa yɛ saa ultrasound yi wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 18 kosi 20 ntam.

Nea ɛho hia: Bio nso, nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu yi kyerɛ sɛ ebia tebea bi betumi aba nkutoo. Wɔnkyerɛ koraa sɛ yare bi wɔ hɔ.

Dɛn ne ‘Nsɔhwɛ a Wɔde Hu Nyarewa’? (Nsɔhwɛ ahorow de hu sɛ yare bi wɔ hɔ ankasa anaa)

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ de hu akokoaa betumi akyerɛ sɛ ebia akokoaa bi wɔ awosu mu tebea bi anaa. Sɛ nea efi nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu ba no nyɛ nea ɛfata nkutoo a, na wɔyɛ saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi , anaasɛ wowɔ ntease afoforo a enti wususuw sɛ wo ba no wɔ asiane kɛse mu sɛ obenya awosu mu tebea bi (sɛ nhwɛso no, obi a ɔwɔ w’abusua mu wɔ tebea no).

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow abien a wɔtaa yɛ de hu yare no ne `(Amniocentesis)` ne `(Chorionic Villus Sampling / CVS)`.

• Amniocentesis: Wɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu no, oduruyɛfo no de ade ketewaa bi fa wo honam ani hyɛ wo awotwaa mu na ɔfa amniotic nsu a atwa wo ba no ho ahyia no kakraa bi. Wɔyɛ saa sɔhwɛ yi wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 16 kosi 20 ntam.
• Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): Wɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu no, oduruyɛfo no de ade bi hyɛ awotwaa no mu na ogye nkwammoaa ketewaa bi fi awotwaa no mu. Oduruyɛfo no besi gyinae sɛ ebia ɔde ade no bɛhyɛ yafunu no mu anaasɛ ɔde bɛhyɛ ɔbea no awotwaa mu, a egyina nea ahobammɔ wom so. Wɔyɛ CVS nhwehwɛmu no wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 11 kosi 13 ntam.

Afei wɔde nhwɛsode ahorow no kɔ aduruyɛdan bi mu ma wɔhwehwɛ mu. Nhwehwɛmubea no betumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu titiriw te sɛ Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), Karyotyping a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, ne Microarray. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow bi a wɔde hu yare no betumi ama wɔanya nea efi mu ba wɔ nnɔnhwerew 72 pɛ mu, bere a afoforo nso betumi agye bɛboro adapɛn abien.

So ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ saa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi? Henanom na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ eyinom?

Sɛ́ ebia wobɛyɛ saa ``Prenatal Genetic Testing'' yi anaasɛ worenkɔ so no yɛ w'ankasa wo gyinaesi koraa. Sɛ wunnim a, wubetumi abisa wo duruyɛfo nea ɔkamfo kyerɛ. Nea efi nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi mu ba no betumi ama yɛanya nsɛm a ɛho hia paa wɔ akokoaa no akwahosan ho. Mpɛn pii no, wɔbɔ mmea a wɔyem nyinaa amanneɛ wɔ saa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi ho sɛ wɔn hwɛ a wɔhwɛ ansa na wɔawo no fã.

Nneɛma bi nti a mmusua binom si gyinae sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare no ne:

• Nea efi sɔhwɛ a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu mu ba a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so a wobenya.
• Abusua abakɔsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya awosu mu tebea bi.
• Nyinsɛn a wɔadi boro mfe 35.
• Esiane sɛ na wadi kan atu nyinsɛn anaasɛ wawu awo nti.

So ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi bere a wɔyem?

Dabi, ɛho nhia. Ɛyɛ gyinaesi a egyina w’ankasa wo gyidi ne aduruyɛ ho abakɔsɛm so. Awofo binom pɛ sɛ wodi kan hu sɛ ebia wɔbɛwo wɔn ba a ɔwɔ tebea pɔtee bi anaa. Eyi ma wotumi di kan yɛ nhyehyɛe ma wɔn ba no hwɛ. Nea ɛyɛ awerɛhow no, ebia mmusua binom benya nneɛma a ɛyɛ awerɛhow kɛse, na ebia ɛsɛ sɛ wosi gyinae a ɛyɛ den sɛ ebia wɔbɛtoa nyinsɛn no so anaa. Enti, sɛ́ ebia wobɛyɛ saa nhwehwɛmu anaa nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare yi anaasɛ worennyɛ no gyina wo ne wo duruyɛfo so koraa.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow yi?

Wɔyɛ `(Prenatal Genetic Screening)` nhwehwɛmu dodow no ara wɔ mogya a efi ɛna a onyinsɛn hɔ so. Sɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu no kyerɛ sɛ asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obi benya awo mu dɛmdi no kɔ soro a, oduruyɛfo no betumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu a emu dɔ pii (``invasive tests``) de ahu tebea pɔtee bi. Saa nhwehwɛmu a emu dɔ a wɔde hwehwɛ yareɛ mu yi ne ``(Amniocentesis)`` ne ``(CVS)``.

Nhwehwɛmu bɛn na wɔyɛ wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn ahorow mu?

Eyi nso yɛ ɔhaw ma nnipa pii.

First Trimester (wɔ asram 3 a edi kan no mu) sɔhwɛ ahorow

Wɔyɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu wɔ ɔsram abiɛsa a edi kan no mu, awotwaa mu DNA nhwehwɛmu a nkwammoaa nnim (NIPT), ne NT ultrasound nyinaa yɛ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 11 kosi 14 ntam. Sɛ wode nsɛm a efi mogya mu nhwehwɛmu yi ne ultrasound mu bom a, wubetumi anya asiane a ɛwɔ nkwaboaa mu nyarewa a ɛtaa ba te sɛ Down Syndrome mu ho adwene.

``Carrier screenings`` wobetumi ayɛ bere biara wɔ wo nyinsɛn mu, mpo ntɛm ara wɔ adapɛn 6-10 mu. Saa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi hwehwɛ ``single gene`` tebea horow a wubetumi de akɔma wo ba. Nanso, ``Carrier screenings`` ntumi nhu tebea horow a chromosome a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so de ba, te sɛ ``Down Syndrome``.

Cell-free fetal DNA testing (NIPT) hwehwɛ akokoaa no DNA a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu no mu. Ɛhwehwɛ chromosomal tebea horow te sɛ Down Syndrome, Trisomy 13, ne Trisomy 18. Wobetumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu yi ntɛm wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 10 mu, anaasɛ akyiri yi wɔ nyinsɛn no mu.

Asram abiɛsa a ɛto so abien (a ɛwɔ asram 4-6 ntam) Sɔhwɛ ahorow

Wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔsram abiɛsa a ɛto so abien mu wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 15 kosi 22 ntam. Mogya mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ saa bere yi ne `(Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein / AFP screen)` ne `(Quad screen)`. `(Quad screen)` no nyaa ne din efisɛ ɛsusuw protein ahorow anan (`Alpha-fetoprotein / AFP`, `Estriol`, `Human Chorionic Gonadotropin / hCG` ne `Inhibin-A`). Saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi boa wo duruyɛfo ma ohu sɛ ebia wo ba no wɔ asiane kɛse mu sɛ obenya awosu anaa nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛnteɛ anaa. `(Fetal anatomy ultrasound)` (Anomaly scan) yɛ ɔkwan foforo a wɔfa so hwehwɛ nneɛma mu a ebetumi ahwehwɛ awosu anaa nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛnteɛ wɔ wo ba no mu.

So saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔde ‘hwehwɛ’ tebea horow te sɛ Down Syndrome mu yi betumi ayɛ mfomso?

Yiw, hokwan wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa sɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu no bɛyɛ mfomso. Ɛne sɛ, ɛtɔ da bi a asiane bi betumi aba ɛwom mpo sɛ ɛka sɛ asiane biara nni hɔ, na ɛtɔ da bi nso a asiane bi betumi aba ɛwom mpo sɛ ɛka sɛ asiane biara nni hɔ (wɔfrɛ eyi `false positive` ne `false negative`). Wo duruyɛfoɔ bɛtumi akyerɛkyerɛ pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ dodoɔ (`accuracy rates`) a ɛwɔ screening test biara a woyɛ wɔ nyinsɛn mu.

So asiane bi wɔ sɔhwɛ ahorow yi mu?

Wommu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ de hwehwɛ nipadua mu (mogya a wɔfa) sɛ asiane wom. Nanso, sɛ wokɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu te sɛ ``Amniocentesis`` anaa ``CVS`` a, asiane ketewaa bi na ɛwɔ mu . Saa asiane ahorow no ne ɔyare mmoawa, mogya a ɛbɛtɔ obi, anaa nyinsɛn a ɛbɛtɔ. Ɛno nti na wɔnyɛ saa nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare yi mma obiara wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so ``Prenatal Genetic Screening``, na mmom wɔn a wɔn adwenem yɛ wɔn naa titiriw nkutoo.

Bere tenten ahe na egye ansa na nea efi mu ba no asan aba? Dɛn na nea efi mu ba no kyerɛ?

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ de hwehwɛ nneɛma mu gye nna kakraa bi ansa na wɔanya nea efi mu ba. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ de hu yare no betumi agye nna kakraa bi kosi adapɛn kakraa bi ansa na wɔanya nea efi mu ba. Mpɛn pii no, wɔde saa nhwɛsode ahorow yi kɔ adwumayɛbea bi ma wɔsɔ hwɛ. Wo duruyɛfo no bedi kan ahu nea efi mu ba, na afei ɔbɛka nea ebefi mu aba no akyerɛ wo.

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ nhwehwɛmu mu aba no kyerɛ asiane nkutoo. Wɔnka nkyerɛ wo pintinn sɛ ebia akokoaa no wɔ awosu mu tebea bi anaa.

• Sɛ wonya biribi pa a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ akokoaa no wɔ asiane kɛse mu sɛ obenya saa yare no sen nnipa dodow no ara.
• Sɛ wonya biribi a enye a , ɛkyerɛ sɛ asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ akokoaa no benya saa yare no sua sen nnipa dodow no ara.

Ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi ahu, te sɛ CVS anaa amniocentesis. Anaasɛ, ebia wɔde wo bɛkɔ awosu ho ɔfotufo bi nkyɛn, a ne ho akokwaw wɔ nyinsɛn a asiane kɛse wom ne awosu mu tebea horow mu. Nsuro sɛ wo ne wo nnuruyɛfo bɛkasa afa nea wo nhwehwɛmu no mu aba kyerɛ ne asiane ne mfaso a ɛwɔ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare so no ho.

So wobetumi afa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi so ahu akokoaa no bɔbeasu?

Wɔ nsɛm a ɛfa asiane a ɛwɔ awosu mu tebea horow mu ho akyi no, ``Cell-free DNA screening / NIPT'' sɔhwɛ no nso betumi ama nsɛm a ɛfa akokoaa no bɔbeasu ho. ``Ultrasound'' nso ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi akyerɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna. Nanso, eyi yɛ mfaso foforo bi kɛkɛ, na ɛnyɛ ade titiriw nti a wɔyɛ sɔhwɛ no.

Dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mibisa oduruyɛfo no wɔ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi ho?

Nhwehwɛmu ne nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ de hu yare bere a wɔyem no yɛ obi ankasa gyinaesi. Ebia wowɔ nsɛmmisa fa nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu a ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ anaa nea wo sɔhwɛ mu aba kyerɛ ho. Nsuro sɛ wubebisa nsɛm. Kae sɛ wo ne w’abusua nkutoo na mubetumi asi sɛnea mubedi nneɛma pa a efi awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow abien no nyinaa mu ba no ho dwuma ho gyinae.

Nsɛmmisa bi a wotaa bisa a wubetumi abisa:

• "Screening tests bɛn na wokamfo kyerɛ a egyina m'akwahosan abakɔsɛm so?"
• "Sɛ me screening test result yɛ `Positive` a, dɛn ne anammɔn a edi hɔ?"
• "So saa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi apira akokoaa no?"
• "Dɛn ne hokwan ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobenya atoro aduruyɛ?"

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae (Take-Home Message) .

Mmuae biara nni hɔ a ɛteɛ anaa ɛnteɛ wɔ Prenatal Genetic Testing ho. Gyinae no gyina wo ne w’abusua so. Sɛ wowɔ nsɛm bi a ɛhaw wo wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi ho, anaasɛ wopɛ sɛ wote nea nhwehwɛmu biara bɛhwehwɛ ase a, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nkasa. Obetumi ne wo asusuw asiane ne mfaso a ɛwɔ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu biara mu ho na waboa wo ma woasi gyinae a eye sen biara ama wo ne w’abusua.

Kae sɛ wɔwo nkokoaa dodow no ara a wɔwɔ apɔwmuden. Nanso, ɛho hia sɛ wote nea wubetumi apaw ne awosu mu nhwehwɛmu a wubetumi ayɛ no ase. Wo duruyɛfo ne wo kwankyerɛfo a oye sen biara wɔ akwantu yi mu.

` Nyinsɛn, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu, akokoaa akwahosan, awotwaa mu nhwehwɛmu, nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ nipadua mu, nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare, Down syndrome, ultrasound