Skip to main content

Cia peb kawm txog ARNI - ib yam tshuaj tshiab rau kev ua tsis taus pa

Cia peb kawm txog ARNI - ib yam tshuaj tshiab rau kev ua tsis taus pa

Koj lossis ib tug neeg hauv koj tsev neeg puas muaj mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm? Yog tias muaj, tej zaum koj yeej ib txwm txhawj xeeb txog cov tshuaj uas koj tus kws kho mob sau. Thaum koj lub plawv xav tias nkees me ntsis, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum paub txog cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem pab nws. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog cov tshuaj tshiab uas tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho tus mob no. Ntawd yog ARNI.

Hais yooj yim xwb, ARNI yog dab tsi?

ARNI yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob hom tshuaj. Nws lub npe tag nrho yog Angiotensin Receptor/Neprilysin Inhibitor. Txawm hais tias lub npe yuav zoo li nyuaj me ntsis, nws yeej yooj yim heev. Nws yog tsim los kho cov neeg mob uas muaj teeb meem plawv tsis ua haujlwm.

Ob yam khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj no yog:

1. ARB (Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker): Cov tshuaj 'Valsartan' yog ib feem ntawm pawg no.

2. Tshuaj Neprilysin Inhibitor: Cov tshuaj 'Sacubitril' yog ib feem ntawm pawg no.

Tib tshuaj ARNI uas muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb no uas muab ob yam no ua ke yog Sacubitril/Valsartan . Qhov no tau pom zoo rau xyoo 2015.

Cov tshuaj no ua haujlwm li cas hauv lub cev?

Zoo, tam sim no cia peb saib seb ob hom tshuaj no ua ke yuav pab tau koj lub plawv li cas.

Xav txog cov hlab ntsha hauv koj lub cev zoo li cov kav dej uas nqa dej. Qee zaum cov kav dej no yuav txhaws thiab nqaim, ua rau koj lub plawv nyuaj rau tso ntshav.

  • Valsartan (chav kawm ARB): Cov tshuaj no ua haujlwm los ntawm kev so thiab ua kom cov hlab ntsha nqaim. Nws zoo li ua kom cov kav dej txhaws dav dua. Ces cov ntshav tuaj yeem ntws thoob plaws lub cev yam tsis muaj kev thaiv. Qhov no txo ​​cov ntshav siab.
  • Sacubitril (Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Neprilysin): Qhov no ua ib yam tseem ceeb dua. Peb lub cev tsim cov tshuaj hormones uas pab peb lub siab. Tab sis ib qho enzyme hu ua 'Neprilysin' rhuav tshem cov tshuaj hormones zoo no. Sacubitril tiv thaiv cov enzyme phem ntawd kom tsis txhob ua haujlwm. Thaum nws tsis ua haujlwm, peb lub cev tuaj yeem:
  • Tshem tawm cov sodium (ntsev) uas tsis tsim nyog ntawm lub cev los ntawm cov zis.
  • Ua kom cov hlab ntsha dav dua.
  • Tsim cov zis ntau ntxiv thiab txo cov kua dej ntau dhau hauv lub cev.

Hais yooj yim xwb, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob hom tshuaj no ua rau lub siab tsis hnyav thiab ua rau nws txoj haujlwm yooj yim dua. Zoo li muaj ob tug neeg ntxiv tuaj pab ib tus neeg uas ua haujlwm hnyav.

ARNI raug pom zoo rau leej twg?

Cov tshuaj no tsis yog rau txhua tus. Koj tus kws kho mob yuav txiav txim siab seb cov tshuaj no puas yog rau koj raws li ntau yam.

Kev Tsim Nyog Kev piav qhia
Rau cov neeg uas lub plawv tsis muaj zog txaus Yog tias koj nyuam qhuav kuaj pom tias muaj mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm zoo thiab koj qhov Ejection Fraction (EF) , uas yog qhov ntsuas qhov ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv, yog 40% lossis tsawg dua (rau ib tus neeg noj qab haus huv, tus nqi no yog li ntawm 55%-65%).
Rau cov neeg uas hloov ntawm lwm cov tshuaj Yog tias koj twb noj ACE inhibitors lossis ARBs rau kev ua haujlwm plawv tsis ua haujlwm lawm, koj tuaj yeem hloov mus rau ARNIs hloov chaw.

Tseem ceeb heev: Yog tias koj hloov ntawm ACE inhibitor (piv txwv li Enalapril, Lisinopril) mus rau ARNI, tos 36 teev tom qab tso tseg ACE inhibitor ua ntej pib ARNI. Yog tsis ua li ntawd yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj txaus ntshai (angioedema), uas yog o hauv qab daim tawv nqaij. Koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia koj txog qhov no.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ARNI thiab cov laj thawj siv nws

Muaj coob tus neeg hloov mus siv ARNIs vim muaj cov kev mob tshwm sim, xws li hnoos tas li, uas los nrog cov tshuaj qub xws li ACE inhibitors. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog tib qho laj thawj xwb. Muaj ntau yam zoo rau kev siv ARNIs.

  • Ua kom lub neej ntev dua: Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tshuaj no txo ​​qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag ntsig txog kab mob plawv.
  • Txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm lub neej: Txo cov tsos mob xws li qaug zog thiab nkees, pab koj ua haujlwm li qub.
  • Tswj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob: Ua rau qeeb qeeb uas qhov mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm hnyav zuj zus.
  • Txo kev pw hauv tsev kho mob: Tau muaj pov thawj tias cov neeg uas noj cov tshuaj no muaj kev pw hauv tsev kho mob tsawg dua vim yog lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm.
  • Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv: Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias tom qab noj ARNI ib xyoos, cov neeg mob lub zog tawm ntawm lub plawv tau nce ntxiv los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm 28% mus rau 38%. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub plawv lub peev xwm nqus tau zoo dua qub.

Raws li kev tshawb fawb loj, cov neeg noj ARNI muaj 20% txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag lossis kev pw hauv tsev kho mob los ntawm kab mob plawv.

Leej twg yuav tsum tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj no?

Cov tshuaj no tsis haum rau ib txhia neeg. Yog koj koom nrog ib pawg neeg no, cov kws kho mob hais tias koj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj no.

Xwm txheej Vim li cas
Cov niam cev xeeb tub los yog cov niam pub niam mis Vim tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau tus menyuam raug mob.
Cov neeg uas tau muaj mob angioedema yav dhau los Yog tias koj tau muaj mob angioedema ua ntej lawm, uas yog o ntawm lub ntsej muag lossis daim di ncauj, vim yog ACE inhibitor lossis ARB tshuaj.
Cov neeg uas twb noj ACE inhibitor/ARB lawm Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai rau noj ob qho tshuaj ua ke.
Cov neeg uas muaj kab mob siab loj heev Cov tshuaj no tsis haum rau koj yog tias koj lub siab ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Cov neeg noj Aliskiren Tsis txhob noj ARNI yog tias koj noj Aliskiren nrog ntshav qab zib lossis mob raum.

Cia peb kawm txog cov kev mob tshwm sim.

Ib yam li lwm yam tshuaj, ARNI tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov kev mob tshwm sim me me. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus neeg tau txais cov kev mob tshwm sim.

  • Ntshav siab qis (Hypotension): Koj yuav xav tias kiv taub hau thiab qaug zog.
  • Cov teebmeem rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub raum: Qee tus neeg yuav muaj kev txo qis me ntsis ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub raum.
  • Cov qib potassium ntau ntxiv hauv cov ntshav (Hyperkalemia): Qhov no kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau qee tus neeg.
  • Angioedema: o ntawm lub ntsej muag, daim di ncauj, thiab tus nplaig. Qhov no tsis tshua muaj , tab sis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev yog tias nws tshwm sim.

Qhov no yog vim li cas koj tus kws kho mob yuav kuaj koj cov ntshav (los kuaj koj lub raum thiab cov potassium) thiab ntshav siab rau ob peb lub lis piam thawj zaug thaum koj pib noj cov tshuaj no. Yog tias muaj teeb meem dab tsi, koj tus kws kho mob yuav txo qhov koob tshuaj lossis qhia koj tias yuav ua li cas. Tsis txhob tsum noj cov tshuaj no yam tsis tau koj tus kws kho mob qhia.

Cov kev mob tshwm sim no feem ntau yuav ploj mus li ntawm ob lub lis piam. Yog tias lawv tseem muaj, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.

Kuv yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob thaum twg?

Yog koj muaj cov tsos mob no thaum noj ARNI, nco ntsoov nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham.

  • kiv taub hau ntau zaus
  • Mob taub hau me ntsis
  • Qee zaum tsaus muag
  • Ntshav siab qis heev (yog tias nyeem systolic qis dua 90)

Tej zaum koj yuav ntshai me ntsis hloov mus siv cov tshuaj tshiab thaum koj twb siv cov tshuaj qub lawm. Tab sis kev kawm txog cov kev kho mob tshiab thiab kev kho mob zoo thiab tham nrog koj tus kws kho mob txog lawv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • ARNI yog ib hom tshuaj niaj hnub uas ua tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas muaj ob hom tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke los kho mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm.
  • Qhov no ua rau cov hlab ntsha nthuav dav, tshem tawm cov ntsev thiab dej tsis tsim nyog ntawm lub cev, thiab txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub plawv.
  • Cov tshuaj no muab ntau yam txiaj ntsig, suav nrog kev ua neej ntev dua, kev ua neej zoo dua, thiab kev pw hauv tsev kho mob tsawg dua.
  • Cov tshuaj no tsis haum rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, cov neeg uas tau muaj angioedema yav dhau los, thiab cov neeg uas muaj lwm yam mob.
  • Tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam tshwm sim xws li kiv taub hau thiab ntshav qis. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tas li ntawm tus kws kho mob.
  • Tsis txhob pib lossis tsum noj cov tshuaj no yam tsis tau kev qhia los ntawm kws kho mob. Yog tias koj muaj teeb meem dab tsi, hu rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.

ARNI, Plawv Tsis Ua Haujlwm, Sacubitril, Valsartan, Kab Mob Plawv, Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Plawv, Ejection Fraction, Ntshav Siab, Tshuaj
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 5 + 5 =
Cia peb kawm txog ARNI - ib yam tshuaj tshiab rau kev ua tsis taus pa
Cov tshuajJuly 6, 2026

Cia peb kawm txog ARNI - ib yam tshuaj tshiab rau kev ua tsis taus pa

Koj lossis ib tug neeg hauv koj tsev neeg puas muaj mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm? Yog tias muaj, tej zaum koj yeej ib txwm txhawj xeeb txog cov tshuaj uas koj tus kws kho mob sau. Thaum koj lub plawv xav tias nkees me ntsis, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum paub txog cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem pab nws. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog cov tshuaj tshiab uas tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho tus mob no. Ntawd yog ARNI.

Hais yooj yim xwb, ARNI yog dab tsi?

ARNI yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob hom tshuaj. Nws lub npe tag nrho yog Angiotensin Receptor/Neprilysin Inhibitor. Txawm hais tias lub npe yuav zoo li nyuaj me ntsis, nws yeej yooj yim heev. Nws yog tsim los kho cov neeg mob uas muaj teeb meem plawv tsis ua haujlwm.

Ob yam khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj no yog:

1. ARB (Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker): Cov tshuaj 'Valsartan' yog ib feem ntawm pawg no.

2. Tshuaj Neprilysin Inhibitor: Cov tshuaj 'Sacubitril' yog ib feem ntawm pawg no.

Tib tshuaj ARNI uas muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb no uas muab ob yam no ua ke yog Sacubitril/Valsartan . Qhov no tau pom zoo rau xyoo 2015.

Cov tshuaj no ua haujlwm li cas hauv lub cev?

Zoo, tam sim no cia peb saib seb ob hom tshuaj no ua ke yuav pab tau koj lub plawv li cas.

Xav txog cov hlab ntsha hauv koj lub cev zoo li cov kav dej uas nqa dej. Qee zaum cov kav dej no yuav txhaws thiab nqaim, ua rau koj lub plawv nyuaj rau tso ntshav.

  • Valsartan (chav kawm ARB): Cov tshuaj no ua haujlwm los ntawm kev so thiab ua kom cov hlab ntsha nqaim. Nws zoo li ua kom cov kav dej txhaws dav dua. Ces cov ntshav tuaj yeem ntws thoob plaws lub cev yam tsis muaj kev thaiv. Qhov no txo ​​cov ntshav siab.
  • Sacubitril (Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Neprilysin): Qhov no ua ib yam tseem ceeb dua. Peb lub cev tsim cov tshuaj hormones uas pab peb lub siab. Tab sis ib qho enzyme hu ua 'Neprilysin' rhuav tshem cov tshuaj hormones zoo no. Sacubitril tiv thaiv cov enzyme phem ntawd kom tsis txhob ua haujlwm. Thaum nws tsis ua haujlwm, peb lub cev tuaj yeem:
  • Tshem tawm cov sodium (ntsev) uas tsis tsim nyog ntawm lub cev los ntawm cov zis.
  • Ua kom cov hlab ntsha dav dua.
  • Tsim cov zis ntau ntxiv thiab txo cov kua dej ntau dhau hauv lub cev.

Hais yooj yim xwb, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob hom tshuaj no ua rau lub siab tsis hnyav thiab ua rau nws txoj haujlwm yooj yim dua. Zoo li muaj ob tug neeg ntxiv tuaj pab ib tus neeg uas ua haujlwm hnyav.

ARNI raug pom zoo rau leej twg?

Cov tshuaj no tsis yog rau txhua tus. Koj tus kws kho mob yuav txiav txim siab seb cov tshuaj no puas yog rau koj raws li ntau yam.

Kev Tsim Nyog Kev piav qhia
Rau cov neeg uas lub plawv tsis muaj zog txaus Yog tias koj nyuam qhuav kuaj pom tias muaj mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm zoo thiab koj qhov Ejection Fraction (EF) , uas yog qhov ntsuas qhov ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv, yog 40% lossis tsawg dua (rau ib tus neeg noj qab haus huv, tus nqi no yog li ntawm 55%-65%).
Rau cov neeg uas hloov ntawm lwm cov tshuaj Yog tias koj twb noj ACE inhibitors lossis ARBs rau kev ua haujlwm plawv tsis ua haujlwm lawm, koj tuaj yeem hloov mus rau ARNIs hloov chaw.

Tseem ceeb heev: Yog tias koj hloov ntawm ACE inhibitor (piv txwv li Enalapril, Lisinopril) mus rau ARNI, tos 36 teev tom qab tso tseg ACE inhibitor ua ntej pib ARNI. Yog tsis ua li ntawd yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj txaus ntshai (angioedema), uas yog o hauv qab daim tawv nqaij. Koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia koj txog qhov no.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ARNI thiab cov laj thawj siv nws

Muaj coob tus neeg hloov mus siv ARNIs vim muaj cov kev mob tshwm sim, xws li hnoos tas li, uas los nrog cov tshuaj qub xws li ACE inhibitors. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog tib qho laj thawj xwb. Muaj ntau yam zoo rau kev siv ARNIs.

  • Ua kom lub neej ntev dua: Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tshuaj no txo ​​qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag ntsig txog kab mob plawv.
  • Txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm lub neej: Txo cov tsos mob xws li qaug zog thiab nkees, pab koj ua haujlwm li qub.
  • Tswj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob: Ua rau qeeb qeeb uas qhov mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm hnyav zuj zus.
  • Txo kev pw hauv tsev kho mob: Tau muaj pov thawj tias cov neeg uas noj cov tshuaj no muaj kev pw hauv tsev kho mob tsawg dua vim yog lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm.
  • Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv: Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias tom qab noj ARNI ib xyoos, cov neeg mob lub zog tawm ntawm lub plawv tau nce ntxiv los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm 28% mus rau 38%. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub plawv lub peev xwm nqus tau zoo dua qub.

Raws li kev tshawb fawb loj, cov neeg noj ARNI muaj 20% txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag lossis kev pw hauv tsev kho mob los ntawm kab mob plawv.

Leej twg yuav tsum tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj no?

Cov tshuaj no tsis haum rau ib txhia neeg. Yog koj koom nrog ib pawg neeg no, cov kws kho mob hais tias koj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj no.

Xwm txheej Vim li cas
Cov niam cev xeeb tub los yog cov niam pub niam mis Vim tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau tus menyuam raug mob.
Cov neeg uas tau muaj mob angioedema yav dhau los Yog tias koj tau muaj mob angioedema ua ntej lawm, uas yog o ntawm lub ntsej muag lossis daim di ncauj, vim yog ACE inhibitor lossis ARB tshuaj.
Cov neeg uas twb noj ACE inhibitor/ARB lawm Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai rau noj ob qho tshuaj ua ke.
Cov neeg uas muaj kab mob siab loj heev Cov tshuaj no tsis haum rau koj yog tias koj lub siab ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Cov neeg noj Aliskiren Tsis txhob noj ARNI yog tias koj noj Aliskiren nrog ntshav qab zib lossis mob raum.

Cia peb kawm txog cov kev mob tshwm sim.

Ib yam li lwm yam tshuaj, ARNI tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov kev mob tshwm sim me me. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus neeg tau txais cov kev mob tshwm sim.

  • Ntshav siab qis (Hypotension): Koj yuav xav tias kiv taub hau thiab qaug zog.
  • Cov teebmeem rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub raum: Qee tus neeg yuav muaj kev txo qis me ntsis ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub raum.
  • Cov qib potassium ntau ntxiv hauv cov ntshav (Hyperkalemia): Qhov no kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau qee tus neeg.
  • Angioedema: o ntawm lub ntsej muag, daim di ncauj, thiab tus nplaig. Qhov no tsis tshua muaj , tab sis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev yog tias nws tshwm sim.

Qhov no yog vim li cas koj tus kws kho mob yuav kuaj koj cov ntshav (los kuaj koj lub raum thiab cov potassium) thiab ntshav siab rau ob peb lub lis piam thawj zaug thaum koj pib noj cov tshuaj no. Yog tias muaj teeb meem dab tsi, koj tus kws kho mob yuav txo qhov koob tshuaj lossis qhia koj tias yuav ua li cas. Tsis txhob tsum noj cov tshuaj no yam tsis tau koj tus kws kho mob qhia.

Cov kev mob tshwm sim no feem ntau yuav ploj mus li ntawm ob lub lis piam. Yog tias lawv tseem muaj, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.

Kuv yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob thaum twg?

Yog koj muaj cov tsos mob no thaum noj ARNI, nco ntsoov nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham.

  • kiv taub hau ntau zaus
  • Mob taub hau me ntsis
  • Qee zaum tsaus muag
  • Ntshav siab qis heev (yog tias nyeem systolic qis dua 90)

Tej zaum koj yuav ntshai me ntsis hloov mus siv cov tshuaj tshiab thaum koj twb siv cov tshuaj qub lawm. Tab sis kev kawm txog cov kev kho mob tshiab thiab kev kho mob zoo thiab tham nrog koj tus kws kho mob txog lawv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • ARNI yog ib hom tshuaj niaj hnub uas ua tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas muaj ob hom tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke los kho mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm.
  • Qhov no ua rau cov hlab ntsha nthuav dav, tshem tawm cov ntsev thiab dej tsis tsim nyog ntawm lub cev, thiab txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub plawv.
  • Cov tshuaj no muab ntau yam txiaj ntsig, suav nrog kev ua neej ntev dua, kev ua neej zoo dua, thiab kev pw hauv tsev kho mob tsawg dua.
  • Cov tshuaj no tsis haum rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, cov neeg uas tau muaj angioedema yav dhau los, thiab cov neeg uas muaj lwm yam mob.
  • Tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam tshwm sim xws li kiv taub hau thiab ntshav qis. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tas li ntawm tus kws kho mob.
  • Tsis txhob pib lossis tsum noj cov tshuaj no yam tsis tau kev qhia los ntawm kws kho mob. Yog tias koj muaj teeb meem dab tsi, hu rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.

ARNI, Plawv Tsis Ua Haujlwm, Sacubitril, Valsartan, Kab Mob Plawv, Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Plawv, Ejection Fraction, Ntshav Siab, Tshuaj
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 5 + 5 =