So wo ba no akwahosan ho asɛm haw wo? Afei ɛsɛ sɛ wuhu NIPT (Noninvasive Prenatal Testing) ho asɛm!

Esiane sɛ seesei worehwɛ kwan sɛ wobɛyɛ ɛna nti, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ woredwen wo ho ne wo ba ketewa a ɔwɔ w’awotwaa mu no akwahosan ho pii, ɛnte saa? Enti ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka sɔhwɛ soronko bi a wobetumi ayɛ wɔ nyinsɛn mu ho asɛm. Wɔfrɛ eyi sɛ NIPT (Noninvasive Prenatal Testing). Eyi ma wutumi sua wo ba no akwahosan ho nsɛm bi a ɛho hia a ɛrempira wo anaa akokoaa no biara.

Dɛn ne NIPT (Noninvasive Prenatal Testing)?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, NIPT yɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ wo nyinsɛn mu de hwɛ sɛ ebia wo ba a ɔhyɛ yafunu mu no wɔ nkwaboaa mu nyarewa bi anaa . Sɛ nhwɛso no, ɛhwɛ sɛ asiane bi wɔ tebea horow te sɛ Down syndrome ( Trisomy 21) , Trisomy 18 ( Edwards syndrome) , ne Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) mu anaa . Ebetumi akyerɛ wo ba no bɔbeasu nso.

Wɔde mogya a wogye fi wo nsam na ɛyɛ eyi. Mma ɛnyɛ wo nwonwa sɛ wo ba no DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) kakraa bi pɛ na ɛwɔ wo mogya mu . DNA ne nea wɔde yɛ yɛn awosu mu nkwaadɔm ne yɛn chromosomes. Ɛte sɛ yɛn nipadua no ho mfonini. Enti ɛnam DNA asinasin yi a wɔbɛsɔ ahwɛ so na nnuruyɛfo betumi anya akokoaa no awosu mu nsɛm ho adwene bi. Wɔde mogya yi kɔ adwumayɛbea bi a wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu. Nanso kae sɛ NIPT ntumi nhu chromosome anaa awosu mu tebea biara.

Wɔde din afoforo frɛ saa NIPT sɔhwɛ yi. Ebinom frɛ no DNA nhwehwɛmu a nkwammoaa nnim anaa cfDNA nhwehwɛmu . Afoforo frɛ no nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ ansa na wɔawo a wɔmfa nnuru nhyɛ mu anaa NIPS . Sɛ wote saa din ahorow yi a, mma wo ho nnyɛ wo hu, ne nyinaa yɛ sɔhwɛ koro.

Ɛho hia yiye sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ eyi yɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu , ɛnyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare . Eyi kyerɛ sɛ ɛkyerɛ wo sɛnea ɛda adi sɛ wo ba no benya tebea bi anaasɛ ɛnyɛ den koraa. Entumi nka no pen sɛ, ‘Yiw, wo ba no wɔ saa tebea yi’ anaasɛ ‘Dabi, wo ba no nni saa tebea yi.’

Sɛ́ ebia wobɛpaw sɛ wobɛyɛ NIPT sɔhwɛ no anaasɛ worenpaw no yɛ wo gyinaesi koraa. Wo duruyɛfo bɛma wo eyi ho nsɛm na waboa wo ma woasi gyinae a eye sen biara ama wo.

Dɛn ankasa na NIPT sɔhwɛ no hwehwɛ?

Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka no, NIPT ntumi nhu nkwaboaa tebea anaa awo mu haw ahorow nyinaa. Mpɛn pii no, NIPT sɔhwɛ ahorow hwehwɛ:

• Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) .
• Trisomy 18 na ɛwɔ hɔ
• Trisomy 13. Nsɛm a Wɔka Kyerɛ
• Nneɛma a ɛnteɛ a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm (X ne Y) ho .

Down syndrome, trisomy 18, ne trisomy 13 fi nkwaboaa a ɛboro so. Ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm mu nhwehwɛmu betumi ahu akokoaa no bɔbeasu na ebetumi nso ahwɛ sɛ nsakrae biara aba ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm dodow a ɛfata mu. Ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm tebea horow a ɛtaa ba no bi ne Turner yare , Klinefelter yare , Triple X yare, ne XYY yare . Nanso, ma ɛntra w’adwenem sɛ ɛnyɛ NIPT nhwehwɛmu nyinaa na wohu tebea horow yi nyinaa. Enti ɛho hia sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo kasa fa nea wo NIPT nhwehwɛmu no bɛhwehwɛ ho.

Dɛn nti na wɔyɛ NIPT sɔhwɛ yi? Henanom na eye ma wɔn?

NIPT boa ma wohu asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛwo akokoaa a ɔwɔ nkwaboaa a ɛnteɛ. Nnuruyɛfo betumi akamfo nhwehwɛmu yi akyerɛ wɔ tebea horow a edidi so yi mu:

• Sɛ wowɔ abofra a ɔwɔ chromosomal abnormality dedaw a.
• Sɛ ultrasound scan a na woada no adi sɛ ebia akokoaa no wɔ biribi a ɛnteɛ a.
• Sɛ woadi kan ayɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia ɔhaw bi wɔ hɔ a.

Ná Amerika Awo ne Mmea Ho Nnuruyɛfo Kuw (ACOG) kamfo kyerɛ sɛ sɛ woanyinsɛn a asiane kɛse wom nkutoo a . Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ, ebia, sɛ woadi boro mfe 35, anaasɛ sɛ obi a ɔwɔ w’abusua mu anya tebea horow yi mu biako a. Nanso seesei wɔreka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔbɔ mmea a wɔyem nyinaa, a asiane biara nni ho, amanneɛ wɔ NIPT ho na wɔma wɔn hokwan sɛ wobenya bi.

Ebia wo awo ho oduruyɛfo bɛkamfo nea efii NIPT nhwehwɛmu no mu bae no akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare . Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka no, nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu no kyerɛ wo nea ebetumi aba nkutoo. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare ne nea ebetumi ama woanya ‘yiw’ anaa ‘dabi’ ho mmuae a edi mũ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia wo ba no wɔ tebea bi.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ NIPT nhwehwɛmu no bere a wɔyem no?

Wɔtaa yɛ NIPT nhwehwɛmu no wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 10 akyi, nanso wobetumi ayɛ no bere biara kosi sɛ wɔbɛwo akokoaa no . Mpɛn pii no, wɔnyɛ ansa na adapɛn 10 adu. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ ebia na awotwaa no DNA a ɛdɔɔso nni ɛna no mogya mu ansa na saa bere no adu na ama wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu no pɛpɛɛpɛ.

NIPT nhwehwɛmu ahorow no yɛ nokware dɛn?

Eyi yɛ asɛm a nnipa pii bisa. Sɛnea sɔhwɛ no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛEgyina tebea a wɔresɔ ahwɛ so. Afei nso, nneɛma te sɛ sɛ worehwɛ mmanoma kwan, sɛ woreso akokoaa ama obi foforo (nyinsɛn a wɔde si ananmu), anaasɛ sɛ woyɛ kɛse mmoroso a, ebetumi aka NIPT aba.

Mpɛn pii no, NIPT yɛ bɛyɛ 99% pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ Down syndrome a wohu mu. Ebia ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ kakra wɔ trisomies 18 ne 13 a wobehu mu. Sɛ yɛka ne nyinaa bom a, NIPT nni atoro a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya yare no kakraa bi sen nhwehwɛmu afoforo a wɔyɛ ansa na wɔawo, te sɛ quad screen. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ sɔhwɛ no ntaa mma atoro a ɛyɛ papa bere a akokoaa no nnyaa bi no.

So NIPT nhwehwɛmu no betumi akyerɛ sɛ akokoaa no yɛ ɔbarima anaa ɔbea?

Yiw, NIPT sɔhwɛ no betumi akyerɛ sɛnea akokoaa no yɛ ɔbarima anaa ɔbea. Awofo pii ho pere wɔn sɛ wobehu eyi, ɛnte saa?

So ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ NIPT nhwehwɛmu bere a wɔyem no?

Dabi, eyi nyɛ ahyɛde. Eyi yɛ obi ankasa gyinaesi koraa. Ɛyɛ ade a ɛfata sɛ wubenya eyi ho nsɛmmisa. Wo duruyɛfo bɛka akwan foforo a wɔfa so yɛ nhwehwɛmu ansa na wɔawo no nyinaa akyerɛ wo, a NIPT ka ho. Nneɛma pii betumi aka gyinae a wosi sɛ wobenya NIPT no. Sɛ worehyia ɔhaw wɔ gyinaesi mu, anaasɛ wopɛ sɛ woka nhwehwɛmu yi ho asɛm kɔ akyiri a, awosu ho ɔfotufo betumi akyerɛkyerɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ ansa na wɔawo yi mu akyerɛ wo na waboa wo ma woapaw nea eye ma wo.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na nnuruyɛfo yɛ NIPT nhwehwɛmu yi?

Eyi yɛ mmerɛw yiye. Nea wo duruyɛfo yɛ ara ne sɛ obegye mogya afi ntini bi a ɛwɔ wo nsa mu mu . Wɔde mogya yi kɔ aduruyɛdan bi mu kɔhwɛ sɛ ebia biribi a ɛnteɛ wɔ akokoaa no DNA mu anaa.

Yɛn nyinaa wɔ DNA wɔ yɛn nkwammoaa mu. Saa nkwammoaa yi mu paapae bere nyinaa na ɛreyɛ nkwammoaa foforo. Sɛ nkwammoaa mu paapae a, DNA (DNA asinasin) nketenkete kowie yɛn mogya mu. Sɛ wunyinsɛn a, wo ba no DNA no fã ketewaa bi pɛ di akɔneaba wɔ wo mogya mu. Wɔfrɛ eyi DNA a nkwammoaa nnim, anaa cfDNA . NIPT nhwehwɛmu no hwehwɛ wo ba no DNA asinasin wɔ wo mogya mu.

Ɛho hia sɛ wokae sɛ egye bɛyɛ adapɛn 10 ansa na akokoaa no DNA a ɛdɔɔso aboaboa ano wɔ wo mogya mu. Ɛno nti na wɔnyɛ saa sɔhwɛ yi kosi sɛ nyinsɛn no bɛba adapɛn 10 akyi no.

So asiane ahorow bi wɔ NIPT sɔhwɛ no mu?

NIPT nhwehwɛmu ahorow no yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom kɛse. Asiane biara nni hɔ ma akokoaa no. Efisɛ nea ehia ara ne sɛ wobegye mogya kakraa bi afi ɛna a onyinsɛn no hɔ. Enti biribiara nni hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ ɛhaw yɛn ho.

Bere bɛn na menya me sɔhwɛ mu aba?

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi agye adapɛn abien ansa na wɔanya NIPT sɔhwɛ no mu aba.Wubetumi akɔ. Nanso mmere bi wɔ hɔ a wunya nea efi mu ba no ntɛm. Wo duruyɛfo na odi kan nya nea efi mu ba no. Afei ɔbɛbɔ wo amanneɛ wɔ saa nea afi mu aba no ho.

Dɛn na NIPT sɔhwɛ no mu aba ka?

Esiane sɛ NIPT yɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu nti, ɛmma mmuae ‘yiw’ anaa ‘dabi’ sɛ ebia wo ba no wɔ tebea bi anaa. Nea afi mu aba no kyerɛ sɛ ebia asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wo ba no benya tebea no akɔ soro anaasɛ ɛso atew . Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ebetumi ayɛ den kakra sɛ wobɛte wo sɔhwɛ mu aba no ase. Enti sɛ wunnye nni a, bisa wo duruyɛfo ma ɔmma wo nkyerɛkyerɛmu.

Lab ahorow pii de nea ɛsono nea efi mu ba ma wɔ tebea biara a wɔsɔ hwɛ ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ebia wubenya nea eye (asiane kɛse) wɔ Trisomy 13 ho, nanso nea enye (asiane a ɛba fam) aba wɔ Down syndrome ho.

Afei nso, ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebia nea ebefi mu aba biara nni hɔ efisɛ akokoaa no DNA nnɔɔso wɔ wo mogya mu, anaasɛ wontumi nhu akokoaa no DNA yiye. Sɛ ɛba saa a, wubetumi ama wɔayɛ NIPT sɔhwɛ no bio. Wɔ nsɛm a ɛtete saa mu no, wo duruyɛfo betumi ama wo akwankyerɛ a eye sen biara.

Na sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa/asiane kɛse nso ɛ?

Sɛ NIPT nhwehwɛmu no kyerɛ sɛ wo ba no wɔ asiane mu sɛ obenya nkwaboaa a ɛnteɛ a, wo duruyɛfo betumi akamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi ahu . Saa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi betumi aka koraa sɛ ‘yiw’ anaa ‘dabi’ sɛ ebia tebea bi wɔ hɔ anaa. Saa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi bi ne:

• Amniocentesis: Eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wuyi amniotic nsu kakraa bi fi w’awotwaa mu. Wobetumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu yi wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 15 akyi.
• Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): Saa sɔhwɛ yi gye nkwammoaa bi fi awotwaa no mu. Wɔde saa nkwammoaa nhwɛsode yi kɔ adwumayɛbea bi ma wɔsɔ hwɛ. Wobetumi ayɛ eyi wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 10 kosi 13 ntam.

Ɛho hia paa sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfoɔ bɛkasa yie afa wo NIPT aba no ho na woanya nsɛm a wuhia nyinaa afa deɛ wobɛyɛ akyi.

So NIPT nhwehwɛmu no betumi ayɛ mfomso ama Down syndrome?

Esiane sɛ NIPT yɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu nti, ɛnyɛ nokware 100%. Ɛno nti na yɛka sɛ ɛkyerɛ asiane nkutoo no. Enti ɛho hia sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo kasa na woahu pii fa nea efi mu ba ne akwan a edi hɔ a wobɛfa so.

So ɛfata sɛ woyɛ NIPT sɔhwɛ no?

Ɛyɛ wo na wubesi gyinae sɛ ebia wobɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ awo ansa na wɔawo te sɛ NIPT anaasɛ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu foforo. Wo duruyɛfo betumi abua nsɛmmisa biara a ebia wowɔ. Nanso awiei koraa no, ɛyɛ wo na wubegyina wo tebea pɔtee so asi sɛnea awosu anaa nkwaadɔm a ɛnteɛ bɛka wo ne w’abusua ho gyinae.

Saa nsɛmmisa yi bɛboa wo ma woasi gyinae:

• Sɛ nea efii nhwehwɛmu bi mu bae no yɛ papa a, mɛte nka dɛn?
• So menya ɔpɛ sɛ mɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea obi ahu te sɛ amniocentesis anaa CVS?
• Sɛ mihu sɛ me ba no wɔ awosu mu yare bi, anaasɛ asiane kɛse wom sɛ obenya awosu mu yare bi a, so mɛyɛ nsakrae bi?
• Saa nsɛm yi a minim no bɛma madi awerɛhow anaa mahaw, anaasɛ ɛbɛboa me ma masiesie me ho ama akokoaa no a mɛhwɛ no?
• So nsɛm yi a mehu no bɛboa me nnuruyɛfo ma wɔahwɛ me ba no yiye?

NIPT sɔhwɛ no bo yɛ ahe?

Ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ NIPT nhwehwɛmu ho no betumi ayɛ soronko. Akwahosan ho insurance nnwumakuw dodow no ara tua ɛka yi mu dodow no ara (anaa ne nyinaa mpo). Anyɛ yiye koraa no, ebinom kata ebinom so. Enti ɛyɛ papa sɛ wobɛkɔ wo insurance adwumakuw no nkyɛn ansa na woayɛ sɔhwɛ no. Sɛ wo nni insurance, anaasɛ wo insurance no ntumi ntua NIPT nhwehwɛmu ho ka a, w’ankasa wubetumi atua ho ka.

So wobetumi ayɛ NIPT wɔ adapɛn 14 mu?

Yiw, wobetumi ayɛ NIPT bere biara wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn 10 akyi. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɔhaw biara nni adapɛn 14 mpo mu.

Dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mibisa me duruyɛfo fa NIPT nhwehwɛmu no ho?

Sɔhwɛ te sɛ NIPT a wobɛyɛ no yɛ w’ankasa gyinaesi. Ebia wowɔ nsɛmmisa fa nea nea efi mu ba no kyerɛ ho, anaasɛ sɛ ebia ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ NIPT sɔhwɛ no. Nsuro sɛ wubebisa nsɛm. Kae sɛ wo nkutoo na wubetumi asi nea eye ma wo ne w’abusua ho gyinae.

Nsɛmmisa bi a wotaa bisa wo duruyɛfo ni:

• Sɛ woyɛ me a, so wobɛyɛ NIPT sɔhwɛ no?
• Sɛ me screening test no da adi sɛ ɛyɛ papa a, dɛn ne anammɔn a edi hɔ a mɛyɛ?
• So awosu ho ɔfotufo bi wɔ hɔ a ɔbɛka nneɛma a metumi apaw ho asɛm?
• Dɛn ne atoro a ɛyɛ papa a ebetumi aba?

Fa nkrasɛm kɔ fie

Okay, enti NIPT sɔhwɛ no yɛ ɔkwan a wotumi de ho to so kɛse a wɔfa so hwehwɛ awo ansa na wɔawo a ɛhwɛ asiane a ɛwɔ nkwaboaa mu yare a ɛwɔ akokoaa a ɔhyɛ yafunu mu no mu. Saa sɔhwɛ yi nso betumi ama wɔanya akokoaa no bɔbeasu ho nsɛm. NIPT nhwehwɛmu no nhu yareɛ bi – ɛkyerɛ sɛ akokoaa no taa nya tebea pɔtee bi. Sɛ wonya NIPT aba no wie a, wobetumi akamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare no. Ɛnyɛ ahyɛde sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu ansa na wɔawo te sɛ NIPT, na sɛ́ wobɛyɛ anaasɛ worennyɛ no gyina wo so koraa.Wo ne wo duruyɛfo anaa awosu ho ɔfotufo nkasa mfa nneɛma a ɛhaw wo ho. Ɛho hia sɛ wote nea sɔhwɛ no rehwehwɛ ne nea nea efi mu ba no kyerɛ ase ankasa, na wusi gyinae a ɛfata. Mepɛ sɛ wo ne wo ba no nya nkɔso!

` NIPT, Noninvasive Prenatal Testing, nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ ansa na wɔawo, Down syndrome, chromosomal a ɛnteɛ, nyinsɛn, cfDNA, akokoaa akwahosan