Momma yensua biribiara fa w’amemene no anim fã no ho wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den so.

Yɛn amemene yɛ akwaa a ɛyɛ nwonwa yiye, ɛnte saa? Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛno na ɛma yɛyɛ biribiara a yesusuw, yɛte nka, na yɛyɛ. Enti, ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka amemene no afã horow no fã titiriw biako a ɛho hia yiye ho asɛm. Ɛno ne amemene no anim fã, anaasɛ sɛnea nnuruyɛfo frɛ no no, ``Frontal Lobe``.

Dɛn ne amemene no anim fã? Ɛhe na ɛwɔ?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ``Frontal Lobe`` yɛ w'amemene no afã atitiriw anum no mu biako. Sɛnea edin no kyerɛ no, ɛwɔ wo ti anim pɛɛ. Sɛ yɛbɛka no pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɔfã a ɛho hia yi wɔ wo moma so akyi. Fa no sɛ "control room" a ɛwɔ wo tirim no.

Saa `(Frontal Lobe)` yi ne amemene no afã afoforo bom yɛ adwuma. Biribiara a yɛyɛ wɔ adwempa mu, kyerɛ sɛ, yɛdwene na yɛbu akontaa, yɛsi gyinaeɛ, ɔfa yi boa wɔ yeinom nyinaa mu. Sɛ yɛhwɛ kɛseɛ a, abenfoɔ ka sɛ `(Cerebral Cortex)`, a ɛyɛ corrugated surface a ɛwɔ yɛn amemene no atifi no, yɛ saa `(Frontal Lobe) yi na ɛyɛ 25% kɔsi 40%.` Ɛno yɛ kɛseɛ kakra, ɛnte saa?

Enti, dɛn na ɛba wɔ eyi (Frontal Lobe) ho? Dɛn na ɛboa yɛn nipadua?

Nokwarem no, nnwuma pii wɔ hɔ a saa ``Frontal Lobe'' yi yɛ. Momma yɛnhwɛ emu atitiriw no bi:

• Nsusuwii: Nea ɛka eyi ho ne biribiara fi biribi ho adwene ara kwa so kosi nsɛm a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ den yiye so. Nsusuwii a ntease wom, atemmu a wɔba, gyinaesi, ne nneɛma foforo a wɔbɔ (adebɔ) nyinaa hyɛ saa kuw yi ase.
• Asetra mu ntease: Saa ``(Frontal Lobe)`` yi boa yɛn ma yɛte nneɛma te sɛ nea ɛyɛ gyinapɛn ahorow a wogye tom wɔ ɔmanfo mu, sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ yɛyɛ yɛn ade, nea eye sɛ yɛbɛka, ne nea enye sɛ yɛbɛka ase. Ɛte sɛ yɛn "social compass."
• Adwumayɛfo dwumadi ahorow: Ebia eyi bɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ den kakra, nanso sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, nneɛma te sɛ ahosodi, nneɛma a wosiw ano, adwene a wɔde si biribi so, ne adwuma a wɔkae, a ɛyɛ tumi a obi tumi kae nsɛm a ɛfa biribi ho bere a ɔreyɛ no ka ho.
• Ntini a wofi wo pɛ mu de keka wo ho: Wɔhwɛ ntini a wufi wo pɛ mu yɛ nyinaa so, te sɛ wo nsa a wobɛma so, biribi a wobɛfa, anaa sɔre a wobɛsɔre na woanantew no wɔ ha. Afei nso, amemene no fã a ɛhwɛ ntini a yɛde kasa so no nso wɔ saa ``Frontal Lobe`` yi mu.
• Nsɛm a wobɛsua na woakae: Ɔfa yi boa wo ma wosua biribi foforɔ, kae sɛ wode bedi dwuma akyiri yi, na woasan akae nneɛma dedaw nso.

Susuw ho hwɛ, saa ``Frontal Lobe'' yi boa wo fi bere a wosɔre anɔpa na woyɛ wo da no ho nhyehyɛe, kosi adwuma a wobɛkɔ na woadi ɔhaw bi ho dwuma, kosi sɛ wo ne w'adamfo bi bɛkasa.

Dɛn na wɔde na ɛyɛ eyi (Frontal Lobe)?

Te sɛ yɛn amemene no nkae no, ``Frontal Lobe`` no yɛ nkwammoaa ahorow soronko. Nkwammoaa ahorow atitiriw abien na ɛwɔ hɔ:

1. Ntini ahorow: Eyinom ne nkitahodi nkwammoaa atitiriw a ɛwɔ amemene ne ntini ahorow mu. Wotumi de nsɛnkyerɛnne kɔma ntini mu nkwammoaa afoforo. Saa nsɛnkyerɛnne yi tu kwan kɔ ntini nkwammoaa no mu te sɛ anyinam ahoɔden nkrasɛm (impulses). Afei, anyinam ahoɔden nsɛnkyerɛnne yi dan nnuru na woyi fi ntini mu nkwammoaa no mu. Ntini mu nkwammoaa a edi hɔ no hu saa nnuru no na ɛde anyinam ahoɔden sɛnkyerɛnne foforo ba. Saa na nkrasɛm tu kwan ntɛmntɛm paa wɔ amemene no mu.

2. Glial nkwammoaa: Eyinom ne "nkwaboaa a ɛboa" a ɛwɔ ntini ahorow no mu. Wɔmfa nsɛnkyerɛnne nkɔ, nanso wɔyɛ nnwuma a ɛho hia pii, te sɛ ntini mu nkwammoaa a wɔhwɛ so, nwura a woyi fi hɔ, aduannuru a wɔde ma, ne nhyehyɛe no a wɔma ɛyɛ den.

Dɛn ne nyarewa ne ɔhaw ahorow a ɛtaa ka anim no?

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ yare biara a ebetumi asɛe amemene no mu ntini betumi aka anim ntini no. Afei nso, ntini mu nkɔso tebea horow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛka amemene no nyin a ebetumi de sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a ɛfa anim fã no ho pɔtee aba. Momma yɛnhwɛ tebea horow a ebetumi aka no no bi:

• Alzheimer yare a ɛma obi nya ɔyare
• Ɔkasa mu nsɛnnennen, titiriw `(Expressive aphasia)` anaa `(Broca's aphasia)` (a wunim nea wopɛ sɛ woka, nanso ɛyɛ den ma wo sɛ wode nsɛmfua no bɛka abom) .
• Adwene a wɔde si biribi so a ɛma obi yɛ ade tra so (ADHD) .
• Autism spectrum yare a ɛma obi nya ɔyare
• Amemene mu opira anaa ɔsɛe (Amemene mu akuru) (eyinom betumi afi nyarewa anaa nneɛma te sɛ oprehyɛn mu aba) .
• Amemene mu akisikuru (akisikuru a kokoram wom ne nea enni kokoram nyinaa) .
• Carbon monoxide a wɔde awuduru gu nipadua mu
• Ti a opira, titiriw akisikuru ne amemene mu opira afoforo a ɛyɛ hu a ɛyɛ hu
• Corticobasal a ɛma nipadua no sɛe
• Frontotemporal dementia (sɛ nhwɛso no, Pick yare) .
• Awosu mu tebea horow (e.g. Huntington yare, Wilson yare) .
• Tiyɛ ne Atiridiinini
• Dade a emu yɛ duru awuduru anaa nneɛma afoforo a awuduru wom a wɔnom
• Nyarewa (titiriw nyarewa a ɛde amemene mu atiridii, te sɛ amemene mu yare) .
• Adwene mu akwahosan tebea horow, sɛ nhwɛso no, adwene mu haw, dadwen, ne nipasu mu haw
• Lewy nipadua mu adwenemhaw
• Akisikuru (titiriw anim ntini mu akisikuru) ne ɔhaw ahorow a ɛfa akisikuru ho te sɛ akisikuru
• Akisikuru ne Bere tiaa mu Ischemic Attack (TIA) .

Dɛn ne sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a ɛtaa ba a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya Frontal Lobe no haw?

Nokwarem no, sɛnkyerɛnne pii wɔ hɔ a ebetumi afi ɔhaw bi a ɛwɔ ``Frontal Lobe'' no mu aba. Nneɛma abien nti na ɛsono saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi wɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho ho:

1. Efisɛ wo ``Frontal Lobe'' no yɛ nnwuma ahorow pii.

2. Efisɛ aduruyɛ mu tebea ahorow pii betumi aka saa ``Frontal Lobe'' yi.

Nanso, sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔtaa hu wɔ ɔhaw ahorow ho wɔ ``Frontal Lobe'' no mu:

• Nipasu mu nsakrae: Nneɛma te sɛ obi a ne tirim yɛ den sen kan no, ne bo fuw ntɛmntɛm, ne nneyɛe a ɛne asetram nsɛm nhyia.
• Ɛyɛ den sɛ wubehu nea ɛde ba ne nea efi mu ba, sɛ wode w’adwene besi biribi so, wobɛhyehyɛ nneɛma, wobɛyɛ nhyehyɛe, anaasɛ wobɛdan adwene afi adwuma biako so akɔ foforo so.
• Adwumayɛfo a wɔnyɛ adwuma yiye: Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka no, ɛyɛ den sɛ wobesi gyinae, ayɛ nhyehyɛe, na wɔakura ahosodi mu.
• Ɛyɛ den sɛ obi bedi ne nkate ne ne nneyɛe so, titiriw sɛ ɔbɛhwere nea ɔka ne nea ɔyɛ so tumi.
• Nneɛma ahorow bi a ɛma obi kae ade (Amnesia).
• Ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛkanyan ntini ahorow bi, a ntini a wɔde kasa ka ho.

Dɛn ne nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔtaa yɛ de hwɛ sɛnea anim ntini no akwahosan te?

Nnuruyɛfo wɔ akwan horow a wɔfa so hwɛ sɛnea w’anim ntini no te. Eyinom bi ne nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ de hu yare, nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ aduruyɛdan mu, ne mfoninitwa nhwehwɛmu. Nhwɛso ahorow bi ne:

• Mogya mu nhwehwɛmu: Eyinom tumi hu nneɛma ahorow, efi nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa ho haw so kosi awuduru a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu (titiriw dade te sɛ kɔbere, mercury, ne kɔbere).
• CT scan (Kɔmputa so Tomography - CT mfonini) .
• EEG (Electroencephalogram - EEG) sɔhwɛ (hwɛ anyinam ahoɔden dwumadi a ɛwɔ amemene no mu) .
• EMG sɔhwɛ (Electromyogram - ntini a ɛkɔ ntini mu sɔhwɛ) (hwɛ ahoɔhare a nkrasɛm fa ntini ahorow no mu) .
• Evoked potentials - nkate mu sɔhwɛ (hwɛ sɛnea nkate ahorow tu kwan kɔ amemene no mu) .
• MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Mfonini a Wɔde Yɛ Nneɛma - MRI) .
• Neuropsychological sɔhwɛ (ɛsɔ nneɛma te sɛ nsusuwii, nkae, adwene, ne nea ɛkeka ho hwɛ) .
• PET nhwehwɛmu (Positron Emission Tomography - PET nhwehwɛmu) .

Dɛn ne ayaresa a wɔtaa de sa tebea horow a ɛka anim fã no?

Ayaresa a wɔde sa tebea horow a ɛfa Frontal Lobe ho no betumi ayɛ soronko te sɛ tebea horow no ankasa. Wo duruyɛfo betumi atu wo fo yiye wɔ ayaresa a eye sen biara a wubetumi apaw ama wo tebea no ne nea wo duruyɛfo kamfo kyerɛ ho. Enti, sɛ wowɔ sɛnkyerɛnne bi a, ɛho hia sɛ wohwehwɛ nnuruyɛfo afotu.

Dɛn na metumi ayɛ na ama me (Frontal Lobe) anya apɔwmuden?

Nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a wubetumi ayɛ na ama w’amemene nyinaa, a w’anim fã ka ho, anya apɔwmuden. Wobetumi asiw amemene mu tebea horow bi ano. Bere a wontumi nsiw ebinom ano no, wubetumi atew asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya bi no so. Nneɛma bi a wubetumi ayɛ na ama w’amemene ayɛ yiye ni:

• Di aduan a ɛkari pɛ: Aduan a wudi no ka wo mogya a ɛkɔ wo mogya mu no akwahosan. Mogya a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu yiye ho hia na ama amemene no ayɛ adwuma yiye (sɛ nhwɛso no, akisikuru yɛ bere a ɔhaw ahorow a ɛwɔ mogya a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu no ka amemene no). Afei nso, vitamin ahorow bi dodow anaa kakraa bi betumi aka amemene no.
• Hwehwɛ akwan a wobɛfa so akura wo mu duru a ɛfata mu na woayɛ apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ: Wo mu duru ne wo dwumadi dodow betumi aboa ma woasiw tebea horow a ɛka amemene no ano anaasɛ akyɛ, titiriw koma ne ntini mu haw ahorow te sɛ mogya mmoroso. Wubetumi abisa w’abusua oduruyɛfo afotu wɔ nea mu duru a ɛfata ma wo ne nea wubetumi ayɛ de akura mu ho. Apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ ka amemene no akwahosan tẽẽ. Ɛboa ma mogya no kɔ yiye, na ɛboa amemene no nso ma ɛyɛ nnuru abɔfo a wɔfrɛ no ``neurotransmitters''.
• Hyɛ nneɛma a wode bɔ wo ho ban bere a ɛho hia: Esiane sɛ w’anim fã no wɔ wo ti anim nti, ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛho popo na woapira w’amemene a ɛyɛ hu. Enti, ɛho hia yiye sɛ wode nneɛma a ɛbɔ wo ho ban te sɛ dade kyɛw ne ahobammɔ bɛlt bedi dwuma bere a wote kar mu no.
• Di wo tebea horow a enni sabea ho dwuma: Tebea pii a ɛka amemene no mu yɛ den bere a bere kɔ so no. Nanso, sɛ wosa yare yiye a, ɛtɔ mmere bi a wubetumi asiw ano anaasɛ wobɛtwentwɛn wɔn a wɔbɛsɛe no ase. Sɛ nhwɛso no, tebea horow te sɛ Asikreyare a Ɛto so 2 ne Akisikuru.

Asɛm bi a ɛyɛ anigye a ɛfa Frontal Lobe ho!

Wo ``Frontal Lobe`` ne baabi a w'amemene no afã horow a ɛhwɛ onipa ko a woyɛ so, titiriw wo nipasu ne sɛnea wobɔ wo bra no wɔ. Ɔkwan a wofa so susuw nneɛma ho, sɛnea wutumi siesie ɔhaw ahorow, sɛnea wutumi hyehyɛ asetra mu abusuabɔ, w'abrabɔ pa, ne sɛnea wutumi te nea ɛteɛ ne nea ɛnteɛ ase nyinaa gyina wo ``Frontal Lobe`` no afã horow so.

Abenfo huu eyi esiane keteke kwan so panyin bi a wɔfrɛ no Phineas Gage nti. Wɔ 1848 mu no, dade poma bi faa Gage ti mu bere a ɔtopae bi wɔ baabi a wɔresi keteke kwan no, na ɛsɛee n’anim fã benkum so. Ansa na akwanhyia no reba no, na Gage yɛ ɔkannifo a ne ho dwo na wobu no yiye wɔ ne mfɛfo adwumayɛfo mu. Anwonwa kwan so no, Gage nyaa ne ti didii mu wɔ akwanhyia no mu. Nanso akwanhyia no akyi no, ne nipasu sesae koraa. Ɔbɛyɛɛ obi a ne bo fuw, onni obu, na ɔtaa ka kasafĩ.

Nanso, na Gage nipasu mu nsakrae no nyɛ nea ɛtra hɔ daa. Akwanhyia no akyi mfe anan no, Gage kɔɔ Chile, Amerika Kesee Fam, na ɔyɛɛ adwuma sɛ teaseɛnamkafo a ɔpɔnkɔ twe. Oduruyɛfo bi a ɔyɛɛ Gage mu nhwehwɛmu wɔ 1858 awiei anaa 1859 mfiase bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ na ɔwɔ nipadua mu apɔwmuden na “na n’adwene mu tumi asɛe.”

Ɛwom sɛ Gage ho tɔɔ no kɛse wɔ akwanhyia no mu de, nanso owui wɔ San Francisco wɔ 1860 mu esiane akisikuru nti. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ nneɛma a ɔsɛee no wɔ akwanhyia no mu no na ɛmaa akisikuru no. Nanso, n’asɛm no boaa kɛse ma nnɛyi nnuruyɛ nyaa nea ɛkɔ so wɔ anim fã no ase, titiriw sɛnea ɛka nipasu no.

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae (Take-Home Message) .

Sɛ wo dwene wo ``Frontal Lobe`` ho a, nokwarem no, woreka akyerɛ w'amemene no fã bi sɛ onsusuw ho. Wo ``Frontal Lobe`` yɛ w'amemene no afã horow a ɛho hia sen biara no mu biako. Ɛhwɛ ahokokwaw pii a wode di dwuma wɔ wo da biara da asetra mu no so na ɛhwɛ so. Ɛhɔ nso na wudi nneɛma te sɛ wo nipasu, wo nkate, ne w’atemmu so.

Enti, wo ``Frontal Lobe'' a wobɛhwɛ so yiye, na woanya ayaresa ama tebea horow a ɛka no, betumi ama nsakrae kɛse aba ɔkwan a ɛfa so boa w'asetra mu. Amemene no yɛ ade a ɛsom bo, na ɛyɛ yɛn asɛyɛde sɛ yɛbɛbɔ ho ban.

` Frontal lobe, amemene no dwumadi, nipasu, gyinaesi, amemene akwahosan, ntini ho nyansahu