Do you or someone you know get nervous when they hear the word "brain tumor"? It's very common. Especially when you know it's a bit more serious. But don't worry, let's talk about this condition called "Grade 3 Astrocytoma" in a little more detail, but very simply. I hope you get a clear understanding of this.
What is Grade 3 Astrocytoma?
Simply put, this is a fast-growing cancerous tumor that forms in the brain . There are a special type of cell called astrocyte cells in our brain and spinal cord. These are star-shaped cells. Their main job is to help and protect our neurons - the cells that are responsible for everything from our thoughts, feelings, and movements.
So, for some reason, when these astrocyte cells divide uncontrollably, rapidly, and grow in large numbers, this type of tumor called "astrocytoma" is formed. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified these tumors. Accordingly, "grade 3" means that this is a slightly faster-spreading, more severe type . Previously, this was also called "anaplastic astrocytoma". You may have seen this name in old medical reports (pathology reports). It was only in 2021 that this name was changed to "grade 3 astrocytoma" to clarify the diagnosis.
This is faster and more severe than "grade 1" and "grade 2". Also, it can spread from where it started to surrounding brain tissue . That's why it's also called "malignant" or "high-grade" astrocytoma.
Astrocytomas are a subtype of a larger group of tumors called "gliomas." This group of gliomas includes not only astrocytomas, but also other types of brain tumors such as "ependymomas" and "oligodendrogliomas."
Although this tumor is more aggressive than other types of astrocytoma, the good news is that it is treatable . There are treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. You may also have the opportunity to participate in clinical trials that are researching new treatments.
How common is this condition?
Worldwide, between 5 and 8 out of every 100,000 people are diagnosed with grade 3 or the more severe grade 4 astrocytoma (also called glioblastoma). This can also be seen in children . Grade 3 astrocytomas and glioblastomas account for about 10% of all central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) tumors in children.
What are the symptoms of grade 3 astrocytoma?
Symptoms can vary depending on the size of the tumor and where it is located in the brain. However, common symptoms include:
- Headache: This is not like a normal headache, it may be a bit severe, persistent, and more noticeable in the morning.
- Lethargy: Feeling tired all the time and feeling lifeless.
- Vomiting: Headaches can be accompanied by vomiting, especially in the morning.
- Personality changes: Changes such as becoming more angry, agitated, or very quiet than before.
- Vision changes: Blurred vision, double vision.
- Trouble with coordination: Stumbling while walking, falling over.
- Weakness in the limbs: An arm or leg on one side may feel like it is going numb.
- Symptoms of epilepsy (seizures): Sudden loss of consciousness and convulsions may occur.
Don't panic just because you have one or two of these symptoms. But if you have more than one of these symptoms, or if they seem to be getting worse day by day, you should definitely see a doctor.
In addition, depending on where the tumor is located in the brain, other specific symptoms may occur. For example, if the tumor is located in the frontal lobe, memory problems and difficulty making decisions may occur. Otherwise, if it is located in the side wall of the brain, speech and understanding words may occur.
Where in the brain do these tumors most commonly occur?
This grade 3 astrocytoma is a tumor that develops in the central nervous system, that is, the brain and spinal cord. It is most commonly found in the cerebrum, the largest part of the brain . Specifically, in these parts:
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
Why does this grade 3 astrocytoma develop? What are the risk factors?
It's not yet known exactly why these astrocyte cells suddenly start dividing so rapidly. But according to research, the following factors may be responsible:
- Genetic changes: However, this affects a very small percentage (less than 5% of patients).
- Exposure to ionizing radiation: This can occur from exposure to radiation during treatment for some types of cancer (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma).
Although this condition can develop at any age, it is most common in children between the ages of 5 and 9 and adults between the ages of 30 and 50. It is also said that men are more likely to develop it than women.
Some genetic conditions may also be associated with the development of grade 3 astrocytomas. Such conditions include:
- Neurofibromatosis Type 1
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- Tuberous sclerosis
What complications can this cause?
Complications that can occur with grade 3 astrocytoma can sometimes be life-threatening, so it's important to be aware of these as well.
- Increased intracranial pressure: The tumor can cause pressure to increase due to the lack of space inside the brain.
- Paralysis on one side of your body: A condition similar to paralysis.
- Hydrocephalus: Fluid can build up in the brain due to obstruction of the flow of fluid.
How do you accurately diagnose this disease?
A doctor diagnoses this disease by asking you about your symptoms, doing a physical exam, and then doing the necessary tests. The doctor will ask you about your symptoms and whether anyone in your family has had this disease. Then, they will order tests to rule out other diseases with similar symptoms.
In most cases, noninvasive imaging tests are used to determine the location and size of the tumor . These can be very helpful in making a diagnosis. Sometimes, a biopsy, which involves taking a small piece of the tumor, may be done.
Radiology tests
Your doctor may order an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan or a CT scan (Computed Tomography scan) to see the exact size and location of the tumor. These tests can help you get a better understanding of the tumor and plan your treatment. After diagnosis and treatment, you may need to have another scan to see if the treatment is successful and how the tumor is doing.
What is the treatment for this?
When treating grade 3 astrocytomas, one or more of the following methods are usually used together:
- Surgical removal of the tumor
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
Most often, all three of these treatments are used. The first step is to remove as much of the tumor as possible surgically . However, depending on the size of the tumor and its location in the brain, it may not be possible to completely remove the tumor. If that happens, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are given to the remaining part.
There are also research studies called "clinical trials" that are being conducted to find new treatments for these types of tumors. These are researching new treatments, ways to prevent disease, and more. Your doctor can also suggest a clinical trial that is right for you.
Are there any special medications used for this?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the chemotherapy drug "Temozolomide" for adults with grade 3 astrocytoma. Your doctor may recommend this drug if your tumor doesn't respond well to other treatments. There is no specific drug approved for children yet.
Are there any side effects of the treatment?
Yes, these treatments can definitely cause side effects. Your doctor will explain this to you before you start treatment, and will also tell you what to watch out for after treatment.
Possible side effects of surgery:
- Bleeding
- Infections
- Headache
- Hydrocephalus
- Pain
- Symptoms of epilepsy `(Seizures)`
Possible side effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy:
- Bleeding or infection
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Extreme fatigue
- Headache
- Hair loss
- Nausea and vomiting
- Appetite
These side effects don't happen to everyone the same way. Some people may feel a little, some may feel a little more. But there are ways to control almost all of these.
What is the life expectancy with this disease?
When it comes to the prognosis of a person with grade 3 astrocytoma, it varies from person to person. Many factors affect this, including your general health, the size of the tumor, and its location. If the disease is diagnosed and treated early, especially if the tumor can be completely removed, you can expect good results . Your doctor will be able to give you the most accurate information based on your situation.
One study reported that the five-year survival rate for people with grade 3 astrocytomas is between 52% and 58%. If treatment can completely remove the tumor, survival times are even longer .
Can this grade 3 astrocytoma be completely cured?
It is said that this tumor is difficult to completely cure, but it is a well-controlled and treatable condition . As surgical techniques, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy improve day by day, the chances of treatment success are now higher. Research shows that although it is challenging to completely remove the tumor, depending on its size, shape, and location, it is not impossible.
When should I see a doctor?
If you have any of the symptoms of grade 3 astrocytoma mentioned above, see a doctor right away . If you are already receiving treatment, tell your doctor as soon as you notice any side effects. If you have any questions or concerns during your diagnosis or treatment, don't hesitate to ask your medical team.
What questions should I ask my doctor?
It's normal to have a lot of questions when you receive a diagnosis like this. Here are some questions you can ask your doctor:
- What kind of treatment do you recommend for me?
- What are the side effects of the treatment?
- Can chemotherapy drugs be used to treat this tumor?
- How should I take care of myself while receiving radiation therapy and chemotherapy?
- What is the prognosis of my disease?
- Are there any clinical trials that are relevant to my condition?
Finally, what to remember
It's normal to feel scared and anxious when you find out you have a brain tumor. But remember, you're not alone . There is a team of skilled doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals here to help you, answer your questions, and take care of you.
Sometimes, due to the size and shape of the tumor, it may not be possible to completely remove it with surgery. However, with the advancements in cancer treatment, many people are able to overcome this condition and live a good life. So, stay strong and follow the advice given by your doctors.
I hope this information is helpful to you. I wish you a speedy recovery!
` Astrocytoma, Brain Tumor, Anaplastic Astrocytoma, Cancer, Grade 3 Astrocytoma, Brain Cancer Symptoms, Brain Cancer Treatment
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