Menene Cytology? Bari mu koyi komai game da shi!

Shin kun taɓa jin labarin gwajin 'Cytology'? Wataƙila likita ya nemi ku yi irin wannan gwajin. Wannan hakika gwaji ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Yana duba ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta a jikinmu kuma yana taimakawa wajen gano wasu cututtuka da wuri, musamman ciwon daji. Don haka, a yau za mu yi magana game da wannan kimiyyar cytology ta hanya mai sauƙi da za ku iya fahimta.

Menene Cytology? A takaice dai...

Ka yi tunani a kai, jikinmu yana da biliyoyin ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta. Don haka wannan ilimin halittar jiki, wanda wani lokacin ake kira 'cytopathology', ya ƙunshi ɗaukar wasu ƙwayoyin halitta daga kyallen jikinka ko ruwan jikinka (misali, fitsari, majina) sannan a duba su don ganin ko akwai wani abu daban ko rashin lafiya a cikinsu.

Kamar likitan bincike, ƙwararren likita, muna kiransa 'likitan cututtuka' , shi ne wanda ke duba waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta da kyau a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa (microscope) ya gano, 'Oh... akwai matsala a nan' ko 'A'a, komai lafiya'. Wannan ba ya buƙatar babban yanki na nama, ƙaramin samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta ya isa. Shi ya sa za a iya yin wannan gwajin ba tare da wahala mai yawa ba a mafi yawan lokuta.

Duk da cewa likitoci suna amfani da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen cytology don abubuwa daban-daban, galibi ana amfani da su don gano cutar kansa ko kuma tantance cutar kansa.

Mene ne manyan nau'ikan cytology?

Yanzu bari mu gani, akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu a fannin nazarin kwayoyin halitta. Bari mu yi magana a kansu.

1. Ilimin halittar jiki (Exfoliative Cytology)

Sunan na iya yin kama da wani abu mai rikitarwa, amma a zahiri abu ne mai sauƙi. Exfoliative cytology shine tsarin bincika ƙwayoyin da ko dai kawai ake zubarwa daga jikinmu (kamar ƙwayoyin fata da suka mutu) ko kuma a goge su a hankali daga saman, kamar ƙaramin goga.

Bari mu duba wasu misalai na wannan.

• Samfuran mata na mata: Yawancin mata sun san da wannan. Wani nau'in gwaji da aka fi sani shine gwajin Pap smear , wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaukar ƙaramin samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta daga mahaifa a gwada su.
• Samfuran hanyoyin hanji: Wani lokaci, idan likita ya yi gwajin endoscopy (yana duba ciki da kyamara), suna iya goge wasu ƙwayoyin halitta daga cikin hanjin su aika su don gwajin cytology.
• Samfuran fata ko majina: Ana iya gwada waɗannan ta hanyar goge ƙwayoyin halitta daga fatar jikinka, a cikin hancinka, ko a cikin bakinka.

Wata hanya kuma ita ce tattara ƙwayoyin halitta daga abubuwan da kawai ake fitar da su daga jiki. Ka yi tunani a kai:

• Samfuran numfashi:Za ka iya gwada maniyyi ko maniyyi da ke fitowa lokacin da kake tari don ganin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikinsa.
• Samfuran fitsari: Ana iya gano wasu cututtuka ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin fitsari (barewa) da kuma duba ƙwayoyin da ke cikinsa.
• Samfuran fitar da ruwa ko fitar da ruwa mara kyau: Idan akwai fitar da ruwa mara kyau, kamar daga idanu, farji, ko nono, za a iya ɗaukar samfurin kuma a yi gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta.

2. Ilimin Tsarin Haihuwa

A cikin wannan, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, likita dole ne ya yi ƙaramin yankewa a saman fatar jikinka sannan ya ɗauki samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta daga ciki. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya ɗaukar samfurin ta hanyar huda fatar.

Gwajin da aka fi sani da wannan nau'in ana kiransa da fine-needle aspiration (FNA) .

• Wannan ya ƙunshi amfani da allura mai siriri don saka ta a wurin da za a duba (misali, ƙulli) da kuma cire samfurin ruwa ko ƙwayoyin halitta daga can. Daga nan sai likitan cututtuka ya duba ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa.

Akwai wurare da dama inda za a iya yin FNA:

• Cysts sune kumbura masu ruwa a ƙarƙashin fata.
• Ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙuraje a ƙarƙashin fata.
• Ƙwayoyin lymph ɗinku.
• Ruwan zuciya .
• Ruwan pleural shine ruwan da ke cikin sararin pleural (tsakanin huhu da rufin ciki na ƙirji).

Yaushe ake yin gwajin cytology?

Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, ana amfani da wannan sau da yawa don gano ciwon daji ko kuma don tantance cutar kansa da wuri.

• Gwajin ganewar asali gwaji ne da ake yi idan kana da alamun cutar (misali, tari mai ɗorewa, ciwon ciki, kumburi a jikinka) don gano menene matsalar. Cytology na iya taimakawa wajen tantance ko akwai wasu ƙwayoyin halitta marasa kyau, kuma idan haka ne, wane irin cuta ne.
• Gwajin tantancewa gwaji ne da ke duba ko kana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka (musamman ciwon daji), koda kuwa ba ka da wata alama. Gwajin Pap smear ɗaya ne daga cikin irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da mutane da yawa suka saba da su.

Baya ga wannan, ilimin halittar jiki yana taimakawa da wasu abubuwa:

• Gano cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa.
• Gano yanayin kumburi.
• Duba don ganin raunukan thyroid.
• Gano cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da wasu ramukan jiki (misali, ruwa da ke samuwa tsakanin membranes da ke rufe huhu).

Wa ke yin wannan gwajin ƙwayoyin halitta?

Wannan kuma tambaya ce mai kyau. Lokacin yin gwajin cytology,Yawanci mutane biyu ne: wanda ya ɗauki samfurin da kuma wanda ya gwada shi.

• Hanyar tattara samfurin ya bambanta dangane da yanayin gwajin. Misali, likitan mata na iya tattara samfurin tantanin halitta don yin gwajin Pap. Ga likitan FNA, likita mai ƙwarewa zai yi shi.
• Sannan, ana aika wannan samfurin zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje.
• A can, likitan cututtuka ko likitan cytopathologist yana duba waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa (microscope) sannan ya yi bincike. Su ne ƙwararru a wannan fanni.

Yaya ake yin gwajin Cytology? Mataki-mataki

To, yanzu bari mu ga daidai yadda ake yin wannan gwajin cytology. Gabaɗaya akwai manyan matakai guda huɗu don wannan.

1. Tattara ƙwayoyin samfurin

Wannan shine mataki na farko. Likitan ku zai ɗauki samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta daga jikin ku don yin gwaji. Kamar yadda muka tattauna a baya, yana iya zama:

• Cire ta hanyar gogewa ko goge saman.
• An tattara shi a matsayin ruwa (kamar fitsari, majina).
• Ana iya shan sa ta hanyar amfani da hanyar 'fine needle aspiration ' (FNA).

2. Sarrafa ƙwayoyin samfurin

Da zarar samfurin ya isa dakin gwaje-gwaje, yana buƙatar a shirya shi don sauƙaƙe gwajin.

• Ga wasu samfuran nama, likita ko wani a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje zai shafa su a kan siraran gilashi. Ana kiran waɗannan 'smears' .
• Idan samfurin ruwa ne, ba zai yiwu a yi smear kai tsaye ba saboda ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikinsa. Sannan a saka shi a cikin ƙaramin akwati a aika shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje.
• Da zarar an shiga dakin gwaje-gwaje, likitan cututtuka ko ma'aikacin dakin gwaje-gwaje zai tsoma waɗannan tarkacen, ko ƙwayoyin da aka shirya, a cikin rini na musamman (tabo). Wannan tabon yana sauƙaƙa ganin sassa daban-daban na ƙwayoyin a sarari a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Kamar yadda ake yin fenti a hoto yana sauƙaƙa ganin cikakkun bayanai.
• Idan samfurin ruwa ne, wani lokacin ana amfani da wata na'ura da ake kira centrifuge don raba ƙwayoyin halitta da ruwan. Wannan na'urar tana juya samfurin da sauri kuma tana raba ƙwayoyin ta hanyar nauyi. Sannan ana sanya ƙwayoyin da aka raba a kan zamiya sannan a yi musu fenti idan ya cancanta.

3. Binciken ƙwayoyin samfurin

Bayan haka, likitan cututtuka zai duba samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka shirya kuma aka yi masa fenti a hankali a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Zai duba:

• Shin ƙwayoyin halitta sun zama al'ada?
• Akwai wasu ƙwayoyin halitta marasa kyau?
• Akwai alamun kamuwa da cuta?
• Kana ganin abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa?

Idan ya sami wasu ƙwayoyin halitta marasa kyau, sai ya yi musu alama a kan zamewar da alkalami na musamman. Sannan, bisa ga abin da ya gani, zai yi bincike ya kuma rubuta cikakken rahoto.

4. Raba sakamakon

A ƙarshe, likitan cututtuka zai aika rahoton ga likitanka (likitan da ya tura ka don gwajin). Daga nan likitanka zai yi maka bayani game da sakamakon kuma ya tattauna da kai abin da za ka yi a gaba (misali, ƙarin gwaje-gwaje, magani).

Ta yaya ya kamata in shirya don gwajin cytology?

Wannan matsala ce da mutane da yawa ke fuskanta. Labari mai daɗi shine yawancin gwaje-gwajen cytology suna da sauƙi kuma ba su da zafi sosai. Don haka ba kwa buƙatar yin wani abu na musamman don shirya musu.

Duk da haka, likitanka zai yi maka bayani dalla-dalla game da gwajin da za ka yi. Zai kuma bayyana a sarari idan akwai wani abu da kake buƙatar yi kafin wannan gwajin (kamar rashin cin abinci na 'yan awanni, daina wasu magunguna). Don haka ka bi waɗannan umarnin a hankali.

Me za a yi tsammani bayan gwajin?

Bayan gwajin, ana aika samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka ɗauka daga gare ku zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda likitan cututtuka zai duba shi ya aika rahoto ga likitan ku. Likitan zai gaya muku sakamakon. Wani lokaci akwai rashin jin daɗi ko rauni a inda aka ɗauki samfurin na tsawon kwanaki kaɗan, amma wannan yawanci yakan ɓace da sauri.

Akwai wasu haɗari da rashin amfani ga waɗannan gwaje-gwajen?

Kamar yadda yake a duk gwaje-gwajen likita, akwai yiwuwar samun rikitarwa. Duk da haka, matsaloli masu tsanani daga gwaje-gwajen cytology ba kasafai suke faruwa ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa ba su da yawa (misali, ɗan zubar jini ko ƙuraje a wurin da aka sanya FNA).

• Wani lokaci, sakamakon 'ƙarya mai kyau' ko 'ƙarya mai kyau' na iya faruwa. 'ƙarya mai kyau' yana nufin cewa sakamako yana nuna cewa babu wata cuta, kuma 'ƙarya mai kyau' yana nufin cewa sakamako yana nuna cewa babu wata cuta. Amma wannan yana faruwa ba kasafai ba, kuma masana cututtuka suna damuwa sosai game da wannan.
• A wasu lokuta, gwajin biopsy (gwajin da ke ɗaukar wani yanki na nama) zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani fiye da gwajin cytology, don haka yana iya zama mafi daidaito.

To menene amfanin gwaje-gwajen cytology?

Akwai fa'idodi da rashin amfani. Domin yana buƙatar ƙaramin samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta kawai, gwajin cytology yana da fa'idodi da yawa fiye da gwajin biopsy:

• Ba a yi masa tiyata sosai ba. Wannan yana nufin babu manyan yankewa.
• Rashin jin daɗi da radadi kaɗan ne. Wasu ma ba su da zafi.
• Damar samun rikitarwa ba ta da yawa.
• Kudin yana da ƙasa kaɗan.
• Ana iya yin hakan da sauri.

Menene sakamakon gwajin cytology?

Sakamakon da za ka samu na iya bambanta kaɗan dangane da gwajin da aka yi, da kuma inda aka ɗauki samfurin. Yawanci, rahoton likitan cututtuka na iya haɗawa da waɗannan:

• Bayanin samfurin (misali inda aka ɗauki shi, yadda aka ɗauka).
• Ko an sami ƙwayoyin halitta marasa kyau ko a'a.
• Idan aka sami ƙwayoyin halitta marasa kyau, wane irin cuta ne, kamuwa da cuta, ko ciwon daji?
• Idan ciwon daji ne, menene 'matakin' ciwon daji? Wannan yana nuna maka yadda ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suke kama ko bambanta da ƙwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun, da kuma yadda suke iya yaɗuwa da sauri.
• Ko ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje, kamar gwajin biopsy.
• Wataƙila, ganewar asali ko kuma wasu zato.

Har yaushe zan ɗauki kafin in san sakamakon?

Wannan kuma wani abu ne da mutane da yawa ke tambaya. Lokacin da ake ɗauka don sanin sakamakon ya dogara ne akan kowane abu.

• Sakamakon wasu gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na yau da kullun (kamar gwajin Pap smear) na iya ɗaukar kwanaki kaɗan (watakila kwana ɗaya ko biyu).
• Wasu gwaje-gwaje masu rikitarwa na iya ɗaukar mako ɗaya ko biyu ko ma fiye da haka.

Abubuwan da suka shafi wannan sune:

• Aikin da ake yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje.
• Ana buƙatar ganin ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta ko kyallen jiki.
• Ana iya buƙatar tabo na musamman ko ƙarin gwaje-gwaje.
• Wani lokaci ana buƙatar ra'ayi na biyu daga wani likita.
• Lokacin sarrafawa shine lokacin da ake ɗauka kafin a je dakin gwaje-gwaje, a shirya, a gwada, a rubuta rahoton, sannan a kai wa likitanka.

Likitan ku zai iya ba ku ra'ayin tsawon lokacin da yake ɗauka.

Mene ne alaƙar da ke tsakanin ilimin halittar jiki da kuma ilimin halittar jiki?

Kada ku rikita su biyun. Cytology, ko kuma mu kira shi 'Cytopathology', wani reshe ne na Pathology, wato, wani reshe na musamman.

A fannin likitanci, ilimin cututtuka fanni ne na likitanci wanda ke hulɗa da binciken ƙwayoyin halitta da kyallen jiki daga kyallen jiki ko samfuran ruwa don gano cutar. Don haka, ilimin halittar jiki wani ɓangare ne kawai na wannan babban fannin.

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin Cytology da Histology?

Cytology da Histology wasu sassa biyu ne na Pathology. Babban bambanci tsakanin su biyun shine abin da aka bincika.

• Cytology galibi yana duba ƙwayoyin halitta ko tarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Waɗannan na iya zama ƙwayoyin da aka dawo da su ko ƙwayoyin da aka ɗauka daga FNA.
• Histology yana duba cikakken sashe na nama.Ana duba samfurin nama don ganin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban da ke akwai, yadda suke da alaƙa da juna, da kuma tsarin nama. Yawanci ana yin hakan ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin nama ta hanyar biopsy.

A taƙaice dai, kimiyyar ƙwayoyin halitta kamar ɗaukar ganye ne daga bishiya a duba shi, yayin da kimiyyar ƙwayoyin halitta kamar ɗaukar reshe ne daga bishiya.

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin gwajin cytology da biopsy?

Manufar duka biyun ita ce a yi gwajin cutar, amma akwai muhimman bambance-bambance da dama tsakanin su biyun.

• Girman samfurin:
• A cikin ilimin halittar jiki (cytology), ana duba ƙaramin samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa (microscope).
• Yin gwajin biopsy yawanci yana buƙatar ɗaukar wani yanki na nama mafi girma fiye da samfurin cytology.

• Yadda ake yi:
• Shan samfurin cytology (misali, smear na Pap, swab) sau da yawa abu ne mai sauƙi, ba shi da zafi, kuma ƙila ba ya buƙatar maganin sa barci.
• Gwaje-gwajen biopsy yawanci sun fi rikitarwa fiye da gwaje-gwajen cytology. Suna iya buƙatar maganin sa barci na gida ko maganin sa barci na gaba ɗaya.

• Abin da aka duba:
• Cytology yana duba ƙwayoyin halitta ko tarin ƙwayoyin halitta .
• A cikin gwajin biopsy, likitan cututtuka ba wai kawai yana duba ƙwayoyin halitta ba, har ma da dukkan tsarin nama .

A ƙarshe, abubuwan da kuke buƙatar tunawa

Don haka, ina fatan yanzu kuna da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Cytology. Abu mafi mahimmanci shine gwaje-gwajen Cytology hanya ce da aka saba da ita kuma mai aminci wacce galibi ba ta da zafi kuma ana amfani da ita don gano cututtuka da gano abubuwa kamar ciwon daji da wuri.

Jiran sakamakon gwaji na iya zama abin damuwa da damuwa. Wannan abu ne na al'ada. Amma ku tuna, ƙungiyar likitocinku koyaushe suna nan don taimaka muku da kula da ku, komai sakamakon. Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi game da gwajin ku, sakamakon ku, ko abin da za ku yi a gaba, kada ku ji tsoron tambayar likitan ku. Kuna da 'yancin a ji ku kuma a fahimce ku. Kun fahimta?

` Cytology, Cytology, Gwajin Kwayoyin Halitta, Gano Ciwon Daji, Gwajin Pap, Pap Smear, FNA, Ganewar Cututtuka, Cututtuka