Kana da kamuwa da cutar bakteriya? Bari mu koyi game da gwajin Gram Stain.

Wataƙila kana mamakin menene wannan "Gram Stain". Wataƙila kana jin tsoro kaɗan idan likita ya ce ka yi wannan gwajin. Amma kada ka damu. Wannan gwaji ne mai sauƙi, kuma mai matuƙar muhimmanci wanda ake yi akai-akai. A yau, za mu yi magana dalla-dalla game da shi, a sauƙaƙe.

Menene gwajin Gram Stain?

A taƙaice dai, tabon Gram gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje ne da ake yi don ganin ko akwai kamuwa da cuta a wani wuri a jikinka, idan kuma haka ne, ko ƙwayoyin cuta ne suka haifar da shi. Ka yi tunanin kana da ciwon makogwaro ko rauni da ke kama da ƙura. To likita zai iya zargin cewa yana da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta. A wannan lokacin, wannan gwajin zai iya ba da ra'ayi game da shi cikin sauri.

Wannan ya ƙunshi ɗaukar samfurin fitsari, majina daga rauni, ko wani abu makamancin haka sannan a duba shi a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Wannan yana ba da cikakken ra'ayi game da ko akwai ƙwayoyin cuta a ciki, idan haka ne, yadda suke kama. Wannan yana taimaka wa likita ya yanke shawara kan magunguna da zai ba ku da kuma wasu gwaje-gwajen da za ku yi.

Gabatarwa ta taƙaitaccen bayani game da ƙwayoyin cuta

Kwayoyin cuta ƙarama ce mai ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya. Ana samun su a jikinmu, a fatarmu, kuma kusan ko'ina a cikin muhalli. Wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta ba sa haifar mana da wata illa, wasu ma suna taimaka mana. Amma akwai wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Gwajin tabo na Gram yana da matuƙar amfani wajen gano irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa.

A cikin wannan gwajin, ƙwayoyin cuta suna canza launuka daban-daban bisa ga halayen sinadarai da na zahiri na bangon ƙwayoyin halittarsu. Saboda haka, ana rarraba su a matsayin "gram-positive" ko "gram-negative". Amma abu ɗaya da za a tuna shi ne cewa ba dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta ne ke shafar wannan hanyar Gram tabo ba. Haka kuma, akwai lokutan da wannan gwajin kaɗai ba zai iya faɗi ainihin menene cutar ba. Duk da haka, yana ba da babban haske game da nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda hakan babban taimako ne wajen fara magani.

Tabon Gram wata hanya ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci ta yin tabo wadda aka yi amfani da ita a fannin ƙwayoyin cuta tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru. An fara gabatar da ita a shekarar 1882 ta masanin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasar Denmark Hans Christian Gram. Ya fara amfani da ita don gano ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da ciwon huhu.

Menene ƙwayoyin cuta masu gram-positive da gram-negative?

Yanzu bari mu ga menene wannan duka abu mai kyau na Gram-positive da Gram-negative. Wannan rarrabuwa ta dogara ne akan yadda ƙwayoyin cuta ke amsawa da rini da aka ƙara a cikin samfurin yayin gwajin tabo na Gram. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna canza launin shuɗi-shuɗi, yayin da wasu kuma suna canza launin ruwan hoda-ja.

A nan , "mai kyau" ba ya nufin "mai kyau", kuma ba ya nufin "mara kyau".Negative ba yana nufin "mummunan" ko "babu ƙwayoyin cuta." Kawai rarrabuwa ce bisa ga yadda ƙwayoyin cuta ke amsawa ga rini. Wani lokaci, ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta "gram-variable." Wannan yana nufin cewa ba sa yin tabo iri ɗaya, kuma suna iya bayyana gauraye ruwan hoda da shunayya.

Kwayoyin cuta masu gram-positive

Bangon ƙwayoyin cuta na Gram-positive sun ƙunshi kauri yadudduka na wani abu mai suna peptidoglycan . Peptidoglycan shine babban ɓangaren bangon ƙwayoyin cuta na yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta. Yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na bangon ƙwayoyin cuta na Gram-positive. Shi ya sa suke kama da shuɗi zuwa shunayya a cikin tabon Gram.

Wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na Gram-positive sune:

• 'Nau'in Staphylococcus'
• 'Nau'in Streptococcus'
• 'Nau'in kwayar cutar Corynebacterium'
• 'Nau'in Clostridium'
• 'Nau'in Listeria'

Kwayoyin cuta masu nakasa ta gram

Kwayoyin cuta masu kama da gram-negative suna da siririn peptidoglycan (kimanin kashi 10% na bangon tantanin halitta) a bangon tantanin halittarsu. Suna kuma da babban kaso na lipids (watau fatty acids) a bangon tantanin halittarsu. Shi ya sa suke bayyana ja zuwa ruwan hoda a cikin tabon Gram.

Wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na Gram-negative sune:

• 'Neisseria gonorrhoeae' da kuma meningitides
• 'Nau'in Moraxella'
• 'Escherichia coli (E. coli)'
• 'Nau'in Pseudomonas'
• 'Nau'in Proteus'
• 'Klebsiella nau'in'

Menene bambanci tsakanin tabon Gram da al'adar ƙwayoyin cuta?

Idan likitanka yana zargin kana da kamuwa da cutar bakteriya, sau da yawa zai yi odar gwajin tabo na Gram da gwajin al'adar bakteriya. Duk da haka, bayanin da aka samu daga waɗannan gwaje-gwajen guda biyu ya bambanta.

Ka yi tunanin haka, tabon gram yana kama da ɗan sanda da ke zuwa wurin da aka aikata laifi kuma yana rubuta cikakken bayani game da waɗanda ake zargi (kamar tsayi, launi, da tufafi). Wannan yana ba ka damar fahimtar wanda ke wurin cikin sauri.

Al'adar ƙwayoyin cuta tsari ne da ake shuka ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin a cikin wani wuri na musamman na gina jiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje sannan a gano su da suna. Wannan na iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa, yayin da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ke girma a hankali. Amma kuma yana taimakawa wajen gano ainihin ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma maganin da ya dace da su.

Don haka, sakamako mai sauri daga tabon GramKo da an same shi, sau da yawa yana iya gaya maka nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta ne kawai. Amma wannan bayanin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga likita ya fara magani da sauri. Al'adar ƙwayoyin cuta ita ce kawai hanyar da za a iya gano ƙwayoyin cuta daidai.

Waɗanne cututtuka ne gwajin tabon Gram zai iya taimakawa wajen gano su?

Likitoci suna ba da umarnin yin gwajin tabo na Gram don taimakawa wajen gano da kuma magance wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, ana amfani da shi don gano cututtuka kamar cututtukan fitsari (UTIs) da ciwon huhu na ƙwayoyin cuta. Duk da haka, ba a yin odar sa ga kowace kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Misali, ba a yin Gram tabo ga wani abu kamar gubar abinci, amma ana iya yin sa a kan samfurin bayan gida idan ya cancanta.

Kwayoyin cuta masu kama da Gram-negative da cututtukan da suke haifarwa

Ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da Gram-negative da cututtukan da za su iya haifarwa:

• ` Escherichia coli : Cututtukan hanyoyin fitsari (UTIs), gubar abinci.
• " Legionella pneumoniae : Cutar Legionella."
• " Salmonella : Gubar abinci, zazzabin Typhoid."
• ` Klebsiella : Ciwon huhu, cututtukan jini, raunuka ko kamuwa da cutar wurin tiyata, ciwon meningitis na ƙwayoyin cuta.
• ` Neisseria gonorrhoeae : Gonorrhea.`
• ` Proteus : Cututtukan Hanyar Urinary (UTIs).
• Morganella morganii : Cututtukan hanyoyin fitsari (UTIs), sepsis, ciwon huhu, kamuwa da raunuka, cututtukan tsoka, cututtukan tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya, da kuma kumburin membrane da ke kewaye da zuciya.
• « Aeromonas : cututtukan ido, osteomyelitis (kashi), meningitis na ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtukan numfashi "kusan nutsewa", cututtukan haɗin gwiwa.»

Kwayoyin cuta masu kama da Gram-positive da kuma cututtukan da suke haifarwa

Ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da Gram-positive da cututtukan da za su iya haifarwa:

• « Streptococcus pneumoniae : Ciwon huhu na ƙwayoyin cuta.»
• ` Staphylococcus aureus : Ciwon huhu na ƙwayoyin cuta, Staphylococcus aureus mai juriya ga methicillin (MRSA), da kuma ciwon shock mai guba.
• ` Nau'in Streptococcus na Rukuni A : Cututtukan makogwaro na Strep.
• ` Listeria : Gubar abinci.`
• « Clostridium : Gubar Abinci.»
• `Clostridium botulinum da Clostridium butyricum: Botulinism.

Yaushe ake yin gwajin Gram?

Idan likitanka yana zargin kana da kamuwa da cutar bakteriya, wani lokacin kamuwa da cutar fungal, yawanci yakan ba da umarnin a yi amfani da Gram tabo da kuma a yi amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan hanya ce da aka saba amfani da ita don gano kamuwa da cutar bakteriya cikin sauri.

Wanene ke yin gwajin Gram Stain?

Dangane da nau'in kamuwa da cuta da za ku iya samu, nau'ikan masu samar da lafiya daban-daban na iya tattara samfurin gwajin tabo na Gram. Misali, likitan mata na iya yin swab don gwajin tabo na Gram don cutar gonorrhea. Likitan huhu na iya ɗaukar samfurin fulawa daga tari ko majina ya aika shi don gwajin tabo na Gram don cutar huhu ta ƙwayoyin cuta.

Likitan ku zai sanya samfurin a cikin akwati mai tsafta sannan ya aika shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don gwaji. Masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci zai shafa samfurin a kan zane-zanen microscope, ya shafa jerin rini, sannan ya duba shi a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Za su rubuta rahoto su ba wa likitan ku.

Ta yaya kuke shirya don gwajin Gram Stain?

Labari mai daɗi! Ba kwa buƙatar yin wani abu na musamman don shirya gwajin tabo na Gram.

Yaya ake yin gwajin Gram Stain?

Akwai manyan matakai guda uku a gwajin tabo na Gram:

• Tattara samfurin.
• Shirya samfurin.
• Gwada samfurin.

Tattara samfurin tabon Gram

Wannan ya ƙunshi ɗaukar samfur daga yankin da likitanka ke zargin kamuwa da cuta. Ga wasu hanyoyin ɗaukar samfurin:

• Gogewa ko goge nama daga saman wani ɓangare na jikinka.
• Tattara ruwa ko fitar ruwa daga jikinka.
• Buga allura mai laushi shine cire samfurin ruwa daga wani wuri a jikinka ta amfani da allura mai laushi.

Ga wuraren da za ku iya ɗaukar swab ko goga samfurin:

• Makogwaro
• Hanci
• Al'aura
• Raunukan fata

Samfuran da za ku iya tattarawa kai tsaye a cikin akwati mai tsafta sune:

• Mangwaro (man shafawa)
• Fitsari
• Kuraje

Wuraren jiki da ake buƙatar allurar fine-allura sun haɗa da:

• Ruwan synovial a cikin gidajenku.
• Ruwan da ke kewaye da zuciyarka (ruwan zuciya).
• Ruwan pleural shine ruwan da ke kewaye da huhu.
• Ruwan Cerebrospinal (CSF) shine ruwan da ke kewaye da kashin baya.

Likitan zai sanya samfurin a cikin akwati mai tsafta sannan ya aika shi dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Yadda ake yin Gram Staining

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci ya shimfiɗa samfurin a kan gilashin madubin hangen nesa. Ana kiran waɗannan zane-zanen "smears." Sannan suna shafa jerin rini a kan zanen sannan su yi tabon Gram.

Tsarin Gram staining ya ƙunshi matakai huɗu na asali:

• Amfani da babban launi (crystal violet).
• Ƙara mai gyara launi (Gram's iodine).
• Saurin cire launin fata da ethanol, acetone, ko cakuda duka biyun.
• Yin maganin safranin.

Duba Tabon Gram

Sannan, lokacin da masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci ya duba shi a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa, sai ya tantance duk wani kwayar cuta da ke wurin ta hanyar launinta da siffarta :

• Launi : Kwayoyin cuta masu gram-positive yawanci suna kama da shunayya zuwa shuɗi, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta masu gram-negative suke kama da ruwan hoda zuwa ja.
• Siffa : Siffar da aka fi sani ita ce siffar ƙwallo mai siffar zobe (cocci) ko kuma siffar sanda (bacilli).

Haka kuma, masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci yana duba rukunin ƙwayoyin cuta a kan zamewar kuma yana neman wasu halaye na samfurin. Misali:

• Shin ƙwayoyin cuta suna wanzuwa ɗaya ɗaya, biyu biyu, huɗu, a cikin rukuni, ko a cikin sarƙoƙi?
• Shin kitsen bacilli, siriri ne, gajere ne, dogo ne, ko kuma suna da manyan spores a gefe ɗaya?
• Akwai ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin fararen fata?

Masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwajen likitanci zai shirya rahoto ya aika wa likitanka.

Mene ne haɗarin gwajin tabo na Gram?

Babu wani haɗari wajen ɗaukar samfurin swab, ko kuma a yi amfani da yawu, fitsari, ko kuma bayan gida.

Dangane da gwajin jini, haɗarin yana da ƙasa sosai. Akwai yiwuwar samun ɗan ciwo da ƙuraje a inda aka ɗauki jinin, amma zai warke da sauri.

Hadarin da ka iya tasowa na allurar fine-allura sune:

• Jin rashin jin daɗi ko zafi.
• Zubar jini.
• Kamuwa da cuta.
• Lalacewa ga kyallen da ke kewaye.

Menene ma'anar sakamakon tabo na Gram?

Sakamakon gwajin tabon gram ya bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu: tabon "tabon Gram mara kyau" ko kuma tabon "tabon Gram mara kyau". Bai kamata a rikita wannan da kalmar "kwayoyin cuta masu kama da gram mara kyau" ko "kwayoyin cuta masu kama da gram mara kyau" ba.

Tabon Gram mara kyau

Idan sakamakon gwajin ku ya nuna "tabon Gram mara kyau" ko "ba a ga wani abu a cikin halitta ba," yawanci yana nufin cewa babu isassun ƙwayoyin cuta da za a iya gani ta hanyar tabon Gram. Duk da haka, idan kun yi amfani da samfurin iri ɗaya, har yanzu kuna iya samun ƙwayoyin cuta.

Tabon Gram Mai Kyau

Idan sakamakon gwajinka ya nuna "tabon Gram mai kyau", to yana nufin cewa ƙwayoyin cuta suna nan a cikin samfurinka. Idan sakamakonka ya kasance mai kyau, yawanci zai ƙunshi bayanai kamar haka:

• Nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta : Gram-positive ko Gram-negative.
• Siffar ƙwayoyin cuta : ko dai suna da siffar ƙwallo (cocci) ko kuma siffar sanda (bacilli).
• Sauran halaye na ƙwayoyin cuta : girman ƙwayoyin cuta, yawansu (adadi), da/ko yadda ake haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta wuri ɗaya, idan ya dace.
• Sauran ƙwayoyin halitta : Ko akwai ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin halitta (cikin ƙwayoyin halitta), ƙwayoyin jini ja, ko ƙwayoyin jini fari.
• Namomin kaza : Gwajin tabo na Gram kuma zai iya neman namomin kaza a cikin nau'in yisti ko molds. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaji don tantance ainihin nau'in namomin kaza.

Wannan bayanin, tare da alamominka da sauran binciken asibiti, zai iya taimaka wa likitanka ya yanke shawara kan wane magani ne ya fi tasiri. Wani lokaci, wannan na iya taimakawa kafin a sami sakamakon al'adar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Tsawon wane lokaci ake ɗauka kafin a san sakamakon gwajin?

Gwaje-gwajen tabon gram yawanci suna ba da sakamako cikin sauri. Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar sakamakon tabon gram a matsayin na farko . Wannan yana nufin cewa su kaɗai ba za su iya yin ganewar asali ba koyaushe. Ana iya buƙatar al'adar ƙwayoyin cuta da/ko wasu gwaje-gwaje (misali, gwajin antigen da antibody don takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta) don tabbatar da ganewar asali.

Yaushe ya kamata in kira likitana?

Idan an gano cewa kana da kamuwa da cuta kuma kana da wata matsala game da maganin da kake sha, ko kuma idan kamuwa da cutar ba ta inganta ba, ka tabbata ka tuntuɓi likitanka.

Tabon Gram gwaji ne da aka saba yi, wanda ba shi da zafi, wanda ake amfani da shi don duba ko akwai kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ko fungal. Jiran sakamakon gwajin ganewar asali na iya zama abin mamaki. Amma ku tuna, ko menene sakamakon, ƙungiyar likitocinku tana nan don taimaka muku. Kada ku ji tsoron yin tambayoyi game da gwajin ku ko sakamakon.

Saƙon Ɗauka Gida

To, daga abin da muka tattauna, ina fatan kun sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da gwajin Gram Stain. Manyan abubuwan da ya kamata ku tuna sune:

• Tabon gram gwaji ne da ke tantance ko akwai ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma irinsu .
• Wannan yana rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin gram-positive ko gram-negative . Yana taimaka wa likita ya zaɓi magani.
• Duk da cewa sakamakon yana da sauri, wani lokacin yana da sauƙi . Ana iya buƙatar al'adar ƙwayoyin cuta don gano ainihin ƙwayoyin cuta.
• Babu wani babban haɗari ga wannan gwajin.
• Idan kana da wasu tambayoyi, kada ka ji tsoron tambayar likitanka .

Don haka, idan likita ya nemi a yi maka gwaji irin wannan, abu mafi mahimmanci shine kada ka firgita game da shi, amma ka fahimci cewa wannan wani abu ne mai mahimmanci ga lafiyarka.

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