Bari mu koyi game da ƙwayoyin B ta hanya mai sauƙi? Ƙananan masu kare jikinka!

Shin ka taɓa yin mamakin ko akwai wani yaƙi da ba a gani da ke faruwa a cikin jikinmu a kowane lokaci? Haka ne, gaskiya ne. Ƙananan masu gadi a cikin jikinmu suna yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da cututtuka daga waje. Wani muhimmin rukuni daga cikin waɗannan masu gadi shine waɗannan ƙwayoyin B. A yau za mu yi magana game da waɗannan ƙwayoyin B da yadda suke kare mu daga cututtuka.

Menene ainihin ƙwayoyin B?

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ƙwayoyin B wani nau'in ƙwayoyin jinin fararen jini ne a cikin jininmu. Muna kuma kiransu da suna '(B lymphocytes)'. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin B muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin garkuwar jikinku, tsarin kariya na jiki wanda ke kare ku daga cututtuka. Babban aikinsu shine samar da furotin na musamman da ake kira '(antibodies)' don yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa - abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin cuta - waɗanda ke shiga jiki.

Kwayoyin B da ƙwayoyin T nau'i ne na ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda ke cikin wani nau'in ƙwayar jinin fari na musamman da ake kira lymphocytes. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin lymphocytes suna yaƙi da mahara da ƙwayoyin halitta marasa kyau kamar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Kwayoyin T suna lalata ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna daidaita tsarin garkuwar jiki ta hanyar aika sigina zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Kwayoyin B, a gefe guda, suna yin ƙwayoyin rigakafi don mayar da martani ga antigens. Antigens kamar katunan shaida ne. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna taimaka wa tsarin garkuwar jikinmu ya gane abubuwa a jikinmu, musamman abubuwa masu cutarwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Waɗanne manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin B ne?

To, yanzu kun san menene ƙwayoyin B. Akwai manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin B guda biyu. Su ne ƙwayoyin plasma da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa. Duk waɗannan nau'ikan suna taimakawa wajen kare mu daga cututtuka. Bari mu ga yadda.

Kwayoyin jinin jini

Waɗannan ƙwayoyin plasma su ne waɗanda ke fitar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi don mayar da martani ga antigens da aka ambata a baya. Ka yi tunanin hakan kamar harbin maƙiyi da aka gani. Da zarar ƙwayar B ta rikide zuwa ƙwayar plasma, tana iya fitar da kusan ƙwayoyin rigakafi 2,000 a cikin daƙiƙa ɗaya! Shin hakan ba abin mamaki ba ne? Waɗannan ƙwayoyin plasma kuma ana kiransu plasmacytes da ƙwayoyin effector. Duk da haka, tsawon rayuwarsu ya ɗan gajarta fiye da na ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa.

Ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa

Sunan yana nuna hakan, ko ba haka ba? Waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa suna tuna takamaiman antigens. To, idan wannan antigen ya dawo jikinmu a nan gaba, tsarin garkuwar jikinmu zai iya ɗaukar matakan kariya da sauri, kamar a shirye-shirye,. Kamar yadda za mu mayar da martani da sauri ga wani maƙiyi da aka sani. Lokacin da ƙwayoyin plasma ke yin rigakafi kuma suna yaƙi da mahara a wannan lokacin, ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa suna taimaka mana mu yaƙi yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba. Misali, wannan shine adadin alluran rigakafi da muke samu. Abin da allurar rigakafi ke yi shine gabatar da tsarin garkuwar jikinmu ga wani antigen. Sannan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwarmu suna tunawa da shi. Idan wannan ƙwayar cuta ta dawo daga baya, jikinmu zai iya kai hari da sauri a kansa.

Me yasa ƙwayoyin B suke da mahimmanci a gare mu?

Kwayoyin B suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu mai daidaitawa. Yanzu za ku iya mamakin menene tsarin garkuwar jikinmu mai daidaitawa. Akwai manyan sassa biyu na tsarin garkuwar jikinmu. Ɗaya shine tsarin garkuwar jikinmu, ɗayan kuma shine tsarin garkuwar jikinmu mai daidaitawa. Tsarin garkuwar jikinmu yana kama da layin kariya na farko, layin kariya na farko, wanda ke mayar da martani ga kowace barazana. Amma tsarin garkuwar jikinmu mai daidaitawa ya fi ƙwarewa. Yana gane takamaiman barazana - wato, wani abu kamar takamaiman ƙwayar cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta - kuma yana yaƙi da ita.

Don haka, abin da ƙwayoyin B ke yi shi ne samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke lalata wannan antigen ko kwayar cutar da ta haɗu da wannan antigen. Haka kuma, ƙwayoyin B za su iya tunawa da takamaiman antigens. To, idan wannan ƙwayar cuta ta sake dawowa cikin jiki, tsarin garkuwar jikinmu zai iya samar da kariya mai tasiri a kanta. A taƙaice dai, ba tare da ƙwayoyin B ba, jikinmu ba zai iya gane takamaiman maƙiya ba, ya yi takamaiman makamai (maganin rigakafi) don yaƙar su, da kuma tuna waɗannan maƙiyan kuma ya yi aiki da sauri idan sun dawo.

Ta yaya ƙwayoyin B ke aiki a cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki?

Ko da yake tsari ne mai matuƙar rikitarwa, bari mu yi ƙoƙarin fahimtarsa ​​a sauƙaƙe. Ƙwayoyin B, tare da sauran ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki, suna yaƙi da mahara masu cutarwa waɗanda ke sa mu rashin lafiya, da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta marasa kyau kamar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Da zarar an 'kunna ƙwayar B', ko dai ta zama ƙwayar plasma, wadda ke yin rigakafi don mayar da martani ga antigen, ko kuma ta zama ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa, wadda ke tuna da wannan antigen. Ta haka, idan ya dawo nan gaba, zai iya gane shi da sauri ya kuma yaƙar shi.

Yawanci, lokacin da tsarin garkuwar jiki ke buƙatar ƙwayoyin B don yaƙar mamaya, waɗannan su ne wasu daga cikin matakan da ke faruwa:

• Da farko, wani tantanin halitta na musamman da ake kira tantanin da ke gabatar da antigen (APC) yana manne da antigen na mai mamaye kuma ya raba shi zuwa ƙananan guntu. Sannan APC tana manne guntu na antigen zuwa wani molecule da ake kira Major Histocompatibility-II complex (MHC-II).
• Na gaba, ƙwayoyin taimako na T (wanda kuma wani nau'in ƙwayar T ne) suna shigowa suna ɗaurewa zuwa ga wannan hadadden MHC-II. Wannan ɗaurewa shine abin da ke kunna ƙwayoyin taimako na T. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin taimako na T suna da matuƙar muhimmanci domin su ne ke nuna wa ƙwayoyin B alama su fara aiki.
• Kwayar halittar T da aka kunna tana mannewa da ƙwayar B. Wannan ƙwayar halittar B sai ta fara yin kwafi na kanta, ko kuma "clones." Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar B suna zama ƙwayoyin plasma, waɗanda za su iya yin rigakafi. Sauran ƙwayoyin halittar B suna zama ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa kuma ana adana su a cikin jiki.
• A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, ƙwayoyin plasma suna samar da miliyoyin ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi an yi shi ne don halaka takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta da suka samar da wannan antigen kawai. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwayar cuta guda ɗaya za ta iya kai hari ga nau'in maƙiyi ɗaya kawai.
• Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna mannewa ko dai antigen ko kuma ɓangaren ƙwayar cuta wanda ke da alamar antigenic. Da zarar an haɗa shi, ƙwayar cuta ba za ta iya sake cutar da jiki ba.

Ka yi tunanin kamar aikin 'yan sanda. Da farko, sigina ta shigo (ganewar antigen daga APC). Sannan wata ƙungiya ta musamman (taimakon ƙwayoyin T) ta shigo, tana sanar da wata ƙungiya (ƙwayoyin B). Wani ɓangare na wannan ƙungiyar zai shiga yaƙi nan da nan (ƙwayoyin plasma), yayin da wani ɓangare kuma zai shirya don barazanar gaba (ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa).

Ina ƙwayoyin B suke?

Wurin da ƙwayoyin B suke ya bambanta dangane da matakin ci gaban su. Ka yi tunani a kai, lokacin da kake tayi, wato, a cikin mahaifar mahaifiyarka, ana samar da ƙwayoyin B a cikin hanta. Amma bayan an haife mu, ƙwayoyin B suna girma a cikin nama mai laushi da soso a cikin ƙasusuwanmu. Wannan shine abin da muke kira ƙashin ƙugu. Suna farawa a matsayin ƙwayoyin tushe na hematopoietic. Sannan, ta hanyar wani tsari da ake kira hematopoiesis, suna zama ƙwayoyin B. Da zarar sun girma sosai, ƙwayoyin B ɗinka suna tafiya zuwa muhimman sassan tsarin lymphatic ɗinka. Misali, saifa da ƙwayoyin lymph.

Wadanne cututtuka ne ake iya samu dangane da ƙwayoyin B?

Idan wani abu mara kyau ya faru da ƙwayoyin B ɗinmu, zai iya haifar da cututtukan da ke haifar da garkuwar jiki da nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban. Bari mu duba hakan.

Cututtukan da ke shafar garkuwar jiki

Wani lokaci, haka abin yake faruwa. Kwayoyin halittarmu na B suna yin rigakafi don mayar da martani ga antigens a kan ƙwayoyin halittarmu masu lafiya. Sannan, waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar suna kai hari ga ƙwayoyin halittarmu masu lafiya kamar suna kai hari ga wani ƙwayar cuta mai haɗari. Kamar kai hari ga danginmu ne. Wannan shine abin da muke kira cututtukan da ke haifar da garkuwar jiki. Ga wasu misalai:

• Lupus
• Multiple sclerosis
• Ciwon arthritis na rheumatoid
• Ciwon suga na nau'in 1

Ciwon daji

Akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji da dama da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin B marasa kyau. Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙwayoyin B suna fara ninkawa ba tare da kulawa ba. Wasu daga cikinsu sune:

• Ciwon sankarar lymphocytic mai tsanani
• Cutar sankarar lymphocytic na yau da kullun
• Hodgkin lymphoma
• Lymphoma na NonHodgkin
• Lymphoma na B-cell `(B-cell lymphoma)`
• Myeloma da yawa
• Waldenström ta macroglobulinemia

Menene matsakaicin adadin ƙwayoyin B na yau da kullun?

Matsakaicin babba yana da lymphocytes tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 4,800 a kowace ƙaramin lita na jini. Kwayoyin B suna yin kusan kashi 10 zuwa 20% na jimlar lymphocytes ɗin ku.

Amma ku tuna, idan yawan ƙwayoyin B ɗinku ya yi yawa ko ƙasa da haka, yana iya nufin kuna da wata matsala ta lafiya. Likita zai buƙaci yin gwaje-gwaje don gano tabbas.

Wadanne gwaje-gwaje ne ake yi don duba lafiyar ƙwayoyin B dina?

Likitanka zai iya gaya maka adadin lymphocytes da kake da su a jikinka ta hanyar yin gwaji mai sauƙi da ake kira Complete Blood Count (CBC). Duk da haka, ba ya bayar da bayanai game da takamaiman nau'ikan lymphocytes, kamar ƙwayoyin B da ƙwayoyin T.

Idan likitanka yana zargin kana da wata cuta da ke da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ƙwayoyin B ɗinka, zai iya yin odar wasu gwaje-gwaje waɗanda ke ba da bayanai game da takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwayoyin lymphocytes, kamar bayanin lymphocytes (ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin T da B), ko kuma kwamitin leukemia/lymphoma na ƙwayoyin B.

Me za mu iya yi don kiyaye lafiyar ƙwayoyin B ɗinmu?

Babu wata hanya ta halitta da aka yarda da ita ta 'ƙara' ƙwayoyin B. Duk da haka, akwai abubuwan da za ku iya yi don kiyaye lafiyar garkuwar jikinku da kuma kare ƙwayoyin B da kuke da su. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwa na iya zama kamar hankali, amma a zahiri suna hana ƙwayoyin B na jikinku, da sauran albarkatun tsarin garkuwar jiki masu mahimmanci, lalacewa. Kamar yadda motocinmu ke daɗewa idan an kula da su sosai.

Zaka iya yin waɗannan abubuwa domin kiyaye lafiyar garkuwar jikinka:

• Sami duk alluran rigakafi da aka ba da shawarar.
• Ku ci abinci mai kyau da daidaito.
• Sarrafa damuwarka da kyau.
• A guji shan barasa, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi a hankali.
• A guji shan taba (sigari, sigari). Idan haka ne, a daina.
• Ka samu akalla awanni bakwai zuwa takwas na barci kowace dare.
• Ka yi motsa jiki na matsakaicin lokaci na akalla minti 150 a kowane mako.
• A riƙa wanke hannu akai-akai da sabulu ko kuma a yi amfani da sinadarin tsaftace hannu.

Menene bambanci tsakanin ƙwayoyin T da ƙwayoyin B?

Kwayoyin T, ƙwayoyin B, da ƙwayoyin B duka suna kare mu daga ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da cututtuka. Amma suna yin ayyuka daban-daban a cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki. Kwayoyin T ko dai suna aika sigina waɗanda ke sarrafa amsawar garkuwar jiki (waɗannan ana kiransu ƙwayoyin T masu taimako) ko kuma suna lalata ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin da suka kamu kai tsaye (waɗannan ana kiransu ƙwayoyin T masu guba).

Amma ƙwayoyin B suna samar da sunadaran da ake kira antibodies don mayar da martani ga antigens, waɗanda sigina ne da ke gaya wa jiki cewa mai hari ya shiga jiki. Abu mafi mahimmanci shine cewa mai hari ba kwayar B ke dakatar da mai hari kai tsaye ba, amma ta hanyar ƙwayoyin B ne ke hana su.

A ƙarshe, abubuwan da za a tuna

Don haka, ba tare da ƙwayoyin B ba, jikinmu ba zai iya samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi ba. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna da matuƙar muhimmanci sunadaran da ke taimakawa wajen yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa. Tare da sauran ƙwayoyin lymphocytes da fararen ƙwayoyin jini, ƙwayoyin B ɗinku su ne abin da ke kiyaye ku daga cututtuka kuma suna kare ku daga ƙwayoyin cuta marasa kyau.

Don haka, kula da ƙwayoyin B ɗinku. Ku yi abubuwa kowace rana waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar dukkan garkuwar jikinku. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ku ci abinci mai kyau, ku yi barci mai kyau, ku motsa jiki, ku rage damuwa, kuma ku yi allurar rigakafi a kan lokaci. Waɗannan abubuwa masu sauƙi za su ba wa waɗannan ƙananan kariya a jikinku babban ƙarfafawa.

` B cells, B lymphocytes, antibodies, tsarin garkuwar jiki, lymphocytes, pathogens, plasma cells, memory cells