Shin kana son ƙarin bayani game da gwajin IHC (Immunohistochemistry) wanda zai taimaka wajen gano cutarka?

Wataƙila ka ji kalmar IHC, ko kuma likita ya gaya maka ka yi wannan gwajin. Don haka kana iya mamakin menene wannan gwajin da aka yi wa suna mai ban mamaki, da kuma abin da yake yi. Kada ka damu, a yau za mu yi magana game da wannan gwajin IHC (Immunohistochemistry) ta hanya mai sauƙi da za ka iya fahimta. Wannan gwaji ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci, musamman don gano wasu cututtuka.

Menene IHC (Immunohistochemistry)? Bari mu fahimce shi a taƙaice!

A taƙaice dai, IHC (Immunohistochemistry) gwaji ne na musamman da ake yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Likitoci kwararru ne da ake kira likitocin cututtuka. Suna amfani da wannan gwajin don duba ko akwai alamun wata cuta a cikin samfurin nama daga jikinmu. Ka yi tunanin kana da wani abu kamar ƙaramin ƙari a jikinka, sai likita ya ɗauki ƙaramin yanki ya aika shi dakin gwaje-gwaje don gwaji. Wannan shine abin da ake kira 'biopsy' . Don haka bayan wannan aikin biopsy ya isa dakin gwaje-gwaje, wannan IHC yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da likitocin cututtuka ke amfani da su don gwada shi.

Da wannan kalmar IHC, mun sami wasu ƙananan alamu don fahimtar ma'anarta. Za mu duba?

• "Immuno": Wannan yana nufin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu. Kun sani, jikinmu yana da tsarin da ke gane kuma yana yaƙi da abubuwa masu cutarwa (kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta) waɗanda ke shiga jikinmu (wanda ake kira antigens) da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Wannan tsarin yana yin sunadaran musamman da ake kira antibodies don nemo da ɗaure su ga waɗannan abubuwa masu cutarwa. Gwajin IHC yana amfani da ikon waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi don nemo takamaiman antigens a cikin samfurin nama. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi sannan su yi wa yankunan da suka dace da samfurin lahani. Sannan, lokacin da likitan cututtuka ya duba ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa, zai iya ganin antigens da ƙwayoyin rigakafi ke haɗe da su a sarari.

• "Histo": Wannan yana nufin nama . Wannan yana nufin cewa ana yin gwajin IHC akan samfurin nama.

• "Sinadari": Wannan yana nufin sinadarai. Duk abin da ke cikin wannan duniyar, har da kyallen jikinmu, an yi su ne da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Gwajin IHC yana amfani da na'urar hangen nesa don gano waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ba za mu iya gani da ido tsirara ba, amma suna nuna kasancewar wata cuta.

A taƙaice, IHC gwaji ne da ke amfani da tsarin garkuwar jiki don gano alamun cututtuka a cikin wani yanki na nama ta hanyar amfani da hanyar shafa sinadarai.

Yaushe ake yin gwajin IHC?

Ana amfani da wannan gwajin IHC sau da yawa don dalilai daban-daban. Bari mu dubi wasu daga cikin manyan:

• Gano wani yanayi:Gwajin IHC zai iya taimaka wa likitoci su tabbatar da ainihin ganewar wata cuta kamar ciwon daji . Hakanan yana iya taimakawa wajen tantance nau'in ciwon daji (misali, ciwon daji, melanoma, ko sarcoma). Wani lokaci, ciwon daji na iya farawa a wuri ɗaya ya bazu zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Wannan ana kiransa ciwon daji na metastatic . A irin waɗannan yanayi, gwajin IHC kuma zai iya taimakawa wajen gano inda ciwon daji ya fara a zahiri.

• Kayyade hasashen yanayi: Gwajin IHC zai iya taimakawa wajen tantance yadda ciwon daji ke da ƙarfi da kuma yadda yake yaɗuwa da sauri. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a tantance matakin da matakin ciwon daji. Da wannan bayanin ne likitanka zai yanke shawara kan maganin da ya fi dacewa da kai.

• Yi hasashen martanin magani: Wasu ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna da halaye na musamman. Gwaje-gwajen IHC na iya gano waɗannan halaye. Dangane da waɗannan halaye, yana yiwuwa a yi hasashen yadda cutar kansa za ta amsa wasu jiyya. Misali, cutar kansar nono da ta prostate na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon wasu hormones (misali, estrogen, testosterone). Lokacin da gwaje-gwajen IHC suka gano ciwon daji waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan hormones, ana iya tantance ko za su amfana daga maganin hormone.

• Kula da martanin magani: Ana iya amfani da gwajin IHC don ganin ko maganin da kake sha yana taimaka maka ka murmure daga rashin lafiyarka.

Baya ga waɗannan abubuwan, masu bincike suna amfani da gwaje-gwajen IHC don nemo sabbin magunguna. IHC yana taimaka mana mu ƙara koyo game da yadda ƙwayoyin halittar jikinmu, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar, ke aiki. Hakanan yana iya taimaka mana mu gano yadda cututtuka ke shafar waɗannan hanyoyin da kuma waɗanne magunguna za su iya taimakawa.

Waɗanne cututtuka ne za a iya gano su ta hanyar gwajin IHC?

Likitoci galibi suna amfani da gwajin IHC don gano cutar kansa . Amma kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen gano wasu cututtuka da dama. Misali:

• Cutar Alzheimer
• Cutar Parkinson
• Ciwon tsoka

Haka kuma, kamuwa da cututtukaAna iya amfani da wannan hanyar don gano cututtuka daban-daban da ke haifar da ciwon huhu. A gaskiya ma, an yi gwajin IHC na farko mai nasara a tarihi a shekarar 1941. A wancan lokacin, ƙungiyar masu bincike (Coons et al.) sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar don gano ƙwayar cuta (wanda ake kira 'pneumococcus') wacce ke haifar da ciwon huhu a cikin samfurin nama. Ka yi tunanin girman wannan a lokacin!

Ta yaya wannan gwajin IHC yake aiki?

A taƙaice dai, gwajin IHC yana amfani da ƙwayoyin rigakafi don gano wani antigen da aka yi niyya a cikin samfurin nama. Wannan antigen da aka yi niyya alama ce da ke nuna kasancewar wata cuta. Yana kama da antigen da ya dace da maɓalli (antibody). Idan antibody ya gane antigen ɗin, yana ɗaure shi. Idan ya yi, yankunan da suka dace da samfurin nama suna bayyana a launi idan aka duba su a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa.

Ga ɗan ƙarin bayani game da yadda wannan ke faruwa:

1. Likitan cututtuka yana haɗa wani enzyme zuwa ga antibody da aka zaɓa. Wannan enzyme yana amsawa ne kawai idan antibody ya haɗu da antigen da aka yi niyya.

2. Sannan, ana ƙara maganin rigakafi da ke da alaƙa da wannan enzyme zuwa samfurin nama.

3. Idan samfurin nama ya ƙunshi wannan antigen da aka yi niyya, antibody zai je ya manne da shi.

4. Da zarar ya manne kamar haka, wannan enzyme ɗin zai yi aiki.

5. Saboda wannan martanin, sassan da suka dace na samfurin nama suna bayyana a launi idan aka duba su a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa.

Domin waɗannan sakamakon su zama abin dogaro , dole ne likitocin cututtuka su yi kowane mataki na wannan gwajin daidai.

Shirya samfurin

Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a shirya samfurin yadda ya kamata. Nan ne za a yi tabon. Idan akwai wani maganin rigakafi, ya kamata a bayyane shi a sarari a matsayin wuri mai tabo, wanda aka raba shi da bango. Akwai abubuwa da dama da masana cututtuka ke yi don cimma wannan:

• Kiyaye nama: Nama ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin halitta. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna mutuwa akan lokaci. Don haka ana sarrafa wannan tsari ta hanyar "gyara" ko kiyaye nama. Wannan yana ba da damar tsarin nama ya kasance cikakke, yana ba da damar yin tabo mai kyau. Sau da yawa ana amfani da maganin da ake kira "formalin" (wani maganin sinadarai na "formaldehyde") don wannan.
• Tabbatar da cewa antigens suna samuwa: Wani lokaci, yayin da ake gyara kyallen, wasu sassan antigen za su iya rufewa. Sannan antibody ba zai iya zuwa can ya haɗa ba. Akwai wani tsari da ake kira 'antigen retrievour' , wanda zai iya sa waɗannan sassan da aka rufe su sake bayyana kuma ya ba da sarari ga antibody ya haɗa.
• Toshe irin waɗannan tsare-tsare da antibody zai iya ɗaurewa:Wani lokaci, ƙwayoyin rigakafi na iya haɗawa da wasu abubuwa waɗanda suke kama da siffa ta antigen da aka yi niyya, amma ba a zahiri iri ɗaya ba ne. Masana cututtuka suna toshe waɗannan kamanceceniya a gaba. Sannan antibody zai manne ne kawai da ainihin antigen da aka yi niyya.

Zaɓar ƙwayoyin rigakafi

Masana cututtuka suna zaɓar ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda aka san suna haɗuwa da antigen ɗin da ake nufi. Ana amfani da manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin rigakafi guda biyu don gwaje-gwajen IHC:

• Kwayoyin rigakafi na Polyclonal: Waɗannan cakuda ne na nau'ikan ƙwayoyin rigakafi daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi na iya ɗaurewa zuwa wurare daban-daban da ke ɗaurewa akan wani antigen.
• Kwayoyin rigakafi na monoclonal: Waɗannan kwafi ne da yawa na kwayar rigakafi iri ɗaya. Kwayoyin rigakafi na monoclonal suna ɗaurewa zuwa takamaiman wurin ɗaurewa ɗaya kawai akan wani antigen.

Gano antigen

Masana cututtuka suna shirya maganin rigakafi ta hanyar da zai ba shi damar yin lahani ga kyallen da ke ɗauke da maganin rigakafi. Don yin haka, suna:

1. An haɗa antibody ɗin da wani enzyme. Misali, ana amfani da enzymes da ake kira 'Horseradish peroxidase' da 'Alkaline phosphatase' .

2. Sannan a ƙara maganin rigakafi mai wannan enzyme a cikin samfurin nama.

3. Ana duba samfurin a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa (microscope).

4. Idan antigen ɗin yana nan, ana duba shi don ganin ko akwai tabo da ke nuna shi.

Gwajin IHC na farko mai nasara ya yi amfani da irin wannan tsari. Amma maimakon haɗa antibody zuwa wani enzyme, sun haɗa shi da wani abu da ake kira fluorophore . Fluorophore na iya sha haske ya sake fitar da shi. Fluorophore yana ɓata samfurin idan aka duba shi a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa ta fluorescence . Wannan hanyar yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin wata dabara ta daban ta immunostaining, wacce ake kira immunofluorescence .

Menene iyakokin gwajin IHC (Immunohistochemistry)?

Akwai ƙananan ƙalubale kaɗan tare da wannan gwajin IHC.

• Babu wani tsari na ƙa'idoji na yau da kullun da aka yarda da su a kowane mataki na wannan gwajin. Saboda dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, wani lokacin ana iya samun wasu bambance-bambance a sakamakon.
• Haka kuma, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ba duk ƙwayoyin rigakafi da ake amfani da su don IHC suke yin abin da ake tsammanin su yi ba. Wato, ba sa gane antigen da aka yi niyya a cikin samfurin. Idan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna da waɗannan matsalolin, gwajin na iya bayar da sakamako mara daidai. Wato, su:
• Sakamakon da ba shi da inganci: Gwajin IHC yana nuna kasancewar wani antigen wanda ba ya nan a zahiri.
• Sakamakon ƙarya mara kyau:Gwajin IHC ya kasa gano wani antigen da ke akwai a zahiri.

Saboda haka, dakunan gwaje-gwaje dole ne su sami tsauraran matakan kula da inganci . Wannan ita ce kawai hanyar da za a tabbatar da cewa an kare kyallen yadda ya kamata a kowane mataki kuma an sami ingantaccen tabo. Don ƙara daidaiton gwajin IHC, masana cututtuka za su iya gwada samfurin kyallen da ba a sani ba ta hanyar ƙara ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin kyallen da aka sani yana ɗauke da antigen da ake nufi don ganin ko ya yi tabo yadda ya kamata.

Yaya gwajin IHC (Immunohistochemistry) yake daidai?

Idan aka yi shi yadda ya kamata kuma tare da ingantaccen tsarin kula da inganci, Immunohistochemistry hanya ce mai inganci don gano cutar kansa. Wani bincike ya ruwaito cewa IHC na iya gano wurin farko na cutar kansar da ta kamu da cutar tare da daidaito tsakanin kashi 70% zuwa 90%. Don haka wannan babban abu ne, ko ba haka ba?

Shin IHC na iya yin biopsy?

A'a. Amma duka biyun suna da alaƙa. Biop shine lokacin da aka ɗauki wani yanki na nama daga jiki don gwaji. Immunohistochemistry gwaji ne na musamman da likitan cututtuka ke yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje akan samfurin nama wanda aka ɗauka ta wannan hanyar. Wato, ana yin IHC akan samfurin da aka ɗauka daga biopsy.

Gwajin Immunohistochemistry (IHC) ya bai wa masana cututtuka damar yin wani abu mai ban mamaki. Yana ba su damar ganin alamun cututtuka waɗanda idanunmu ba za su iya gani ba. Gwajin IHC yana amfani da mayaƙanmu masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ake kira antibodies, don bayyana abubuwa masu cutarwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifar da cututtuka. Wannan hanya ce ɗaya tilo da masana kimiyya za su iya yin nazari, gano su, kuma mafi mahimmanci, su yaƙi cututtuka kamar ciwon daji a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Saƙon Ƙarshe na Ɗauka Gida

To, mun yi magana sosai game da gwajin IHC (Immunohistochemistry) a yau. A takaice:

• IHC gwaji ne na musamman da ake yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke neman alamun cututtuka (musamman, antigens da ake samu a jikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa) a cikin wani yanki na kyallen takarda.
• Wannan yana amfani da abubuwa da ake kira 'antibodies' . Suna manne da alamun cutar kuma suna ɓata waɗannan wuraren. Sannan, za ku iya kallon su a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa kuma ku gano cutar.
• Wannan gwajin IHC yana da matuƙar amfani wajen gano cutar kansa, rarraba ta, tantance tsananinta, zaɓar magani, da kuma tantance ko maganin ya yi nasara .
• Wannan ba biopsy ba ne, amma ana yin IHC ne akan samfurin da aka ɗauka daga biopsy.
• Idan an yi gwajin daidai, za ku iya samun sakamako mai kyau .

Don haka, idan likita ya nemi ka yi gwajin IHC, yanzu ka san abin da yake yi da kuma muhimmancinsa. Ta hanyar irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ne likitoci za su iya fahimtar yanayinka sosai kuma su ba ka magani mafi dacewa.

`Gwajin Immunohistochemistry, gwajin IHC, gano cutar kansa, samfuran nama, ƙwayoyin rigakafi, antigens, cututtuka