Bari mu koyi game da ƙarfin kwakwalwarka: kwakwalwar kwakwalwa.

Shin ka taɓa yin mamakin yadda kwakwalwarka take da sarkakiya sosai? Yadda muke magana, yadda muke koyon sabbin abubuwa, yadda muke tunawa da tsoffin abubuwa, yadda muke dariya, kuka, da yanke shawara, duk wannan yana ƙarƙashin kwakwalwarmu. A yau za mu yi magana game da wani muhimmin ɓangare na kwakwalwa, wanda ke aiki kamar '(CPU)' na kwamfuta - cerebral cortex , ko kuma kamar yadda muke faɗa a Turanci, '(Cerebral Cortex)'.

Menene kwakwalwar kwakwalwa?

A taƙaice dai, kwakwalwarka tana da wani yanki na nama da ake kira cerebral cortex, wanda shine mafi girman ɓangaren kwakwalwa. Kamar rufewa ne a ko'ina. Shin ka taɓa ganin hotunan kwakwalwa masu lanƙwasa? Waɗannan lanƙwasa suna cikin cerebral cortex. Waɗannan lanƙwasa sune abin da ke ba da damar sarrafa bayanai da yawa a cikin ƙaramin sarari. Ka yi tunanin babban zane da aka naɗe a cikin ƙaramin akwati. Waɗannan lanƙwasa suna da zurfin ramuka da ake kira sulci, da kuma lanƙwasa masu tsayi da ake kira gyri. Waɗannan suna ƙara girman saman cerebral cortex, suna ba da damar ƙarin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi su yi aiki. Shin ka san cewa cerebral cortex yana ɗaukar kusan rabin nauyin dukkan kwakwalwarka!

Wannan ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ake kira cerebral cortex yana da layuka shida na 'ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi'. Ka yi tunanin, akwai tsakanin 'ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi' biliyan 14 zuwa 16 a cikin wannan ƙaramin sarari. Kuma kaurinsa ya kai milimita biyu zuwa huɗu (mm 2-4). Wannan yana nufin yana kama da siririn membrane.

Kwakwalwar kwakwalwarmu ta kasu kashi huɗu, ko yankuna . Su ne:

1. Lobe na Gaba

2. Lobe na Parietal

3. Lobe na wucin gadi

4. Lobe na Occipital

Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan yankuna yana yin aiki daban. Gabaɗaya, kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa tana da alhakin yawancin hanyoyin tunani na mutum. Misali, abubuwa kamar harshe, ƙwaƙwalwa, tunani, tunani, koyo, yanke shawara, motsin rai, hankali, da kuma hali.

Me yasa ake kiran wannan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da suna "launin toka"?

Wataƙila kun ji labarin cewa kwakwalwa ta rabu gida biyu, "abu mai launin toka" da "abu mai farin abu." Layin waje na kwakwalwa, wanda ake kira cerebral cortex, na cikin abu mai launin toka . Wannan saboda wannan ɓangaren yana ɗauke da jikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi da sassan da ake kira "dendrites." "Dendrites" su ne sassan da ke kama da zare waɗanda ke taimaka wa ƙwayar jijiya ta karɓi saƙonnin sinadarai daga wata ƙwayar halitta. Waɗannan sassan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi launin toka ne saboda ba su da murfin mai da ake kira "myelin."

Sai farin abuMenene "Farin Matter"? Ya ƙunshi dogayen sassan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi masu kama da sanda waɗanda ake kira "Axons". A kusa da waɗannan "axons" akwai "Myelin" da aka ambata a baya, wani farin mai rufewa. Wannan "Myelin" shine abin da ke ba wa waɗannan kyallen launin fari.

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da kuma kwakwalwar kwakwalwa?

Wannan na iya zama kamar abu ne mai ɗan rikitarwa, amma abu ne mai sauƙi. Kwakwalwa ita ce mafi girman ɓangaren kwakwalwarka. Mafi girman ɓangaren kwakwalwa ana kiransa da kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa . Kamar fatar 'ya'yan itace ne.

Kwakwalwar kwakwalwa tana raba kwakwalwarmu zuwa sassan jiki guda biyu, dama da hagu. Waɗannan sassan jiki guda biyu suna haɗuwa ta hanyar tarin zare na jijiyoyi da ake kira corpus callosum. Wannan sashin jiki yana bawa sassan jiki guda biyu damar sadarwa da juna.

Menene wannan sabuwar kwakwalwa (Neocortex)?

Yawancin kwakwalwarmu ta kwakwalwa ta ƙunshi wannan sabuwar kwakwalwa da ake kira "Neocortex". "Neo" yana nufin "sabo". An san ta da wannan ɓangaren ne saboda wannan ɓangaren ya samo asali kwanan nan a cikin juyin halittar ƙasusuwan baya. Wannan sabuwar kwakwalwa ta ƙunshi kashi 90% na kwakwalwar ɗan adam.

Menene manyan ƙarfin kwakwalwarmu? (Aiki)

Mun riga mun faɗi cewa kwakwalwar kwakwalwa tana da hannu a cikin yawancin hanyoyin tunani namu masu girma. Abubuwa kamar tunani, motsin rai, tunani, ƙwaƙwalwa, harshe, da sani. Yanzu bari mu kalli abin da ke faruwa a kowanne daga cikin waɗannan manyan yankuna huɗu na kwakwalwar kwakwalwa.

1. Shugaban da ke gaba: Lobe na gaba

Wannan yana gaban kwakwalwarka, bayan goshinka. Yana aiki kamar shugaba a ofis. Ga wasu abubuwan da goshin ke taimakawa da su:

• Yanke shawara, warware matsaloli.
• Tunani mai hankali. (Abubuwan da muke tunani a kansu da gangan)
• Hankali.
• Sarrafa motsin rai da hali.
• Samar da jawabi. (Samar da kalmomin da muke magana)
• Halayenmu. (Halayenmu)
• Hankali.
• Motsin jiki.

Akwai wasu fannoni na musamman da dama a wannan goshin:

• Motar Cortex : Nan ne ake aika saƙonni don motsa tsokoki a jikinmu.
• Prefrontal Cortex: Wannan shine abin da ke sarrafa abin da ake kira "ayyukan zartarwa." Wato, abubuwa kamar tunani, tsarawa, da warware matsaloli. Yana aiki kamar mai kula da sauran sassan kwakwalwa.
• Yankin Broca : Wannan yanki yana taimaka mana mu haɗa kalmomi daidai da kuma samar da jimloli yayin magana.

2. Ƙwararren Gani: Lobe na Occipital

Wannan yana bayan kwakwalwa. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, babban aikinsa shineSarrafa abubuwan da suka shafi gani.

• Sarrafawa da fahimtar bayanan gani. (Fahimtar abin da muke gani da idanunmu)
• Tattara bayanai na gani kamar launi, motsi, da kuma yanayin da ake ciki.
• Gane abubuwa da fuskoki.
• Fahimtar zurfin da nisa.
• Gina duniyar da muke gani a cikin kwakwalwarmu kamar taswira.

3. Ƙwararren masanin ji da gani a sararin samaniya: Parietal Lobe

Yana tsakanin gaban lobe da kuma bayan lobe, sama da concha lobe. Aikinsa shine:

• Sarrafa bayanai na ji kamar taɓawa, matsi, zafi, matsayi, girgiza, da zafin jiki.
• Tsarin sarrafa sarari da sarrafa sarari. Wato, samar da fahimtar matakai uku na inda kake da kuma kewayenka. Misali, wannan ɓangaren yana taimaka maka ka bi hanyarka ta cikin cunkoson da ke cikin gidanka ba tare da ka yi tuntuɓe ba, ko kuma lokacin da kake tafiya a kan titi.

Wani yanki na musamman a cikin wannan ɓangaren gefe shine kwakwalwan somatosensory . Nan ne muke karɓar ji (ji) daga ko'ina cikin jikinmu.

Ka yi tunanin wannan yanayin: Ka miƙa hannu don ɗaukar kofi mai zafi daga teburin kicin.

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* Motar da ke cikin gaban goshinku ita ce abin da ke gaya wa tsokoki a hannunku da yatsunku su "ɗauko kofin."

* Idan ka taɓa kofin, kwakwalwarka ta somatosensory cortex da ke cikin lobe na parietal za ta tantance abubuwa kamar zafinsa da kuma yadda ya kamata ka riƙe shi da ƙarfi.

* A lokaci guda, ikon sarrafa sarari a cikin layin gefe yana ba ku damar auna nisan kofin daidai da teburin da sauran abubuwa, kuma ku riƙe shi ba tare da rasa bugun ba.

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Shin kun ga yadda abin mamaki ne cewa kowace sashe na kwakwalwa tana aiki tare?

4. Mai Sauraro da Mai Ajiye Ƙwaƙwalwa: Lobe na Zamani

Wannan yana tsakanin gaban lobe da parietal lobe, a ƙarƙashin gefen lobe. Kamar kasancewa a kowane gefen kunne ne. Aikinsa shine:

• Fahimtar harshe, ƙirƙirar kalmomi, koyo.
• Ƙwaƙwalwa (musamman tunawa da sabbin abubuwa)
• Ji. (Gano sauti)
• Fahimtar sadarwa ta hanyar da ba ta magana ba (misali, yanayin fuska, sautin murya)
• Canza sautuka zuwa hotunan gani.

Wani muhimmin yanki a cikin wannan layin concha shine Yankin Wernicke. Wannan yanki yana taimaka mana mu fahimci harshe bisa ga sautin da tsarin sautin muryar mutum lokacin da yake magana, kuma yana taimaka mana mu danganta sautunan da waɗanda aka koya a baya.

Wata hanyar da za a duba ta: yankunan aiki

Wasu masana kimiyya suna kallon kwakwalwa ta wata hanya. Suna rarraba sassan kwakwalwa zuwa manyan nau'i uku bisa ga ayyukansu: wuraren ji, wuraren motsa jiki, da wuraren haɗuwa.

1. Yankunan Jin Daɗi

Waɗannan wurare suna karɓar bayanai daga jijiyoyi da muhallinmu.

• Fahimtar bayanan gani da kuma gane abubuwa. (Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwakwalwa ta gani a cikin parietal lobe.)
• Karɓar bayanai daga jiki kamar taɓawa, zafin jiki, matsayi, rawar jiki, matsi, da zafi. (Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwakwalwan somatosensory da ke cikin layin gefe.)
• Sarrafa bayanan ji. (Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwakwalwar ji a cikin cochlea.)
• Fahimtar ɗanɗano. (Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar gustatory cortex da ke cikin gaban lobe.)

2. Yankunan Motoci

Waɗannan wurare suna da hannu a cikin motsin tsokoki na son rai, wanda galibi ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar goshin gaba.

• Daidaito tsakanin motsin tsoka.
• Tsarin ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa.
• Koyo ta hanyar kwaikwayon da tausayi.

3. Yankunan Haɗin gwiwa

Waɗannan yankuna sun bazu a dukkan yankuna huɗu. Suna haɗa bayanai daga sassan ji da motsin jiki, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin ayyuka masu rikitarwa.

• Shirya bayanai daga sassan ji da motsin jiki da kuma ba su ma'ana.
• Sarrafa hali da kuma halayen motsin rai.
• Sanin yanayi da tunani.
• Sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwa.
• Tunani a zahiri da kuma riƙe tunanin gani.
• Ginawa da bayanai na gani, abubuwan tunawa, sautuka, da harshe.

Ta yaya za a iya lalata kwakwalwar kwakwalwa?

Irin wannan muhimmin wuri ana iya lalata shi saboda dalilai daban-daban. Misali:

• Ciwon kwakwalwa
• Raunin kai mai tsanani (Raunuka)
• Wasu cututtukan da ke shafar garkuwar jiki (Autoimmune)
• Haɗarin jijiyoyin jini (wato, jini a cikin kwakwalwa ko kuma "bugun jini")

Wadanne alamomi ne za su iya faruwa idan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ta lalace?

Wannan ya danganta da wane ɓangare na kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ya lalace .

Idan goshin gaba ya lalace:

• Matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa.
• Canje-canje a cikin halayen mutum.
• Wahalar magance matsaloli da kuma yanke shawara.
• Matsalolin hankali.
• Rauni a cikin sarrafa motsin rai, halayen da ba sa son zaman tare, da canje-canje a cikin yanayin ɗabi'a.
• Rashin fahimtar ko bayyana magana (Aphasia).
• Matsalar magana (Apraxia).
• Rauni, gurguwa, rashin ikon sarrafa tsoka a gefe ɗaya na jiki (Flaccid Hemiplegia).
• Bugu da ƙari, yanayi kamar na hauka na iya haifar da lalacewa ga gaban goshi.

Idan lobe na parietal ya lalace:

• Matsalolin da ke tattare da samuwar ƙwaƙwalwa.
• Wahala ko rashin iya rubutu (Agraphia).
• Wahalar magance matsalolin lissafi.
• Jin kasala.
• Rashin daidaituwa.
• Rashin daidaito tsakanin hannu da ido.
• Rashin gane abubuwa ta hanyar taɓawa kaɗai (Astereognosis).
• Rashin jin daɗi.
• Matsalolin magana `(Aphasia)`.
• Matsalolin motsi `(Apraxia)`.

Idan lobe na temporal ya lalace:

• Wahalar ji.
• Matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa.
• Wahalar gane fuskoki da abubuwa.
• Matsalolin harshe (misali, Wernicke's Aphasia - wahalar fahimtar harshe).
• Bugu da ƙari, yanayi kamar farfadiya, dyslexia na ci gaba, da cutar Alzheimer suma suna iya lalata concha.

Idan yankin occipital ya lalace:

• Wahalar ganin abubuwa da yawa a lokaci guda.
• Wahalar gane abubuwa a zahiri.
• Makantar launi.
• Abubuwan da suka shafi gani.
• Makaho gaba ɗaya.

Wannan na iya kama da wani abu mai rikitarwa a gare ku, amma yana da mahimmanci ku san wannan bayanin. Domin a lokacin za mu iya kula da lafiyarmu sosai, musamman kwakwalwarmu. Wannan ilimin zai kuma taimaka mana mu nemi shawarar likita cikin sauri idan muna da wata alama.

Takaitawa: Abubuwan da Ya Kamata a Tuna (Saƙon Da Za a Ɗauka a Gida)

To, bari mu sake duba manyan abubuwan da muka tattauna a yau:

• Kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ita ce mafi girman layin kwakwalwarmu. An yi mata kwalta, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi da yawa su yi aiki.
• An raba shi zuwa manyan yankuna guda huɗu : frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, da occipital lobe.
• Wannan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa tana da mahimmanci ga kusan dukkan hanyoyin tunani namu masu girma , kamar tunani, ƙwaƙwalwa, koyo, harshe, motsin rai, da kuma yanke shawara.
• Lalacewar sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da wannan ɓangaren. Misali, matsalolin magana, matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa, da matsalolin gani.
• Kwakwalwarka wata gabobi ce mai ban mamaki da daraja . Nauyinka ne ka kula da ita. Ka ci abinci mai kyau ga kwakwalwa, ka motsa jiki, ka sami isasshen barci, sannan ka yi ƙoƙarin rage damuwa.

Don haka, ina fatan kun fahimci yadda kwakwalwar kwakwalwa take a yau. Sanin abubuwa kamar haka yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga rayuwarmu.

` Cerebral Cortex, Aikin Kwakwalwa, Sassan Kwakwalwa, Tsarin Jijiyoyi, Ƙwaƙwalwa, Koyo, Lobe na gaba, Lobe na gefe, Concha lobe, lobe na parietal