Shin kana jin gajiya da gajiya koyaushe? Wataƙila fatar jikinka ta ɗan yi fari? Waɗannan ba wai kawai abubuwa ne na bazata ba, wataƙila wannan rashin jini, wato, ƙarancin jini, na iya zama saboda wannan. A yau muna magana ne game da 'Thalassemia', wata cuta da aka haifa da jini, wadda ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutane da yawa a ƙasarmu. Kada ka ji tsoro idan ka ji wannan suna. Bari mu fahimci komai game da wannan a sauƙaƙe.
Menene ainihin cutar Thalassemia?
A taƙaice dai, cutar thalassemia cuta ce ta jini da ake gado daga haihuwa . Ba cuta ce mai yaɗuwa ba. Wannan yanayin yana hana jikinmu samar da isasshen sinadarin haemoglobin mai lafiya.
Yanzu za ku iya mamakin menene haemoglobin. Hemoglobin wani furotin ne na musamman da ake samu a cikin ƙwayoyin jininmu masu ja. Yana aiki kamar 'aikin isar da iskar oxygen' a cikin jikinmu. Wannan fakitin da ake kira haemoglobin ana isar da shi ga kowace ƙwayar halitta a cikin jiki ta hanyar motocin da ake kira ƙwayoyin jinin ja.
Mutumin da ke fama da cutar thalassemia yana da ƙarancin samar da sinadarin haemoglobin mai kyau a jikinsa. Saboda haka, adadin ƙwayoyin jinin ja masu lafiya a jiki suma suna raguwa. Wannan yanayin raguwar ƙwayoyin jinin ja shine abin da muke kira anemia , ko 'ƙarancin jini'. Lokacin da ƙwayoyin jikin ba su sami iskar oxygen da suke buƙata ba, alamu daban-daban suna fara bayyana.
Wannan yana nufin za ku iya jin abubuwa kamar haka:
- Jin gajiya da gajiya akai-akai.
- Wahalar numfashi.
- Jin sanyi.
- Jin jiri.
- Fatar da ta yi fari.
Me ke haifar da cutar thalassemia? Wanene ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar?
Cutar Thalassemia tana faruwa ne sakamakon lahani a cikin kwayoyin halittarmu. Ka yi tunanin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a matsayin 'lambar shiri' wadda ke ɗauke da umarni kan yadda za a samar da komai a jikinmu. Ana samar da furotin na haemoglobin bisa ga umarnin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta. Idan akwai wani abu da ba daidai ba a cikin waɗannan umarnin, ko kuma idan wani ɓangare na su ya ɓace, jiki ba zai iya samar da haemoglobin mai lafiya ba. Muna gadon waɗannan kwayoyin halitta masu lahani daga iyayenmu. Shi ya sa ake kiransa cutar gado.
Kwayar halittar hemoglobin ta ƙunshi sarƙoƙi huɗu na furotin: sarƙoƙi biyu na alpha globin da sarƙoƙi biyu na beta globin.
- Ana buƙatar kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu don yin sarƙoƙin alpha globin (biyu daga kowanne iyaye).
- Ana buƙatar kwayoyin halitta guda biyu don yin sarƙoƙin beta globin (ɗaya daga kowace iyaye).
Idan akwai lahani a cikin kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da waɗannan sarƙoƙin alpha ko beta, to thalassemia na faruwa. Ana tantance tsananin cutar ta hanyar adadin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke da lahani.
Ana kyautata zaton cewa waɗannan sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta sun samo asali ne a matsayin wani nau'i na kariya daga zazzabin cizon sauro, musamman a yankuna kamar Afirka, Kudancin Turai, da Asiya (ciki har da ƙasarmu), inda zazzabin cizon sauro ya zama ruwan dare a tarihi. Saboda haka, ana ganin thalassemia a tsakanin mutane a waɗannan yankuna.
Waɗanne manyan nau'ikan thalassemia ne?
Za a iya raba cutar Thalassemia zuwa manyan matakai da dama bisa ga tsananin cutar. Wato, tana iya kasancewa daga yanayin mai dauke da cutar da ba ta nuna alamun cutar ba (halayya), zuwa ƙarama, matsakaici, da babba. Mafi tsananin nau'in, Thalassemia Major, yawanci yana buƙatar ci gaba da magani.
An raba Thalassemia zuwa manyan nau'i biyu, ya danganta da ko lahani na kwayoyin halitta yana cikin sarƙoƙin alpha ko sarƙoƙin beta.
1. Alpha Thalassemia
2. Beta Thalassemia
Bari mu fahimci waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu dalla-dalla daga teburin da ke ƙasa.
| Nau'in Thalassemia | Tasirin kwayoyin halitta | Yanayi da alamomin cutar |
|---|---|---|
| Alpha Thalassemia | ||
| Lalacewa a cikin kwayar halitta ɗaya | Lalacewa a cikin kwayoyin halittar alpha globin guda 4. | Babu wata alama. Galibi waɗannan mutanen kawai suna ɗauke da cutar. |
| Lalacewar kwayoyin halitta guda biyu | Lalacewa a cikin kwayoyin halittar alpha globin guda 2 daga cikin guda 4. | Wataƙila ba ka da alamun cutar, ko kuma za ka iya nuna alamun rashin jini kaɗan (kamar gajiya mai sauƙi). |
| Lalacewar kwayoyin halitta guda uku (cutar Hemoglobin H) | Lalacewa a cikin kwayoyin halittar alpha globin guda 3 cikin 4. | Alamomin sun kama daga matsakaici zuwa mai tsanani. Rashin jini yana ci gaba da wanzuwa a tsawon rayuwa. |
| Lalacewa a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu | Duk kwayoyin halittar alpha globin guda 4 suna da lahani. | Yanayi mai matuƙar tsanani. Sau da yawa jaririn yana mutuwa a cikin mahaifa ko kuma jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa. |
| Beta Thalassemia | ||
| Lalacewa a cikin kwayar halitta ɗaya (Beta thalassemia ƙarami) | Lalacewa a cikin kwayar halittar beta globin guda 1 daga cikin guda 2. | Ana ganin alamun ƙarancin jini. Mutane da yawa suna rayuwa mai kyau a matsayin masu ɗauke da cutar. |
| Lalacewa a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu (Beta thalassemia major / Cooley's Anemia) | Duk kwayoyin halittar beta globin suna da lahani. | Alamomin sun fara ne daga matsakaici zuwa babba. Mafi tsananin yanayin ana kiransa da cutar karancin jini ta Cooley kuma yana buƙatar ci gaba da magani. |
Mene ne alamun cutar thalassemia?
Alamomin da kake fuskanta sun dogara ne akan nau'in thalassemia da kake da shi da kuma tsananinsa.
Lamura marasa alamun cutar
Idan kana da lahani na kwayar halittar alpha guda ɗaya ko kuma wani yanayi mai sauƙi kamar beta thalassemia minor, ƙila ba ka da wata alama kwata-kwata . Ko kuma za ka iya jin wani abu kamar gajiya mai sauƙi.
Alamomi masu sauƙi da matsakaici
A cikin lokuta masu sauƙi, kamar beta thalassemia intermedia, ban da alamun rashin jini mai sauƙi, waɗannan na iya faruwa:
- Sannu a hankali girman yara.
- Jinkirin balaga.
- Matsalolin ƙashi (misali osteoporosis).
- Faɗaɗar saifa (wannan wani sashe ne da ke yaƙi da cututtuka).
Alamomi masu tsanani
A cikin mawuyacin hali, kamar lahani a cikin kwayoyin halittar alpha guda uku (cutar Hemoglobin H) ko beta thalassemia major (cooley's anemia), alamun suna bayyana kafin yaron ya kai shekara 2. Baya ga alamomin da ke sama, ana iya ganin waɗannan:
- Rashin ci.
- Fatar jiki mai launin rawaya ko fari (kamar jaundice).
- Fitsari mai duhu mai launin shayi .
- Girman ƙasusuwan fuska mara kyau.
Yadda ake gane wannan cuta daidai?
Sau da yawa ana gano cutar thalassemia mai matsakaici da tsanani a lokacin ƙuruciya. Wannan saboda alamun suna fara bayyana a cikin shekaru biyu na farko na rayuwar yaro. Likitanka zai iya yin odar gwaje-gwajen jini daban-daban don gano cutar.
- Cikakken Kididdigar Jini (CBC): Wannan yana auna adadin ƙwayoyin jinin ja, girmansu, da matakan haemoglobin. Mutanen da ke fama da cutar thalassemia ba su da ƙwayoyin jinin ja masu lafiya, kuma suna iya zama ƙanana a girma.
- Gwajin matakin ƙarfe: Wannan gwajin yana da mahimmanci don bambance tsakanin ƙarancin ƙarfe da thalassemia.
- Hemoglobin Electrophoresis: Ana amfani da wannan gwajin musamman don gano cutar beta thalassemia.
- Gwajin Halittar Halitta: Ana amfani da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen don tabbatar da cutar alpha thalassemia da kuma gano masu ɗauke da cutar.
Menene hanyoyin magance cutar thalassemia?
Zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun dogara ne akan tsananin yanayin. Sau da yawa lokuta masu sauƙi ba sa buƙatar magani. Duk da haka, akwai manyan magunguna da yawa ga manyan cututtuka.
- Zubar da Jini: A taƙaice dai, 'bayar da jini' . Ana ba wa majiyyaci jinin da ke fitowa daga mutum mai lafiya ta hanyar jijiya don dawo da ƙwayoyin jinin ja masu lafiya da matakan haemoglobin. Marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar beta thalassemia major suna buƙatar a yi musu ƙarin jini akai-akai, yawanci bayan kowane mako 2-4.
- Maganin Karfe: Yawan zubar jini na iya haifar da ƙaruwar sinadarin ƙarfe a jiki. Wannan ana kiransa 'ƙara yawan sinadarin ƙarfe'. Wannan sinadarin ƙarfe mai yawa zai iya lalata gabobi kamar zuciya da hanta. Saboda haka, ana kiran magungunan da ke cire wannan sinadarin ƙarfe mai yawa daga jiki da suna 'ƙarfe mai yawa'. Ana iya shan su a cikin ƙwayar magani.
- Karin Folic Acid: Ana samar da Folic acid don taimakawa jiki wajen samar da ƙwayoyin jini masu lafiya.
- Dashen Maƙogwaro na Kashi: Wannan ita ce kawai maganin da zai iya warkar da cutar thalassemia gaba ɗaya . Duk da haka, tiyata ce mai matuƙar haɗari da rikitarwa. Wannan yana buƙatar mai bayarwa mai lafiya wanda ya dace da majiyyaci, yawanci ɗan'uwa.
Koyi game da rikitarwa, magani, da tsawon rai.
Idan ba a yi maganin da ya dace ba, babban matsalar ita ce lalacewar zuciya, hanta, da glandar da ke samar da hormones, musamman saboda yawan ƙarfe. Saboda haka, kamar yadda aka rubuta, kamar yadda aka tsara.Maganin cire ƙarfe yana da matuƙar muhimmanci.
Duk da cewa ana iya warkar da cutar ta hanyar dashen ƙashi, ba kowa ne zai iya yin wannan maganin ba saboda wahalar samun wanda ya dace da shi da kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da tiyatar.
Dangane da tsawon rai, idan kana da ƙaramin thalassemia, za ka iya tsammanin tsawon rai na yau da kullun. Ko da kana da matsakaici ko mai tsanani, idan ka bi maganin da aka tsara (ƙara jini da cire ƙarfe) daidai, kana da kyakkyawar damar rayuwa mai tsawo da lafiya . Ciwon zuciya shine babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwa. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci a yi maganin cire ƙarfe ba tare da tsallakewa ba.
Za a iya hana cutar? Kuma ana buƙatar kulawa mai ci gaba
Cutar Thalassemia cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta, don haka ba za mu iya hana ta faruwa ba. Duk da haka, gwajin kwayoyin halitta zai iya taimaka muku gano ko ku ko abokin tarayya kuna ɗauke da kwayar halittar thalassemia. Idan kuna shirin haihuwa, yana da mahimmanci ku san wannan bayanin. Don ƙarin shawara, tuntuɓi mai ba da shawara kan kwayoyin halitta ko likitan ku.
Idan kana da cutar thalassemia, za ka buƙaci a yi maka gwajin jini akai-akai (CBC) da kuma duba matakin ƙarfe. Likitanka kuma zai iya ba da shawarar a gwada aikin zuciya da hanta aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Cutar Thalassemia ba cuta ce mai yaɗuwa ba, cuta ce ta gado da aka gada daga iyaye.
- Wannan cutar na iya farawa daga yanayin kamuwa da cutar ba tare da wata alama ba zuwa wani yanayi mai tsanani da ke buƙatar magani akai-akai.
- Domin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar thalassemia major su rayu tsawon rai mai kyau, a riƙa ba su jini akai-akai da kuma maganin cire ƙarfe.
- Idan akwai tarihin cutar thalassemia a cikin iyalinka, yana da kyau ka yi magana da likitanka game da shi kuma ka yi gwajin kwayoyin halitta kafin ka haifi ɗa.
- Kada ka yi watsi da alamun kamar gajiya da fatar jiki. A koyaushe ka nemi shawarar likita.
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