Loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi maʻi bacteria? E aʻo kākou e pili ana i ka hoʻāʻo Gram Stain.

Ke noʻonoʻo nei paha ʻoe i ke ʻano o kēia "Gram Stain". E hopohopo iki paha ʻoe ke noi mai ke kauka iā ʻoe e hana i kēia hoʻāʻo. Akā, mai hopohopo. He hoʻāʻo maʻalahi loa kēia, a he mea nui hoʻi i hana pinepine ʻia. I kēia lā, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ia mea me nā kikoʻī, me ka maʻalahi loa.

He aha ka hoʻāʻo Gram Stain?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka Gram stain kahi hoʻāʻo lab i hana ʻia e ʻike inā he maʻi ma kekahi wahi o kou kino, a inā pēlā, inā paha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka bacteria. E noʻonoʻo he ʻeha kou puʻu a he ʻeha paha e like me ka pehu ʻana. A laila kānalua paha ke kauka he pili ia i ka bacteria. I kēlā manawa, hiki i kēia hoʻāʻo ke hāʻawi koke i kahi manaʻo e pili ana i ia mea.

ʻO kēia ka lawe ʻana i kahi hāpana o kou mimi, ka pus mai kahi ʻeha, a i ʻole kekahi mea like a nānā iā ia ma lalo o kahi microscope. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi manaʻo maʻamau inā aia nā bacteria a, inā pēlā, pehea lākou e like ai. Kōkua kēia i ke kauka e hoʻoholo i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hāʻawi iā ʻoe a me nā hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe e hana ai.

He hoʻolauna pōkole i ka bacteria

He mea ola liʻiliʻi loa nā bacteria, he mea ola hoʻokahi-cell. Loaʻa lākou i loko o ko mākou kino, ma ko mākou ʻili, a kokoke i nā wahi āpau o ke kaiapuni. ʻAʻole hana ʻino kekahi mau ʻano bacteria iā mākou, a kōkua kekahi iā mākou. Akā, aia kekahi mau ʻano bacteria e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi like ʻole. He mea kōkua nui ka hoʻāʻo Gram stain i ka ʻike ʻana i ia mau bacteria ʻino.

Ma kēia hoʻāʻo ʻana, hoʻololi nā bacteria i nā kala like ʻole ma muli o nā ʻano kemika a me ke kino o ko lākou mau paia cell. No laila, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou he "gram-positive" a i ʻole "gram-negative". Akā hoʻokahi mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia nā bacteria āpau e kēia ʻano Gram stain. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau manawa ʻaʻole hiki i kēia hoʻāʻo wale nō ke haʻi pololei i ke ʻano o ka maʻi. Eia nō naʻe, hāʻawi ia i kahi hōʻailona nui e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka bacteria, he kōkua nui ia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka lāʻau.

He ʻano hana hoʻoluʻu koʻikoʻi loa ke kala Gram i hoʻohana ʻia i ka microbiology no nā haneli mau makahiki. Ua hoʻolauna mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1882 e ka bacteriologist Denemaka ʻo Hans Christian Gram. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻo ia ia mea e ʻike i nā meaola e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi pneumonia.

He aha nā bacteria Gram-positive a me Gram-negative?

I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou i ke ʻano o kēia mea Gram-positive a me Gram-negative. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka bacteria me ka dye i hoʻohui ʻia i ka laʻana i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo Gram stain. Hoʻololi kekahi bacteria i ke kala poni-uliuli, aʻo kekahi e hoʻololi i ke kala poni-ʻulaʻula.

Maanei , ʻaʻole manaʻo ʻo "maikaʻi" he "maikaʻi", ʻaʻole hoʻi he "maikaʻi ʻole".ʻAʻole manaʻo ka maikaʻi ʻole he "maikaʻi ʻole" a i ʻole "ʻaʻohe bacteria." He hoʻokaʻawale wale nō ia e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka pane ʻana o ka bacteria i ka waihoʻoluʻu. I kekahi manawa, ua kapa ʻia hoʻi nā bacteria he "gram-variable." ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻaʻole lākou e pena like, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia he poni a me ka poni i hui pū ʻia.

Nā bacteria Gram-positive

Ua hana ʻia nā paia o nā cell o nā bacteria Gram-positive me nā papa mānoanoa o kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo peptidoglycan . ʻO Peptidoglycan ka ʻāpana nui o nā paia o nā cell o ka hapa nui o nā bacteria. Hana ia ma kahi o 90% o nā paia o nā cell o nā bacteria Gram-positive. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻike ʻia ai lākou mai ka uliuli a i ka poni i ka Gram stain.

ʻO kekahi mau ʻano bacteria Gram-positive:

• ʻAno Staphylococcus
• ʻAno Streptococcus
• ʻAno Corynebacterium
• ʻAno Clostridium
• ʻAno Listeria

Nā bacteria Gram-maikaʻi ʻole

He papa lahilahi o ka peptidoglycan (ma kahi o 10% o ka paia o ke kelepona) ko nā bacteria Gram-negative i loko o ko lākou mau paia kelepona. Loaʻa iā lākou ka pakeneka kiʻekiʻe o nā lipids (ʻo ia hoʻi nā waikawa momona) i loko o ko lākou mau paia kelepona. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻike ʻia ai lākou mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka poni i ka Gram stain.

ʻO kekahi mau ʻano bacteria Gram-negative:

• ʻO Neisseria gonorrhoeae a me Neisseria meningitides
• ʻAno Moraxella
• ʻO ka maʻi ʻo Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• ʻAno Pseudomonas
• ʻAno Proteus
• ʻAno Klebsiella

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi Gram stain a me kahi moʻomeheu bacteria?

Inā kānalua kāu kauka he maʻi bacteria kou, e kauoha pinepine lākou i kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain a me kahi hoʻāʻo moʻomeheu bacteria. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka ʻike i loaʻa mai kēia mau hoʻāʻo ʻelua.

E noʻonoʻo i kēia ʻano, ua like ka gram stain me kahi mākaʻi e hele ana i kahi hana hewa a kākau koke i kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o nā mea i kānalua ʻia (e like me ke kiʻekiʻe, ke kala, a me ke kapa). Hāʻawi kēia iā ʻoe i kahi manaʻo wikiwiki o ka mea ma laila.

ʻO ka moʻomeheu bacteria kahi hana e ulu ai nā bacteria i loko o kahi hāpana i loko o kahi meaʻai kūikawā i loko o kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua a laila ʻike ʻia ma ka inoa. Hiki i kēia ke hala i kekahi mau lā, ʻoiai ke ulu mālie nei kekahi mau bacteria. Akā kōkua pū kekahi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā bacteria pololei a me ka lāʻau kūpono no lākou.

No laila, he hopena wikiwiki mai ka Gram stainʻOiai inā loaʻa, hiki iā ia ke haʻi wale iā ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka bacteria. Akā he mea nui loa kēlā ʻike no ke kauka e hoʻomaka koke i ka lāʻau. ʻO ka moʻomeheu bacteria wale nō ke ala e ʻike pololei ai i ka bacteria.

He aha nā maʻi e hiki i ka hoʻāʻo Gram stain ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana?

Kauoha nā kauka i kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain e kōkua i ka ʻike a me ka mālama ʻana i kekahi mau maʻi bacteria. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi e like me nā maʻi urinary tract (UTIs) a me ka pneumonia bacteria. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia i kauoha ʻia no kēlā me kēia maʻi bacteria. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hana pinepine ʻia kahi Gram stain no kahi mea e like me ka lāʻau make meaʻai, akā hiki ke hana ʻia ma kahi hāpana ʻōpala inā pono.

ʻO nā bacteria Gram-negative maʻamau a me nā maʻi a lākou e hoʻoulu ai

Eia kekahi mau bacteria Gram-negative a me nā maʻi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana:

• ʻEscherichia coli : Nā maʻi ʻōpū mimi (UTI), ka lāʻau make meaʻai.
• ʻO ka maʻi Legionella pneumoniae : ka maʻi Legionnaires.
• ʻO Salmonella : Ka lāʻau make meaʻai, ka maʻi typhoid.
• ʻO Klebsiella : Pneumonia, nā maʻi koko, nā maʻi ʻeha a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​maʻi ʻoki kino, meningitis bacteria.
• ʻO ka maʻi gonorrhea ka maʻi Neisseria gonorrhoeae .
• ʻO Proteus : Nā maʻi ʻōpū mimi (UTI).
• ʻO Morganella morganii : Nā maʻi ʻōpū mimi (UTI), sepsis, pneumonia, nā maʻi ʻeha, nā maʻi musculoskeletal, nā maʻi ʻōnaehana nerve waena, a me ka pericarditis (ka mumū o ka membrane e hoʻopuni ana i ka puʻuwai).
• ʻAeromonas : nā maʻi maka, osteomyelitis (maʻi iwi), meningitis bacteria, nā maʻi hanu "kokoke i ka piholo", nā maʻi hono.

ʻO nā bacteria Gram-positive maʻamau a me nā maʻi a lākou e hoʻoulu ai

Eia kekahi mau bacteria Gram-positive a me nā maʻi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana:

• ʻO ka niumonia bacterial Streptococcus pneumoniae .
• ʻO Staphylococcus aureus : ʻO ka niumonia bacteria, ka methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a me ka toxic shock syndrome.
• ʻAno Streptococcus Hui A : Nā maʻi ʻāʻī strep.
• ʻO Listeria : Ka lāʻau make meaʻai.
• ʻO ka Clostridium : ka lāʻau make meaʻai.
• `ʻO Clostridium botulinum a me Clostridium butyricum: Botulism.

I ka manawa hea e hana ʻia ai kahi hoʻāʻo Gram?

Inā kānalua kāu kauka he maʻi bacteria kou, i kekahi manawa he maʻi fungal, e kauoha pinepine lākou i kahi Gram stain a me kahi moʻomeheu bacteria. He ala maʻamau kēia e ʻike koke ai i kahi maʻi bacteria i loko o kou kino.

ʻO wai ka mea e hana i ka hoʻāʻo Gram Stain?

Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka maʻi i loaʻa iā ʻoe, hiki i nā ʻano lawelawe olakino like ʻole ke hōʻiliʻili i kahi laʻana no kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain. No ka laʻana, hiki i ke kauka wahine ke lawe i kahi swab no kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain no ka gonorrhea. Hiki i ke kauka pulmonology ke lawe i kahi laʻana o ka phlegm mai kou ʻū a i ʻole ka sputum a hoʻouna aku no kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain no ka pneumonia bacterial.

A laila e kau kāu kauka i ka hāpana i loko o kahi pahu sterile a hoʻouna aku i kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. E hamo kahi ʻepekema keʻena hoʻokolohua lapaʻau i ka hāpana ma nā slide microscope, e hoʻopili i kahi moʻo o nā kala, a nānā iā ia ma lalo o kahi microscope. E kākau lākou i kahi hōʻike a hāʻawi i kāu kauka.

Pehea ʻoe e hoʻomākaukau ai no kahi hoʻāʻo Gram Stain?

Nūhou maikaʻi! ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e hana i kekahi mea kūikawā e hoʻomākaukau ai no kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain.

Pehea e hana ʻia ai ka hoʻāʻo Gram Stain?

Ma keʻano laulā, ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu nui i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka Gram stain:

• Ke hōʻiliʻili nei i ka hāpana.
• Hoʻomākaukau laʻana.
• Ke hoʻāʻo nei i ka hāpana.

Ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka hāpana Gram

ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka lawe ʻana i kahi hāpana mai kahi wahi i manaʻo ai kāu kauka he maʻi. Eia kekahi mau ala e lawe ai i kēlā ʻano hāpana:

• Ka ʻōpala ʻana a i ʻole ka palaki ʻana i nā ʻiʻo mai luna o kahi ʻāpana o kou kino.
• Ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai kou kino.
• ʻO ka ʻomi ʻana i ka nila maikaʻi ka wehe ʻana i kahi hāpana wai mai kekahi wahi o kou kino me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi nila maikaʻi.

Eia nā wahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke lawe i kahi swab a palaki paha i kahi hāpana:

• ʻĀʻī
• Nā puka ihu
• Nā ʻōpū wahine
• Nā ʻeha ʻili

ʻO nā laʻana hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻiliʻili pololei i loko o kahi pahu sterile:

• Luha (sputum)
• Mimi
• Noho

ʻO nā wahi o ke kino kahi e pono ai ke kaomi ʻana i ka nila maikaʻi:

• ʻO ka wai synovial i loko o kou mau hono.
• ʻO ke wai a puni kou puʻuwai (wai pericardial).
• ʻO ka wai pleural ka wai e puni ana i kou mau māmā.
• ʻO ka wai Cerebrospinal (CSF) ka wai e hoʻopuni ana i kou iwi kuamoʻo.

A laila kau ke kauka i ka hāpana i loko o kahi pahu sterile a hoʻouna aku i ka lab.

Pehea e hana ai i ka Gram staining

Ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, hohola ke kanaka ʻepekema keʻena hoʻokolohua lapaʻau i ka hāpana ma luna o nā paheʻe microscope aniani. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau paheʻe he "smears." A laila hoʻopili lākou i kahi moʻo o nā kala i ka smear a hana i ke kala Gram.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻoluʻu Gram e pili ana i ʻehā mau hana nui:

• Ka hoʻopili ʻana o kahi pigment mua (crystal violet).
• Ke hoʻohui nei i kahi mea hoʻopaʻa kala (iodine Gram).
• Ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana i ke kala me ka ethanol, acetone, a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻelua.
• Ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻana me ka safranin.

Ke nānā ʻana i ka Gram stain

A laila, ke nānā aku ke kanaka ʻepekema lapaʻau iā ia ma lalo o kahi microscope, hoʻokaʻawale lākou i nā bacteria e loaʻa ana ma laila ma o ko lākou kala a me ke ʻano :

• Waihoʻoluʻu : ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā bacteria Gram-positive mai ka poni a i ka uliuli, ʻoiai ʻike ʻia nā bacteria Gram-negative mai ka poni a i ka ʻulaʻula.
• ʻAno : ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau he poepoe (cocci) a i ʻole ke ʻano o ke koʻokoʻo (bacilli).

Eia kekahi, nānā ke kanaka ʻepekema keʻena hoʻokolohua lapaʻau i nā hui o nā bacteria ma ka slide a nānā i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka hāpana. Eia kekahi laʻana:

• Aia nā cocci ma ke ʻano hoʻokahi, ma nā pālua, ma nā hui ʻehā, ma nā hui, a i ʻole ma nā kaulahao?
• He momona anei nā bacilli, he wiwi, he pōkole, he lōʻihi, a i ʻole he mau spores nui ko lākou ma kekahi wēlau?
• Aia kekahi bacteria i loko o nā hunaola koko keʻokeʻo?

A laila e hoʻomākaukau ke kanaka ʻepekema keʻena hoʻokolohua lapaʻau i kahi hōʻike a hoʻouna aku i kāu kauka.

He aha nā pilikia o kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain?

ʻAʻohe pilikia i ka lawe ʻana i kahi hāpana swab, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka lawai, ka mimi, a i ʻole ka hāpana ʻōpala.

No ka hoʻāʻo koko, haʻahaʻa loa nā pilikia. Aia paha kekahi ʻeha a me ka palapū ma kahi i huki ʻia ai ke koko, akā e ola koke ia.

ʻO nā pilikia kūpono o ka ʻomi ʻana i ka nila maikaʻi:

• Ka manaʻo ʻoluʻolu ʻole a ʻeha paha.
• Ke kahe ʻana o ke koko.
• He maʻi.
• Ka hōʻino ʻana i nā ʻiʻo a puni.

He aha ka manaʻo o nā hopena o ka Gram stain?

Hōʻike nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pena Gram i ʻelua mau mea nui: kahi "pena Gram maikaʻi ʻole" a i ʻole kahi "pena Gram maikaʻi". ʻAʻole pono e huikau kēia me ka huaʻōlelo "gram-negative" a i ʻole "gram-positive" bacteria.

ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu Gram maikaʻi ʻole

Inā ʻōlelo kāu hopena hoʻāʻo "maikaʻi ʻole ka Gram stain" a i ʻole "ʻaʻohe meaola i ʻike ʻia," ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole lawa ka bacteria e ʻike ʻia e ka Gram stain. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻoe e hana i kahi moʻomeheu o ka hāpana like, hiki nō iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā bacteria.

ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu Gram maikaʻi

Inā ʻōlelo kāu hopena hoʻāʻo "positive Gram stain", ʻo ia hoʻi ua loaʻa nā bacteria i loko o kāu hāpana. Inā maikaʻi kāu hopena, e komo pū ana ka ʻike e like me kēia:

• ʻAno bacteria : Gram-positive a i ʻole Gram-negative.
• Ke ʻano o ka bacteria : inā he poepoe (cocci) a he ʻano koʻokoʻo paha (bacilli).
• Nā ʻano bacteria ʻē aʻe : ka nui o ka bacteria, ko lākou nui (helu), a/a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka hui pū ʻana o nā bacteria, inā pili.
• Nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe : Inā paha he bacteria i loko o nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe (intracellular), nā hunaola koko ʻulaʻula, a i ʻole nā ​​hunaola koko keʻokeʻo.
• Fungi : Hiki i kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain ke nānā i nā fungi ma ke ʻano o nā hū a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻōpala. Eia nō naʻe, pono ka hoʻāʻo hou aʻe e hoʻoholo pono i ke ʻano o ka fungi.

ʻO kēia ʻike, i hui pū ʻia me kāu mau hōʻailona a me nā ʻike lapaʻau ʻē aʻe, hiki ke kōkua i kāu kauka e hoʻoholo i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e kūpono loa. I kekahi manawa, hiki ke kōkua kēia ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena o kahi moʻomeheu bacteria.

ʻEhia ka lōʻihi e ʻike ai i nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua?

ʻO ka maʻamau, hāʻawi nā hoʻokolohua Gram stain i nā hopena wikiwiki. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo pinepine ʻia nā hopena Gram stain he mea mua . ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou wale nō ke hana i kahi hōʻailona. Pono paha kahi moʻomeheu bacteria a/a i ʻole nā ​​​​hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe (no ka laʻana, nā hoʻokolohua antigen a me antibody no nā ʻano bacteria kikoʻī) e hōʻoia i ka hōʻailona.

Āhea wau e kāhea aku ai i kaʻu kauka?

Inā ua ʻike ʻia ʻoe he maʻi a he pilikia paha kāu me ka lāʻau āu e loaʻa nei, a inā ʻaʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi ana kāu maʻi, e hoʻokaʻaʻike aku i kāu kauka.

He hoʻāʻo maʻamau ka Gram stain, pinepine ʻaʻohe ʻeha, i hoʻohana ʻia e nānā i nā maʻi bacteria a fungal paha. Hiki ke hoʻoluhi iki ʻia ke kali ʻana i nā hopena o kahi hoʻāʻo diagnostic. Akā e hoʻomanaʻo, ʻoiai he aha nā hopena, aia kāu hui lapaʻau e kōkua iā ʻoe. Mai makaʻu e nīnau i nā nīnau e pili ana i kāu hoʻāʻo a i ʻole nā ​​​​hopena.

Leka Lawe-Home

ʻAe, mai nā mea a mākou i kūkākūkā ai, ke lana nei koʻu manaʻo ua loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi manaʻo maikaʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻāʻo Gram Stain. ʻO nā mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo ai:

• ʻO ke kala Gram kahi hoʻāʻo e hoʻoholo koke ai inā loaʻa nā bacteria a me ke ʻano o lākou .
• Hoʻokaʻawale kēia i nā bacteria ma ke ʻano he gram-positive a gram-negative paha . Kōkua ia i ke kauka e koho i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
• ʻOiai he wikiwiki nā hopena, he mau mea mua ia i kekahi manawa . Pono paha kahi moʻomeheu bacteria e ʻike ai i ka bacteria pololei.
• ʻAʻohe pilikia nui i kēia hoʻāʻo.
• Inā he mau nīnau kāu, mai makaʻu e nīnau i kāu kauka .

No laila, inā noi ke kauka iā ʻoe e hana i kahi hoʻokolohua e like me kēia, ʻo ka mea nui loa, ʻaʻole ia e hopohopo no ia mea, akā e hoʻomaopopo he mea nui kēia no kou olakino.

ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu Gram, ka waihoʻoluʻu Gram, bacteria, nā maʻi, Gram maikaʻi, Gram maikaʻi ʻole, nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua