Xav txog tias koj nyob hauv ib lub vaj paj zoo nkauj. Cov paj muaj ntau xim sib txawv ... liab, xiav, daj ... Zoo nkauj kawg li! Tam sim no xav txog tias koj tawm mus rau hauv lub vaj thaum hmo ntuj. Koj tsis pom cov xim meej, tab sis txhua yam zoo li dub thiab dawb. Leej twg qhia peb lub ntiaj teb xim thaum nruab hnub thiab dub thiab dawb thaum hmo ntuj? Nws yog ib pab neeg ua haujlwm me me tab sis tseem ceeb heev hauv peb lub qhov muag. Hnub no peb tab tom tham txog cov hlwb zoo kawg no hu ua photoreceptors.
Cov photoreceptors no yog dab tsi?
Hais yooj yim xwb, cov photoreceptors yog ib hom cell uas ntes lub teeb nyob hauv retina tom qab peb lub qhov muag. Lub npe txhais tau tias "tus txais lub teeb." Lawv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog coj lub teeb uas nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag thiab hloov nws mus ua cov teeb liab hluav taws xob thiab tshuaj lom neeg uas peb lub hlwb nkag siab.
Peb lub paj hlwb muaj cov hlwb hu ua neurons. Qhov zoo kawg nkaus yog tias cov photoreceptors no kuj yog ib hom neuron tshwj xeeb heev. Thiab vim yog txoj kev uas peb cov retinas loj hlob, cov hlwb no raug suav hais tias yog ib feem ntawm peb lub paj hlwb hauv nruab nrab, uas yog lub hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum.
Ua li cas tiag tiag rau cov hlwb no?
Xav txog peb ob lub qhov muag ua lub koob yees duab zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov tseeb, cov koob yees duab digital niaj hnub no yog tsim los ua kom zoo li tib neeg lub qhov muag ua haujlwm.
Thaum koj thaij duab nrog koj lub xov tooj, lub sensor ntawm koj lub xov tooj ntes lub teeb thiab hloov nws mus ua cov lej hauv computer. Tom qab ntawd ib lub chip me me ntawm koj lub xov tooj coj cov lej ntawd thiab hloov nws mus ua ib daim duab zoo nkauj los qhia koj.
Cov txheej txheem tib yam no tshwm sim hauv peb lub qhov muag. Peb lub retina ua haujlwm zoo li lub sensor ntawm peb lub xov tooj. Cov hlwb photoreceptor hauv retina ntes lub teeb thiab hloov nws mus ua cov teeb liab ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Cov teeb liab no ces raug xa mus rau lub hlwb ntawm cov hlab ntsha optic. Lub hlwb "decodes" cov teeb liab ntawd, lossis nkag siab lawv, thiab tsim cov duab uas peb pom. Yog li tag nrho cov txheej txheem no pib nrog cov hlwb photoreceptor me me ntawd.
Rods thiab Cones: Ob Tug Superheroes ntawm Peb Lub Qhov Muag (Rods thiab Cones)
Muaj ob hom photoreceptors tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub qhov muag. Lawv tau muab npe raws li lawv cov duab.
Rods Cells: Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas Hmo Ntuj
Cov hlwb no zoo li lub raj kheej kheej, lossis zoo li lub raj. Lawv rhiab heev rau lub teeb me me xwb. Cov hlwb qws yog 95% ntawm cov photoreceptors hauv peb lub qhov muag, lossis kwv yees li 100-125 lab ntawm lawv.
Xav txog kev taug kev hauv tsev thaum hmo ntuj thaum tsis muaj teeb. Peb pom tau cov duab ntawm cov khoom thiab cov duab ntawm ib tug neeg, tab sis peb tsis pom lawv cov xim kom meej, puas yog? Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov qe ntshav no pab koj pom. Cov qe ntshav no feem ntau yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev pom thaum tsaus ntuj thiab thaum hmo ntuj (kev pom kev hmo ntuj). Tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus me me thiab xim. Qhov tseeb tias cov qe ntshav no pab peb pom thaum tsaus ntuj hu ua kev pom scotopic hauv kev kho mob.
Cones: Cov Neeg Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Xim
Cov cell no zoo li lub khob hliav qab, uas txhais tau tias lawv taw rau sab saud thiab puag ncig rau hauv qab. Lawv xav tau lub teeb ntau dua los ua haujlwm dua li cov cell pas nrig. Tab sis thaum lawv ua li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem pom cov xim thiab cov ntsiab lus me me .
Thaum koj saib ib daim duab zoo nkauj, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim me me thiab txawm tias cov kab me tshaj plaws. Qhov ntawd yog qhov ua rau peb pom kev ntse thiab ntxaws ntxaws. Cov qe ntshav dawb no feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm retina hu ua macula . Yog vim li cas qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm peb qhov kev pom kev yog qhov tseeb thiab muaj yeeb yuj.
| Yam ntxwv | Cov pas nrig | Cov khob hliav qab |
|---|---|---|
| Duab | Siab, cylindrical (zoo li lub raj) | Zoo li lub khob hliav qab (taw rau saum toj) |
| Tus lej | Kwv yees li ntawm 100-125 lab (siab heev) | Kwv yees li 6-7 lab (tsis tshua muaj) |
| Kev rhiab heev ntawm lub teeb | Siab heev (rhiab rau lub teeb qis) | Qis (xav tau ntau lub teeb) |
| Kev pom xim | Tsis yog (tsuas yog xim dub, dawb thiab grey xwb) | Yog (pom txhua xim) |
| Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb | Kev pom kev hmo ntuj thiab kev pom kev tsaus ntuj | Kev pom xim thiab kev pom tseeb, meej |
Peb pom xim li cas?
Muaj peb hom hlwb cone hauv peb lub qhov muag, thiab lawv ua haujlwm ua ke los qhia peb lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov xim. Cov hlwb cone no tsis pom cov xim ncaj qha. Lawv ntes tau cov wavelengths sib txawv ntawm lub teeb thiab qhia rau lub hlwb txog lawv. Lub hlwb siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawd los tsim cov xim.
Qhov no yooj yim to taub thaum koj saib zaj sawv. Xim liab muaj qhov ntev tshaj plaws, yog li nws nyob sab nraud ntawm zaj sawv. Xim ntshav muaj qhov ntev tshaj plaws, yog li nws nyob sab hauv.
Feem ntau, ib tug neeg noj qab nyob zoo lub qhov muag muaj tag nrho peb hom hlwb cone. Qhov no hu ua trichromacy .
Peb hom ntawd yog:
- Rhiab rau cov wavelengths luv luv (xiav)
- Rhiab rau qhov nruab nrab wavelengths (ntsuab)
- Rhiab rau cov wavelengths ntev (liab)
Txawm hais tias peb hom cones no yog tshwj xeeb rau cov xim sib txawv, lawv qhov kev xav tau sib tshooj me ntsis. Lub hlwb piv cov qhov sib txawv me me hauv cov cim los ntawm peb hom cones no los txiav txim siab cov xim. Vim yog cov txheej txheem zoo kawg no uas tus neeg nruab nrab tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv thiab paub txog li ib lab xim .
Qhov zoo kawg nkaus yog tias, tsis tshua muaj, qee tus poj niam muaj kev hloov pauv caj ces uas tso cai rau lawv muaj plaub hom hlwb cone. Nws hu ua tetrachromacy . Nws zoo li muaj lub hwj chim loj heev. Hloov chaw ntawm lab xim uas ib tus neeg ib txwm pom tau, cov poj niam no tau hais tias muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv thiab paub txog li 100 lab xim!
Cov kab mob twg cuam tshuam rau cov hlwb no?
Muaj ntau yam mob uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau peb cov qe ntshav thiab cov qe ntshav dawb, qee qhov kuj cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov ntawm retina.
- Kev dig muag xim : Kev pom xim tsis meej ib nrab lossis tag nrho, tsuas pom xim dub thiab dawb xwb(Achromatopsia) yuav tshwm sim.
- Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kab mob cone-rod
- Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hlab ntsha hauv lub cev
- Retinitis pigmentosa
- Kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub qhov muag los ntawm kev saib lub hnub ncaj qha.
- Usher syndrome
Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub cov tsos mob?
Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob uas cuam tshuam rau cov hlwb no yog qhov muag tsis pom kev, tab sis qhov loj ntawm qhov muag tsis pom kev sib txawv nyob ntawm hom hlwb uas cuam tshuam.
| Hom cell uas raug cuam tshuam | Cov tsos mob feem ntau |
|---|---|
| Cov teeb meem ntsig txog Rods | Pib mob dig muag thaum hmo ntuj (nyctalopia) . Qhov no txhais tau tias pom kev nyuaj heev thaum hmo ntuj lossis thaum tsis muaj teeb. Qee yam kab mob (piv txwv li, retinitis pigmentosa) kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov hlwb cone thaum lawv hnyav zuj zus. |
| Teeb Meem Nrog Cov Cones | Kev dig muag xim, lossis kev poob ntawm lub peev xwm los paub qhov txawv ntawm cov xim dhau sijhawm, tuaj yeem ua rau tsis pom cov ntsiab lus me me, ua rau pom tsis meej lossis tsis meej pem. Qee yam mob kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov qe ntshav liab thaum lawv hnyav zuj zus. |
Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv cov mob xws li macular degeneration, ob qho tib si ntawm cov cell hom no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tib lub sijhawm.
Peb yuav tsum ua li cas los tiv thaiv cov hlwb muaj nqis no?
Peb cov hlwb photoreceptor yog ib feem ntawm retina, yog li ua kom peb lub qhov muag thiab retina noj qab haus huv yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev tswj peb qhov muag pom kev.
- Mus kuaj qhov muag tsis tu ncua: Qhov no zoo li kev kuaj xyuas tag nrho koj lub cev rau koj ob lub qhov muag. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau txhua tus, tsis yog cov neeg uas hnav tsom iav xwb, mus ntsib kws kho qhov muag tsawg kawg ib zaug txhua ob xyoos . Qhov no tuaj yeem pab kuaj pom ntau yam kab mob ua ntej lawv ua rau muaj tsos mob.
- Mus kuaj mob tsis tu ncua: Qee cov kab mob ntev ntev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau peb lub qhov muag. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yogNtshav siab (Hypertension) thiab ntshav qab zib hom 2 (Type 2 Diabetes) . Los ntawm kev kuaj mob txhua xyoo, cov kab mob no tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thiab tswj tau ua ntej lawv ua rau puas tsuaj rau lub qhov muag.
- Tsis txhob haus luam yeeb, haus vape, thiab zom luam yeeb ua rau peb lub cev puas tsuaj. Cov hlab ntsha uas muab ntshav mus rau lub qhov muag ntawm lub qhov muag rhiab heev rau qhov no.
- Xaiv cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo: Vitamin A yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlwb photoreceptor. Cov khoom noj xws li carrots, qos yaj ywm qab zib, thiab spinach muaj ntau vitamin A. Kev noj zaub mov kom sib npaug zoo yog qhov zoo rau koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab koj lub qhov muag.
- Tswj kom koj lub cev hnyav zoo: Koj tuaj yeem tau txais kev qhia uas koj xav tau los ntawm koj tus kws kho mob rau qhov no.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog mus ntsib kws kho qhov muag tam sim ntawd yog tias koj pom muaj kev hloov pauv hauv koj qhov kev pom, xws li pom kev tsaus ntuj tsis meej, nyuaj rau paub qhov txawv ntawm cov xim, lossis pom kev tsis meej. Thaum kuaj pom tus kab mob sai npaum li cas, ces yuav kho tau yooj yim dua.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev
- Peb lub qhov muag muaj ob hom hlwb tshwj xeeb uas rhiab rau lub teeb hu ua rods thiab cones.
- Cov qe ntshav cone pab peb pom xim thiab cov ntsiab lus me me, thaum cov qe ntshav rod pab peb pom kev hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.
- Kev pom kev tsis meej thaum hmo ntuj (kev dig muag hmo ntuj) lossis nyuaj rau paub xim yog ib qho cim qhia tias tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem nrog cov hlwb no.
- Vim tias cov kab mob xws li ntshav qab zib thiab ntshav siab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov muag, kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho kuj tseem ceeb heev rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm qhov muag.
- Txawm tias tsis muaj tsos mob los xij, ntau yam kab mob tuaj yeem kuaj pom thaum ntxov los ntawm kev mus ntsib kws kho qhov muag tsis tu ncua thiab kuaj koj ob lub qhov muag.
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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.
Ntxiv koj cov lus