Olina obulwadde bwa bakitiriya? Ka tuyige ku kigezo kya Gram Stain.

Oyinza okuba nga weebuuza "Gram Stain" eno kye ki. Oyinza okutya katono omusawo bw’akusaba okukola okukebera kuno. Naye teweeraliikiriranga. Kino kigezo kyangu nnyo, era kikulu nnyo ekikolebwa emirundi mingi. Leero, tugenda kukyogerako mu bujjuvu, mu ngeri ennyangu ennyo.

Ekigezo kya Gram Stain kye ki?

Mu ngeri ennyangu, Gram stain kwe kukebera mu laabu okukolebwa okulaba oba waliwo yinfekisoni awalala mu mubiri gwo, era bwe kiba bwe kityo, oba kiva ku bakitiriya. Kuba akafaananyi ng’olina ekiwundu ekikuluma oba ekiwundu ekirabika ng’ekizimba. Olwo omusawo ayinza okuteebereza nti kikwatagana ne bakitiriya. Mu kiseera ekyo, okugezesebwa kuno kuyinza okuwa amangu endowooza ku nsonga eyo.

Kino kizingiramu okuggya sampuli y’omusulo gwo, amasira okuva mu kiwundu oba ekintu ekifaananako bwe kityo n’okitunuulira mu microscope. Kino kiwa endowooza enkakali oba obuwuka buliwo era bwe kiba bwe kityo, bwe bufaanana. Kino kiyamba omusawo okusalawo eddagala ly’agenda okukuwa n’okukeberebwa okulala kw’alina okukola.

Enyanjula ennyimpimpi ku bakitiriya

Bakitiriya kiramu kitono nnyo, eky’obutoffaali bumu. Zisangibwa mu mibiri gyaffe, ku lususu lwaffe, ne kumpi buli wamu mu butonde. Ebika bya bakitiriya ebimu tebituleetera bulabe, ate ebimu n’ebituyamba. Naye waliwo ebika bya bakitiriya ebimu ebivaako yinfekisoni n’endwadde ez’enjawulo. Ekigezo kya Gram stain kiyamba nnyo mu kuzuula obuwuka obw’obulabe obw’engeri eno.

Mu kukebera kuno, bakitiriya zikyusa langi ez’enjawulo okusinziira ku kemiko n’obutonde bw’ebisenge by’obutoffaali bwazo. Okusinziira ku kino, ziteekebwa mu kibinja kya "gram-positive" oba "gram-negative". Naye ekintu kimu eky’okujjukira nti si bacteria zonna nti zikosebwa enkola eno eya Gram stain. Ate era waliwo ebiseera ng’okukebera kuno kwokka tekusobola kumanya bulungi bulwadde bwe buli. Wabula kiwa ekisumuluzo ekinene ku kika kya bakitiriya, ekiyamba nnyo mu kutandika obujjanjabi.

Enkola ya Gram stain nkola nkulu nnyo ey’okusiiga embala ebadde ekozesebwa mu microbiology okumala ebikumi n’ebikumi by’emyaka. Yasooka kutongozebwa mu 1882 omukugu mu by’obuwuka Omudansi Hans Christian Gram. Yasooka kugikozesa okuzuula ebiramu ebivaako ekifuba.

Bakitiriya Gram-positive ne Gram-negative kye ki?

Kati ka tulabe ekintu kino kyonna ekya Gram-positive ne Gram-negative kye ki. Okugabanya kuno kwesigamiziddwa ku ngeri bakitiriya gye zikolaganamu ne langi eyongezeddwa mu sampuli mu kiseera ky’okukebera amabala ga Gram. Obuwuuka obumu bufuuka langi ya kakobe ne bbululu, ate obulala ne bufuuka langi ya pinki-emmyufu.

Wano , "positive" tekitegeeza "kirungi", era tekitegeeza "negative".Negative tekitegeeza "kibi" oba "tewali bakitiriya." Kiba kya kugabanya kwokka okusinziira ku ngeri obuwuka gye bukwatamu langi. Oluusi, obuwuka era buyitibwa "gram-variable." Kino kitegeeza nti tezisiiga mabala mu ngeri y’emu, era ziyinza okulabika nga zitabuddwamu pinki ne kakobe.

Obuwuuka obuyitibwa Gram-positive bacteria

Ebisenge by’obutoffaali bwa bakitiriya ezirina Gram-positive bikolebwa layers enzito ez’ekintu ekiyitibwa peptidoglycan . Peptidoglycan kye kitundu ekikulu eky’ebisenge by’obutoffaali bwa bakitiriya ezisinga obungi. Kikola ebitundu nga 90% ku bisenge by’obutoffaali bwa bakitiriya aba Gram-positive. Eno y’ensonga lwaki zirabika nga za bbululu okutuuka ku kakobe mu bbala lya Gram.

Ebika ebimu ebya bakitiriya aba Gram-positive bye bino:

• `Ekika kya Staphylococcus`
• `Ekika kya Streptococcus`
• `Ekika kya Corynebacterium`
• `Ekika kya Clostridium`
• `Ebika bya Listteria`

Obuwuuka obuyitibwa Gram-negative bacteria

Bakitiriya eza Gram-negative zirina oluwuzi olugonvu olwa peptidoglycan (nga 10% ku bbugwe w’obutoffaali) mu bisenge by’obutoffaali bwazo. Era zirina ebitundu ebinene eby’amasavu (i.e. fatty acids) mu bisenge by’obutoffaali bwazo. Eno y’ensonga lwaki zirabika nga emmyufu okutuuka ku pinki mu ddagala lya Gram.

Ebika ebimu ebya bakitiriya aba Gram-negative bye bino:

• `Obulwadde bwa Neisseria gonorrhoeae ne Neisseria meningitides`
• `Ekika kya Moraxella`
• `Ekiwuka ekiyitibwa Escherichia coli (E. coli)`
• `Ekika kya Pseudomonas`
• `Ekika kya Proteus`
• `Ekika kya Klebsiella`

Njawulo ki eriwo wakati w’embala ya Gram n’obuwangwa bwa bakitiriya?

Singa omusawo ateebereza nti olina obulwadde bwa bakitiriya, ajja kutera okulagira okukeberebwa Gram stain n’okukeberebwa bacterial culture. Kyokka amawulire agafunibwa okuva mu bigezo bino ebibiri ga njawulo.

Lowooza bw’ati, ekibala kya gram kiringa omuserikale wa poliisi okugenda mu kifo awakolebwa obumenyi bw’amateeka n’awandiika mangu ennyonyola enkambwe ku bateeberezebwa (nga obuwanvu, langi, n’engoye). Kino kikuwa endowooza ey’amangu ku ani aliwo.

Okukuza obuwuka (bacterial culture) nkola nga bakitiriya eziri mu sampuli zikuzibwa mu kifo eky’enjawulo eky’ebiriisa mu laboratory oluvannyuma ne zizuulibwa amannya. Kino kiyinza okutwala ennaku eziwera, kuba obuwuka obumu bukula mpola. Naye era kiyamba okuzuula obuwuka obutuufu n’obujjanjabi obusaanira okubujjanjaba.

Kale, ekivaamu eky’amangu okuva mu bbala lya GramNe bwe kiba nga kifunibwa, emirundi mingi kisobola okukubuulira ekika kya bakitiriya kyokka. Naye amawulire ago kikulu nnyo omusawo okutandika amangu obujjanjabi. Okukuza obuwuka y’engeri yokka ey’okuzuula obulungi obuwuka.

Endwadde ki ez’okukebera amabala ga Gram eziyinza okuyamba okuzuula?

Abasawo balagira okukeberebwa amabala ga Gram okuyamba okuzuula n’okujjanjaba yinfekisoni ezimu eza bakitiriya. Okugeza, ekozesebwa okuzuula embeera nga yinfekisoni z’omusulo (UTIs) ne bacterial pneumonia. Wabula tekiragirwa ku buli buwuka obuleeta obulwadde. Okugeza, ekibala kya Gram tekitera kukolebwa ku kintu ng’obutwa mu mmere, naye kiyinza okukolebwa ku sampuli y’omusulo bwe kiba kyetaagisa.

Bakitiriya eza bulijjo eziyitibwa Gram-negative bacteria n’endwadde ze zireeta

Wano waliwo obuwuka obuyitibwa Gram-negative bacteria n’endwadde ze buyinza okuleeta:

• ` Escherichia coli : Obulwadde bw'omusulo (UTIs), obutwa mu mmere.`
• ` Legionella pneumoniae : Obulwadde bw'abaserikale b'amagye.`
• ` Salmonella : Obutwa mu mmere, omusujja gwa Typhoid.`
• ` Klebsiella : Ekifuba, yinfekisoni z’omusaayi, yinfekisoni z’ebiwundu oba mu kifo we balongoosebwa, obulwadde bw’okuzimba omutwe obuva ku bakitiriya.`
• ` Neisseria gonorrhoeae : Obulwadde bw'okuzimba.`
• ` Proteus : Obulwadde bw'omusulo (UTIs).`
• ` Morganella morganii : Yinfekisoni z’omusulo (UTIs), sepsis, pneumonia, yinfekisoni z’ebiwundu, yinfekisoni z’ebinywa n’amagumba, yinfekisoni z’obusimu obw’omu makkati, ne pericarditis (okuzimba oluwuzi olwetoolodde omutima).`
• ` Aeromonas : yinfekisoni z'amaaso, osteomyelitis (obulwadde bw'amagumba), bacterial meningitis, "kumpi okubbira" yinfekisoni z'okussa, yinfekisoni z'ennyondo.`

Obuwuuka obumanyiddwa nga Gram-positive bacteria n’endwadde ze buleeta

Kuno kwe tukugattidde obuwuka obuyitibwa Gram-positive bacteria n’endwadde ze buyinza okuleeta:

• ` Streptococcus pneumoniae : Obulwadde bw'ekifuba obuva ku bakitiriya.`
• ` Staphylococcus aureus : Obulwadde bw’ekifuba obuva ku bakitiriya, Staphylococcus aureus agumira methicillin (MRSA), n’obulwadde bw’okusannyalala kw’obutwa.`
• ` Ekibinja A Ebika bya Streptococcus : Obulwadde bwa Strep mu mumiro.`
• ` Listeria : Obutwa mu mmere.`
• ` Clostridium : Obutwa mu mmere.`
• `Clostridium botulinum ne Clostridium butyricum: Obulwadde bwa Botulimu.`

Ekigezo kya Gram kikolebwa ddi?

Singa omusawo ateebereza nti olina obulwadde bwa bakitiriya, oluusi obulwadde bwa ffene, ebiseera ebisinga bajja kulagira Gram stain n’okukuza bacteria. Eno y’engeri eya bulijjo ey’okuzuula amangu obulwadde bwa bakitiriya mu mubiri gwo.

Ani akola okukebera kwa Gram Stain?

Okusinziira ku kika ky’obulwadde bw’oyinza okuba nabwo, ebika by’abajjanjabi eby’enjawulo bayinza okukung’aanya sampuli okukeberebwa Gram stain. Okugeza omusawo w’abakyala ayinza okutwala swab okukeberebwa Gram stain okukebera enziku. Omusawo w’amawuggwe ayinza okuggya sampuli y’omusulo okuva mu kusesema oba amalusu go n’agisindika okukeberebwa Gram stain okuzuula ekifuba kya bacteria.

Olwo omusawo wo ajja kuteeka sampuli mu kibbo ekitaliimu buwuka n’agisindika mu laboratory okukeberebwa. Omukugu mu laboratory y’ebyobujjanjabi ajja kusiiga sampuli ku slayidi za microscope, asiize langi eziwerako, n’agitunuulira wansi wa microscope. Bajja kuwandiika lipoota era bagiwe omusawo wo.

Oteekateeka otya okukeberebwa Gram Stain?

Amawulire amalungi! Teweetaaga kukola kintu kya njawulo okwetegekera okukeberebwa amabala ga Gram.

Okukebera kwa Gram Stain kukolebwa kutya?

Okutwalira awamu waliwo emitendera esatu emikulu mu kukebera amabala ga Gram:

• Okukung’aanya sampuli.
• Okuteekateeka sampuli.
• Okugezesa sampuli.

Okukunganya sampuli y’amabala ga Gram

Kino kizingiramu okuggya sampuli okuva mu kitundu omusawo w’ateebereza nti waliwo yinfekisoni. Wano waliwo engeri gy’oyinza okutwalamu sampuli ng’eyo:

• Okusenya oba okusiimuula ebitundu by’omubiri okuva kungulu ku kitundu ky’omubiri gwo.
• Okukung’aanya amazzi oba amazzi agafuluma mu mubiri gwo.
• Fine-needle aspiration kwe kuggya sampuli y’amazzi okuva awalala mu mubiri gwo ng’okozesa empiso ennungi.

Bino wammanga bye bifo w’osobola okukwata swab oba okusiimuula sampuli:

• Amamiro
• Ennyindo z’ennyindo
• Ebitundu by’ekyama
• Ebiwundu by’olususu

Sampuli z’osobola okukung’aanya butereevu mu kibya ekitaliimu buwuka ze zino:

• Amalusu (amalusu) .
• Omusulo
• Akatebe

Ebitundu by’omubiri ebiyinza okwetaagisa okusiba empiso ennungi mulimu:

• Amazzi g’omubiri (synovial fluid) mu binywa byo.
• Amazzi ageetoolodde omutima gwo (amazzi g’omutima).
• Amazzi g’ekibumba ge mazzi ageetoolodde amawuggwe go.
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ge mazzi ageetoolodde omugongo gwo.

Olwo omusawo sampuli agiteeka mu kibbo ekitaliimu buwuka n’agisindika mu laabu.

Engeri y'okukolamu Gram staining

Mu laabu, omukugu mu laboratory y’ebyobujjanjabi asaasaanya sampuli ku slayidi za microscope ez’endabirwamu. Slayidi zino ziyitibwa "smears." Oluvannyuma basiiga langi eziddiriŋŋana ku smear ne bakola Gram stain.

Enkola ya Gram staining erimu emitendera ena emikulu:

• Okusiiga langi esookerwako (crystal violet).
• Okwongerako ekyuma ekitereeza langi (Gram’s iodine).
• Okuggya langi mu bwangu nga okozesa ethanol, acetone oba okutabula byombi.
• Okuziyiza okusiiga n’eddagala lya safranin.

Okukebera embalabe ya Gram

Olwo, omukugu mu by’obujjanjabi bw’akitunuulira mu microscope, basunsula obuwuka bwonna obuyinza okubaawo okusinziira ku langi yaago n’enkula yaabwo :

• Langi : Obuwuka obuyitibwa Gram-positive butera okulabika nga bwa kakobe okutuuka ku bbululu, ate obuwuka obuyitibwa Gram-negative bulabika nga bwa pinki okutuuka ku bbululu.
• Enkula : Enkula ezisinga okubeera ez’enkulungo (cocci) oba ez’omuggo (bacilli).

Ate era, omukugu mu laboratory y’ebyobujjanjabi atunuulira ebibinja bya bakitiriya ku slayidi era n’anoonya engeri endala eza sampuli. Okugeza nga:

• Cocci zibeerawo emu, mu babiri babiri, mu bibinja by’abantu bana, mu bibinja oba mu njegere?
• Bacilli zibeera masavu, zigonvu, nnyimpi, mpanvu oba zirina obuwuka obunene ku nkomerero emu?
• Munda mu butoffaali obweru mulimu obuwuka?

Olwo omukugu mu laboratory y’ebyobujjanjabi ajja kutegeka lipoota n’agiweereza ew’omusawo wo.

Obulabe ki obuli mu kukebera amabala ga Gram?

Tewali bulabe bwonna mu kukwata sampuli ya swab, wadde okuwa sampuli y’amalusu, omusulo oba omusulo.

Ate ku ky’okukebera omusaayi, obulabe buno butono nnyo. Wayinza okubaawo okulumwa n’okunyiga omusaayi we gwaggyibwa, naye gujja kuwona mangu.

Obulabe obuyinza okuva mu kussa n’empiso ennungi bwe buno:

• Okuwulira obutabeera bulungi oba okulumwa.
• Okuvaamu omusaayi.
• Obulwadde bwa yinfekisoni.
• Okwonooneka kw’ebitundu ebigyetoolodde.

Ebivudde mu Gram stain bitegeeza ki?

Ebyavudde mu kukebera amabala ga Gram biraga ebintu bibiri ebikulu: "negative Gram stain" oba "positive Gram stain". Kino tekisaanye kutabulwa na kigambo "gram-negative" oba "gram-positive" bacteria.

Embalabe ya Gram etali nnungi

Singa ebyava mu kukeberebwa kwo bigamba nti "negative Gram stain" oba "no organism seen," ebiseera ebisinga kitegeeza nti tewaaliwo bacteria zimala okulabibwa Gram stain. Wabula singa okola culture ya sampuli y’emu, oyinza okusanga obuwuka.

Embalabe ya Gram ennungi

Singa ebyava mu kukeberebwa kwo bigamba nti "positive Gram stain", kitegeeza nti obuwuka bwaliwo mu sampuli yo. Singa ebyavaamu byo biba birungi, ebiseera ebisinga bijja kubaamu amawulire nga gano:

• Ekika kya bakitiriya : Gram-positive oba Gram-negative.
• Enkula ya bakitiriya : oba nga za nkulungo (cocci) oba nga za muggo (bacilli).
• Engeri za bakitiriya endala : obunene bwa bakitiriya, obungi bwazo obw’enjawulo (omuwendo), ne/oba engeri bakitiriya gye zikuŋŋaanyizibwamu, bwe kiba nga kituufu.
• Obutoffaali obulala : Oba waliwo obuwuka munda mu butoffaali obulala (intracellular), obutoffaali obumyufu, oba obutoffaali obweru.
• Fungi : Okukebera amabala ga Gram nakyo kisobola okunoonya ffene mu ngeri y’ekizimbulukusa oba ebikuta. Wabula kyetaagisa okwongera okukebera okuzuula ddala ekika kya ffene ki.

Amawulire gano bwe gagattibwako obubonero bwo n’ebirala by’ozudde mu bujjanjabi, gasobola okuyamba omusawo wo okusalawo obujjanjabi ki obusinga okukola. Oluusi, kino kiyinza okuyamba nga ebiva mu butonde bwa bakitiriya tebinnabaawo.

Kitwala bbanga ki okumanya ebyava mu kukeberebwa?

Okukebera amabala ga Gram kitera okuvaamu ebivaamu eby’amangu. Naye, ebiva mu Gram stain bitera okutwalibwa ng’ebisookerwako . Kino kitegeeza nti bokka tebasobola kuzuula bulwadde bulijjo. Okukuza bakitiriya ne/oba okukebera okulala (okugeza, okukebera antigen ne antibody ku bika bya bakitiriya ebitongole) kuyinza okwetaagisa okukakasa okuzuula.

Ddi lwe nnina okuyita omusawo wange?

Bw’ozuulibwa nti olina yinfekisoni era ng’olina obuzibu bwonna ku bujjanjabi bw’ofuna, oba singa yinfekisoni yo tegenda kutereera, kakasa nti otuukirira omusawo wo.

Gram stain kigezo kya bulijjo nnyo, ekitera obutalumwa, ekikozesebwa okukebera oba obuwuka oba ffene alina yinfekisoni. Okulinda ebyava mu kukeberebwa okuzuula obulwadde kiyinza okukuzitoowerera katono. Naye jjukira nti ne bwe kiba ki ekivaamu, ttiimu yo ey’abasawo ebeerawo okukuyamba. Totya kubuuza bibuuzo ku kigezo kyo oba ebyavaamu.

Obubaka Obutwala Awaka

Okay, kale okusinziira ku bye twogeddeko, nsuubira nti ofunye ekirowoozo ekirungi ku kugezesebwa kwa Gram Stain. Ebikulu by’olina okujjukira bye bino:

• Gram stain kye kigezo ekizuula amangu oba obuwuka buliwo n'ekika ki .
• Kino kigabanya bakitiriya nga gram-positive oba gram-negative . Kiyamba omusawo okulonda eddagala.
• Wadde ng’ebivaamu biba bya mangu, oluusi biba bya kusooka . Okukuza obuwuka buyinza okwetaagisa okuzuula obuwuka obutuufu.
• Tewali bulabe bwa maanyi eri mu kukebera kuno.
• Bw’oba ​​olina ekibuuzo kyonna, totya kubuuza musawo wo .

Kale, singa omusawo akusaba okukeberebwa nga kino, ekisinga obukulu si kukikanga, wabula okukitegeera nti kino kintu kikulu eri obulamu bwo obulungi.

` Gram stain, Gram stain, obuwuka, yinfekisoni, Gram positive, Gram negative, okukeberebwa mu laboratory