Ffenna tulina ebikwata ku buzaale bwaffe ebiterekeddwa munda mu butoffaali bw’emibiri gyaffe. Kiba ng’ebitabo ebiri mu tterekero eddene. Ebitabo bino tubiyita chromosomes. Tukula nga kitundu kya maama waffe ate ekitundu kiva ku kitaffe. Naye teebereza, oluusi empapula bbiri ez’ebitabo bino ziyulika, era olupapula okuva mu kitabo ekimu ne lwesibira ku mulala, ate olupapula okuva mu kitabo ekirala ne lwesibira ku kitabo kino. Bw’etyo bwe tuyita translocation mu busawo ng’ebitundu bya chromosomes bibiri bikutuse ne bikyuka ne bidda ku birala. Totya nga owulira erinnya lino. Abantu bangi basobola okuba na kino, era bayinza n’obutakimanya. Ka tulabe ddala kye kiri.
Enkyukakyuka eno ey’obuzaale eyitibwa Translocation eyitibwa ki?
Mu ngeri ennyangu, okukyusakyusa (translocation) kwe kukyusa ensengekera ya chromosomes. Kino kibaawo ng’ekitundu kya chromosome emu kikutuse ne kyekwata ku chromosome ey’enjawulo. Oluusi, ekitundu ekimenyese ekya chromosome eyokubiri nakyo kisobola okwekwata ku kisooka.
Munda mu nyukiliya ya buli butoffaali bwaffe, mulimu ensengekera z’obutonde (chromosomes) 23. Ekyo kitegeeza nti omugatte gwa chromosomes 46. Ku zino, babiri 22 be bafuga engeri endala zonna ez’omubiri (autosomes), ate ababiri abasembayo be basalawo ekikula kyaffe (X ne Y chromosomes).
Okukyusakyusa kuyinza okwawulwamu ebika bibiri ebikulu:
1. Reciprocal Translocation: Kino kye kiseera ebitundu bya chromosomes bbiri ez’enjawulo we biwanyisiganyizibwa. Teebereza ekitundu kya chromosome 7 nga kikyusibwa okudda mu chromosome 21, ate ekitundu kya chromosome 21 ne kikyusibwa okudda mu chromosome 7.
2. Robertsonian Translocation: Kino kibeera nga chromosome emu yeekwata ddala ku chromosome endala.
Kati waliwo ekintu ekirala ekikulu. Singa ebitundu bino bikyusibwakyusibwa, naye nga tewali mawulire ga buzaale gabula oba gafunibwa, tukiyita Balanced Translocation . Omuntu alina kino ebiseera ebisinga talina buzibu bwonna mu bulamu. Naye singa amawulire agamu ag’obuzaale gabula oba gafunibwa olw’okuwanyisiganya kuno, tugayita Unbalanced Translocation . Wano ebizibu by’ebyobulamu eby’enjawulo we bitandikira okujja.
Kiba kukyusakyusa kwokka? Enkyukakyuka endala eziyinza okubaawo mu chromosomes
Ng’oggyeeko okukyusakyusa, waliwo enkyukakyuka endala eziwerako eziyinza okubaawo mu nsengekera ya chromosomes. Bino era bisobola okutaataaganya enkola y’okukola puloteyina mu mubiri gwaffe ne bikosa enkola y’obutoffaali n’ebitundu by’omubiri. Ka tulabe kiki kye bali.
| Ekika ky’enkyukakyuka | Ekyo ekimala okubaawo |
|---|---|
| Okusazaamu | Ekitundu kya chromosome kikutuka ne kiggyibwamu. Kino kiyinza okuvaamu okufiirwa obuzaale obukulu obuwerako oba ebikumi n’ebikumi mu mubiri. |
| Okukoppa | Ekitundu ky’ensengekera y’obutonde (chromosome) kikoppololwa emirundi ebiri mu ngeri etaali ya bulijjo, ne kiwa amawulire amalala agakwata ku buzaale. |
| Inversion (okukyusa ekitundu mu ngeri endala) . | Chromosome ekutuka mu bifo bibiri, olwo ekitundu ne kikyuka ne kiddamu okwegatta. |
| Enkyukakyuka endala enzibu | Enkyukakyuka ezisingako obuzibu ziyinza okubaawo, gamba nga isochromosomes (chromosomes ezirina emikono ebiri egy’enjawulo) ne ring chromosomes (chromosomes ezifaanana ng’empeta). |
Ddi okukyusakyusa kuno kukulu?
Mu mubiri gwaffe mulimu obutoffaali obukadde n’obukadde. Singa obutoffaali buno bumu bwokka bufuna enkyukakyuka ey’ekika kino, tebujja kubaako kinene kye bukola. Oboolyawo akatoffaali ako kajja kufa oluvannyuma lw’akaseera.
Naye, okukyusa kuno kuba kwa maanyi ddala era kukulu singa kubaawo mu ggi lya maama (ovum), ensigo ya taata (ensigo), oba akatoffaali akasooka akakolebwa okugatta kw’ebibiri bino (zygote).
Teebereza, akatoffaali ako akamu olwo kaawukana ne kaawukana ne kakola omwana omujjuvu. Ekyo kitegeeza nti buli katoffaali mu mubiri gw’omwana kalina okukyusakyusa okwo. Wano endwadde ez’enjawulo we zibeerawo olw’amawulire agakwata ku buzaale okweyongera oba okukendeera.
Oluusi enkyukakyuka eno ebaawo ng’omwana amaze okufuna olubuto. Olwo obutoffaali obumu mu mubiri buyinza okuba obwa bulijjo ate obutoffaali obumu buyinza okuba n’okukyusakyusa. Kino tukiyita Mosaicism .
Ka tulabe ekyokulabirako ekituufu.
Kino okusobola okukitegeera obulungi, ka tutwale ekyokulabirako. Teebereza waliwo omuntu, katumuyite Sunil. Sunil talina bulwadde bwonna, mulamu bulungi. Naye bwe tukebera obuzaale bwe, alina enkyukakyuka ey’enjawulo wakati wa chromosomes ze ez’omusanvu ne 21. Ekyo kitegeeza nti ebitundu byakyusibwakyusibwa, naye alina amawulire gonna ag’obuzaale ageetaagisa mu mubiri gwe. N’olwekyo, talina buzibu bwonna.
Obuzibu bujja ng’omwana akoleddwa. Ensigo bwe zikolebwa mu mubiri gwa Sunil, babiri ba chromosome baawukana. Wano, ebyembi, ensigo ezimu zisobola okutwala chromosome ey’omusanvu ng’ekitundu kya 21 kiyungiddwa mu kifo ky’ekirungo kya 7 ekya bulijjo. Mu kiseera kye kimu, chromosome eya bulijjo eya 21st nayo esobola okugenda mu nsigo eyo.
Kati, kiki ekibaawo singa ensigo eno yeegatta n’eggi eddungi n’azaalibwa omwana? Maama afuna chromosome emu ey’omulundi ogwa 21. Taata (Sunil) afuna byombi chromosome eya bulijjo eya 21 n’ekitundu kya chromosome 21 ekiyungiddwa ku chromosome 7. Olwo, obutoffaali bw’omwana buba n’ebitundu bisatu eby’amawulire ag’obuzaale agakwata ku chromosome 21. Ekyo kye tuyita Down syndrome .
Kati otegedde engeri omuntu alina balanced translocation gy’ayinza okuzaala omwana alina unbalanced translocation, ne bw’aba talina bubonero bwonna.
Endwadde eziyinza okuva ku kukyuka
Waliwo embeera z’obujjanjabi enkulu eziwerako eziyinza okuva ku kukyusibwa.
| Embeera y’obujjanjabi | Chromosomes ezitera okukwatagana n’ennyonnyola |
|---|---|
| Obulwadde bwa Down syndrome | Embeera eno esinga kuva ku kubeerawo kwa kkopi ssatu eza chromosome 21 mu kifo kya bbiri (Trisomy 21). Wabula ebitundu ebitono ku buli kikumi eby’abalwadde biva ku kukyusibwa. Ekisinga okubeerawo kwe kuwaanyisiganya wakati w’ensengekera z’obutonde (chromosomes 14 ne 21. Abaana bano bayinza okufuna obuzibu mu mutima, mu nkola y’okugaaya emmere n’omugongo. |
| Obulwadde bwa Leukemia obutawona (CML) . | Kino kika kya kookolo w’omusaayi. Kiva ku kukyuka wakati wa chromosomes 9 ne 22. Chromosome empya eya 22 ekolebwa nga ekivaamu eyitibwa Philadelphia chromosome.Kino kireetera enziyiza etali ya bulijjo okukolebwa, ekivaako obutoffaali bwa kookolo okukula nga tebufugibwa. |
| Lymphoma n’ebika ebirala eby’obulwadde bwa leukemia | Okukyusakyusa wakati w’ensengekera endala, gamba nga chromosomes 8 ne 11, nakyo kisobola okuleeta ebika by’omusaayi eby’enjawulo n’obulwadde bwa lymphoma. |
Obubaka Obutwala Awaka
- Translocation eyinza obutaba ya bulabe (balanced), oba eyinza okuleeta endwadde ez’amaanyi (unbalanced).
- Bw’oba olina okukyusakyusa (balanced translocation), osobola okubeera n’obulamu obulungi. Ebizibu byokka by’oyinza okuba nabyo by’oba ozadde abaana.
- Embeera eno esobola okusikira abazadde, oba esobola okukula obupya mu kiseera ky’okufuna olubuto.
- Tewali "ddagala" lya kukyusa, kubanga kuli mu buli katoffaali mu mubiri. Kyokka endwadde ezivaamu zisobola okujjanjabibwa.
- Buno si bulwadde busiigibwa. Osobola okubeera n’abalala, okwegatta, n’okugaba omusaayi nga tolina kutya kwonna.
- Singa omuntu mu maka go alina obulwadde bw’obuzaale, oba bw’oba olina okubuusabuusa oba ekibuuzo kyonna ku nsonga eno, ekisinga obulungi kwe kulaba omusawo oba omusawo wo n’okwogerako.
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