Kodi "zizindikiro" zimenezi mkati mwa thupi ndi ziti? Tiyeni tikambirane za ma antigen!

Kodi munayamba mwaganizapo kuti thupi lathu lili ndi chitetezo chake cholimbana ndi matenda kuchokera kunja? Kodi sizodabwitsa? Chifukwa chake, kuti chitetezo ichi chigwire ntchito, chiyenera kukhala ndi njira yodziwira "yemwe ndi bwenzi ndi yemwe ndi mdani." Pamenepo ndi pomwe "ma antigen" awa amalowa. Mwachidule, awa ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimauza chitetezo cha thupi lathu, "Nayi wina woti agwire!"

Kodi antigen kwenikweni ndi chiyani?

Ganizirani thupi lanu ngati dziko lalikulu. Zili ngati aliyense amene amalowa m'dziko lino ali ndi chiphaso chowazindikiritsa. Ma antigen ndi mapuloteni kapena ma polysaccharide. Ali kunja kwa zinthu monga maselo, mavairasi, ndi mabakiteriya. Zili ngati chizindikiro chokhala ndi dzina. Chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chimawerenga chizindikirochi kuti chidziwe ngati ichi ndi chinthu cha thupi kapena cholowa chomwe chachokera kunja.

Tsopano taonani, ma antigen awa sapezeka kokha mu zinthu monga mavairasi, mabakiteriya, mungu, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi maselo a khansa, komanso m'maselo athu athanzi. Timatcha ma antigen m'matupi athu kuti "ife tokha." Ma antigen m'zinthu zovulaza monga mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya amatchedwa "osakhala a ife tokha." Izi zikutanthauza kuti thupi lathu limazindikira maselo ake ndipo limachita motsutsana ndi omwe amachokera kunja. Ndi anzeru kwambiri, sichoncho?

Kodi mukudziwa kusiyana pakati pa antigen ndi antibody?

Ziwirizi zingaoneke ngati zosokoneza pang'ono, koma n'zosavuta kwambiri.

Ma antigen ndi zizindikiro zimenezo, monga ndanenera kale. Zizindikiro zimenezi ndi zomwe zimauza thupi lathu kuti, "Apa pakubwera winawake wochokera kunja!"

Ma antibodies ndi mapuloteni apadera opangidwa ndi maselo athu oteteza thupi. Amapangidwa kuti azindikire ndikuwononga ma antigen owopsa. Ndipotu, mawu akuti antigen amachokera ku lingaliro la "opanga ma antibodies," kutanthauza "zinthu zomwe zimathandiza kupanga ma antibodies."

Ma antibodies ndi apadera kwambiri. Antibody iliyonse imatha kuzindikira antigen imodzi yokha. Ili ngati kiyi ndi loko. Kiyi yoyenera yokha ndi yomwe ingatsegule loko. Umu ndi momwe ziwirizi zimagwirira ntchito.

Ndi mitundu iti ya ma antigen yomwe ilipo?

Ma antigen amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo kutengera momwe amachokera. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zili.

1. Ma Antigen Ochokera Kunja

Izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimalowa m'thupi mwathu kuchokera kunja. Tangoganizani, izi zitha kulowa m'thupi mwanu kudzera m'mphuno mwanu, pakamwa, kapena ngakhale pachilonda cha khungu.

• Mavairasi
• Mabakiteriya
• Mungu
• Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
• Bowa

Zonsezi ndi za mtundu uwu.

2. Ma Antigen Ochokera Kuthupi

Ma antigen amenewa amapezeka m'maselo mkati mwa matupi athu. Amauza chitetezo chathu chamthupi kuti "Ndili bwenzi lako" (ine ndekha) kapena "Ndili munthu woipa tsopano, ndiwonongeni" (woopsa). Mwachitsanzo, maselo athu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka bakiteriya kapena kachilombo amaika zizindikiro zotere, zomwe zimauza chitetezo chamthupi kuti chiwawononge. Ma antigen omwe ali m'maselo ofiira amagazi athu ndi zizindikiro zapadera zomwe zimazindikira thupi lathu ngati "langa" lotchedwa ``(HLAs)`` (Human Leukocyte Antigens) nawonso ndi a mtundu uwu.

3. Ma antigen odziyimira pawokha

Izi ndi zinthu zosokoneza pang'ono. Izi ndi zizindikiro za maselo athu athanzi. Komabe, nthawi zina chitetezo chathu chamthupi chimalakwitsa ndikuukira maselo athanzi awa, poganiza kuti ndi "adani." Pamenepo ndi pomwe matenda a autoimmune amayamba.

4. Ma Antigen omwe amapezeka m'maselo a khansa (Ma Antigen a Tumor)

Izi ndi zizindikiro zapadera pamwamba pa maselo a khansa. Mungamvenso zikutchedwa `(Tumor-associated antigens - TAA)`, `(Tumor-specific antigens - TSA)`, `(Neoantigens)` kapena `(Oncogenic antigens)`.

Nthawi zina izi zimakhala zofanana ndi selo wamba, koma mu selo la khansa zimagwira ntchito mosiyana (mwachitsanzo, selo la khansa lingapangitse mapuloteni ambiri kuposa selo wamba). Nthawi zina, ma antigen amenewa amapangidwa ndi kusintha kwa majini a selo la khansa kapena ndi kachilombo kamene kali mkati mwa selo la khansa.

Kodi Maselo Omwe Amapereka Antigen (APCs) ndi Chiyani?

Ili ndi gulu lofunika kwambiri. Maselo amenewa ndi omwe amathandiza chitetezo cha mthupi kunena kuti, "Nayi nkhondo!" Tili ndi mitundu itatu ya maselo amenewa m'thupi lathu: macrophages, maselo a dendritic, ndi maselo a B.

Mwachidule, amagwira ntchito ngati ofufuza anzeru. Amanena zomwe amaganiza kuti ndi zowononga maselo ena a chitetezo chamthupi. Ndicho chifukwa chake nthawi zina amatchedwa "maselo aukadaulo opereka ma antigen."

Selo lapaderali likakumana ndi antigen, limaidya, kuiphwanya m'zidutswa zazing'ono, kenako limawonetsa zina mwa zidutswa pamwamba pa selo lake. Izi zili ngati "chithunzi chomwe chikufunidwa" cha maselo a T. Maselo a T amabwera ndikuyang'ana zidutswa za antigen izi kuti awone ngati akuzindikira wolowayo. Ngati antigen ikugwirizana ndi cholandirira china chake pa selo la T, selo la T limenelo limauza chitetezo cha mthupi chotsalacho kuti "chiukire!"

Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani pamene antigen yalowa m’thupi?

Thupi lanu limadziteteza ku ma antigen oopsa ochokera kunja pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otchedwa ma antibodies . Antigen ikalowa m'thupi lanu, chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chimatetezedwa ku zinthu zoopsa.Maselo a B amaunika mosamala.

Maselo a B ali ndi ma receptors apadera omwe amayang'ana ngati antigen ikugwirizana bwino - monga kiyi ndi loko zomwe tatchula kale. Ngati pali ofanana, maselo a B amayamba kupanga ma antibodies. Antibody iliyonse yomwe imapanga ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amatha kuzindikira antigen imeneyo.

Ntchito ya antibody ndikupeza antigen yofanana ndi mawonekedwe apadera pamwamba pake. Ma antibodies amapita ndi kumangirira ku ma antigen awa. Kenako chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chikhoza kuwononga zinthu zovulazazo.

Chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chikakumana ndi antigen, chimakhala ndi maselo apadera omwe amakumbukira. Izi zimatchedwa immunological memory . Ichi ndichifukwa chake ngati wolowa m'thupi yemweyo abwerera, thupi limatha kuyankha mwachangu komanso moyenera.

Koma pali vuto pang'ono. Nthawi zina zinthu zoopsazi zimasinthasintha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ma antigen awo amasintha mawonekedwe. Kenako chitetezo chathu cha mthupi sichingathe kuzizindikira, monga momwe tizilombo tonse m'nyumba mwanu tidasinthira pamene munachoka panyumba!

Kodi mayeso a antigen ndi chiyani?

Mayeso a antigen amafufuza zizindikiro zinazake (antigens) m'madzi amthupi lanu, monga magazi, malovu, mkodzo, ndi ndowe, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda enaake. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kuti mudziwe ngati muli ndi chimfine kapena matenda a kachilombo monga COVID-19, kapena kuwona momwe chithandizo cha khansa chikuyendera. Zingathandizenso kufufuza anthu omwe akupereka ziwalo kapena kulandira chithandizo cha opaleshoni.

Kodi mayeso a antigen amachitidwa bwanji?

Izi zimatengera mtundu wa antigen womwe mukufuna.

• Kachilombo ka HIV: Dokotala nthawi zambiri amapaka mphuno kapena pakhosi panu ndi swab yaying'ono, yofewa. Kenako amayesa swab kuti awone ngati ili ndi ma antigen ochokera ku kachilombo komwe akufuna. Mayeso ena a antigen a kachilomboka amatha kuchitidwa kunyumba (monga COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test). Mayesowa angapereke zotsatira mumphindi 15 zokha.
• Pa mayeso ena a antigen (monga zizindikiro za khansa, kufananiza minofu): Dokotala adzatenga chitsanzo cha magazi anu, mkodzo, kapena ndowe. Kenako adzatumiza ku labu kuti akaone ngati pali antigen yomwe akufuna.

Kodi mayeso a antigen ndi olondola bwanji?

Izi zimadaliranso ndi antigen yomwe mukufuna komanso momwe mukuyesa. Mwachitsanzo, mayeso a antigen ofulumira a matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi ndi olondola kwambiri ngati achitika mkati mwa masiku ochepa zizindikiro zanu zitayamba. Izi zili choncho chifukwa nthawi imeneyo kachilombo kamakhala kochuluka m'thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mayesowo awonekere mosavuta.

Mitundu ingapo ya mayeso a antigen omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri

Nazi mayeso ena omwe mwina mudamvapo, kapena muyenera kuchita:

• Kuyesa kwa carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): CEA nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'magazi mwa akuluakulu. Komabe, m'matenda ena, monga khansa, kuchuluka kwa CEA m'magazi kumatha kukwera. Madokotala amawunika kuchuluka kwa CEA kumeneku kuti awone ngati chithandizo cha khansa chikugwira ntchito.
• Mayeso a Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Mayeso a HBsAg ndi mayeso a magazi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mayeso ena kuti adziwe matenda a hepatitis B.
• Kuyesa kwa Human leukocyte antigen (HLA): Selo lililonse m'thupi lathu, kupatula maselo ofiira a m'magazi athu, lili ndi ma HLA akeake. Poika ziwalo kapena maselo oyambira, wopereka ndi wolandira amayesedwa kuti awone ngati ali ndi ma HLA omwewo. Wolandirayo amayesedwanso kuti awone ngati ali ndi ma antibodies motsutsana ndi ma HLA a woperekayo. Ngati ali ndi matendawa, thupi likhoza kuukira chiwalo chatsopano (izi zimatchedwa graft versus host disease). Kuti ma transplant ambiri apitirire, wopereka ndi wolandirayo ayenera kukhala ndi ma HLA ofanana bwino. Koma sayenera kukhala ofanana kwenikweni.
• Kuyesa kwa PSA (prostate-specific antigen): Kuchuluka kwa PSA kumatha kukwera mwa amuna omwe ali ndi khansa ya prostate kapena omwe ali ndi vuto la prostate losaopsa. Kuyesa kwa PSA kumeneku kungachitike ngati gawo la mayeso achipatala achizolowezi.
• Kuyesa kwa SARS-CoV-2 kapena COVID-19 Antigen: Nthawi zina izi zimatchedwa "kuyesa mwachangu." Kumafufuza kupezeka kwa ma antigen ochokera ku kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, mu chitsanzo chotengedwa kuchokera kumphuno kapena pakhosi panu. Izi zitha kuchitika kunyumba pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyesera kapena ndi dokotala.

Kodi ma antigen a gulu la magazi ndi chiyani?

Mwina munamvapo za mitundu ya magazi A, B, AB, ndi O. Zilembo zimenezi kwenikweni zimatchula mitundu ya ma antigen pamwamba pa maselo ofiira a magazi. Mungathe kubadwa ndi ma antigen A kapena B, kapena zonse ziwiri (mtundu wa magazi AB), kapena palibe (mtundu wa magazi O). Izi zimatchedwa dongosolo la gulu la magazi la ABO.

Chizindikiro cha "+" kapena "-" cha mtundu wa magazi anu chimasonyeza ngati muli ndi antigen ina yotchedwa Rhesus factor kapena Rh factor . Mwina munamvapo za "Rhesus positive" kapena "Rhesus negative."

Ngati maselo anu a m'magazi ali ndi antigen, thupi lanu limadziwa kuti ndi "lochezeka" ndipo silipanga ma antibodies olimbana nayo. Kupanda kutero, maselo anu oteteza thupi adzaukira magazi omwe ali ndi antigen imeneyo.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati mtundu wa magazi anu ndi A, ma antibodies anu adzaukira magazi ndi B antigen. Ndipo chimodzimodzi ndi njira ina. Ngati mtundu wa magazi anu ndi AB, thupi lanu limaona ma antigen onse A ndi B ngati "ochezeka" ndipo silidzawaukira. Ngati mtundu wa magazi anu ndi O, muli ndi ma antibodies olimbana ndi ma antigen onse A ndi B.

Ndicho chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kwambiri kufananiza mtundu wa magazi anu popereka magazi. Ngati mwapatsidwa magazi omwe sakugwirizana ndi mtundu wa magazi anu, angayambitse chitetezo chamthupi champhamvu.

Zambiri zokhudza Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

Ma HLA ndi zizindikiro zapadera zomwe zimazindikiritsa maselo anu ngati "okha," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi a thupi lanu. Maselo onse kupatula maselo ofiira a m'magazi anu ali ndi ma HLA.

Mungaganize za `(HLA)` ngati mitundu ya magazi, koma ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa pamenepo. Mwachitsanzo, tonsefe tili ndi `(HLA)` zambiri, kotero n'zosowa kwambiri kupeza munthu wina wokhala ndi kuphatikiza komweko kwa `(HLA)`.

Mukhoza kupanga ma antibodies motsutsana ndi ma HLA anu, zomwe zingayambitse matenda a autoimmune. Ngati mukufuna kuyika stem cell, muyenera kuyesedwa ndi HLA kuti mupeze yofanana nayo. Pankhaniyi, wofanana naye nthawi zambiri amakhala wachibale wapafupi, monga mayi, bambo, mchimwene, kapena mlongo.

Pomaliza, zinthu zoti muzikumbukira

Kodi sizikanakhala bwino ngati chilichonse chomwe timakumana nacho paulendo wathu wopita kuntchito chikanakhala ndi chizindikiro cholembedwa kuti "izi ndi zabwino, izi ndi zoipa"? Eya, ma antigen ndi chida chothandiza kwambiri chomwe chimathandiza chitetezo chathu cha mthupi kuchita zimenezo.

Dokotala wanu angafune kuti muyesedwe ndi ma antigen nthawi zonse, kuti ayang'anire matenda omwe akupitirira, kapena kuti adziwe ngati muli ndi kachilomboka. Nthawi zina, onetsetsani kuti mwafunsa mafunso aliwonse omwe muli nawo okhudza momwe amachitira mayesowa komanso chifukwa chake. Ndikofunikira kudziwa zambiri za thanzi lanu.

Ma antigen, ma antibodies, chitetezo chamthupi, mayeso a antigen, magulu a magazi, HLA, matenda opatsirana