Masifunde ngovavanyo lwe-PCR ngokulula, njengokuba kusenziwa kumhlobo!

Usenokukhumbula ukuba ngexesha lobhubhane weCovid-19, sonke sithethe ngovavanyo lwePCR . Abanye abantu bamele ukuba babesoyika kancinci, becinga ngentonga efakwe empumlweni? Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye olu vavanyo lwePCR? Ngaba lunokuchonga iCovid-19 kuphela? Hayi, iPCR yindlela yovavanyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwezonyango enceda kwizinto ezininzi. Masithethe ngayo yonke le nto namhlanje, ngokulula nangokucacileyo, ngokungathi sithetha nomhlobo osenyongweni.

Yintoni i-PCR? Ungacacisa kancinci?

Ngamafutshane, i-PCR sisifinyezo sePolymerase Chain Reaction . Isetyenziselwa ukubona izinto zemfuza emizimbeni yethu, nokuba yi -DNA okanye i-RNA . Khawucinge ngesampuli encinci ethathwe kuwe, inokuba lithontsi legazi, okanye i-swab evela ngaphakathi empumlweni yakho. Elo qhekeza lincinci le-DNA okanye i-RNA kuloo sampuli liyathathwa kwaye izigidi, mhlawumbi iibhiliyoni, zeekopi zenziwa kwilebhu. Oku koko izazinzulu zikubiza ngokuba yi-amplification , okuthetha "ukwanda" okanye "ukwanda." Kufana nokwenza iikopi ezininzi zephepha elinye nge-photocopyer.

Ngokwenza iikopi ezininzi ezinje, kuba lula ukuba izazinzulu zifunde i-DNA okanye i-RNA kwisampulu encinci yokuqala zize zibone ukuba kukho into ekhethekileyo kuyo. I-PCR ikwiqela leemvavanyo ezibizwa ngokuba yiNucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) .

Nangona abantu abaninzi beve igama elithi PCR linxulumene novavanyo lweCovid-19, obu buchwephesha busetyenziswe kwicandelo lezonyango ixesha elide kwaye buyindlela eluncedo kakhulu.

Yintoni enokubonwa yi-PCR?

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwezinto olu vavanyo lwe-PCR olunokuzifumanisa. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba zeze-Covid-19 kuphela. Kodwa akunjalo. Jonga:

• Izifo ezosulelayo: I-PCR inokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, okanye ukukhwehlela okubangelwa yintsholongwane , ibhaktheriya , ifungus , okanye iparasite . Umzekelo:
• Intsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2 ebangela i-COVID-19 (COVID-19) .
• Umkhuhlane , yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yiflu.
• I-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), exhaphake kakhulu kwiintsana ezincinci.
• Iibhaktheriya ezibangela isifo sephepha.
• Ezinye izifo ezininzi zentsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya.
• Izifo zemfuza: Abanye abantu banezifo zemfuza ezizuzwe njengelifa, akunjalo? Izifo ezinjalo, umzekelo , i-Cystic Fibrosis.Le PCR ikwasetyenziselwa ukuxilonga iimeko ezifana neHuntington's Disease kunye neFragile X Syndrome . Ezi ziimeko ezinzima kakhulu, ngoko ke ukubonwa kwangoko kubaluleke kakhulu kunyango.
• Iintlobo zomhlaza: Le ndlela ikwanceda ekuchongeni iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza, ezifana ne -lymphoma .
• Utshintsho kwi-gene kumhlaza: Xa kunyangwa umntu onomhlaza, olu vavanyo lwe-PCR lunokufumanisa utshintsho oluthile kwi-gene/utshintsho kwi-cells zomhlaza. Oku kuya kuvumela ukuba unyango olujoliswe kulo lusetyenziswe ekujoliseni olo tshintsho. Olu luphuculo olukhulu kwicandelo lonyango lomhlaza.
• Umngcipheko wesifo kwixesha elizayo: Abantu abanotshintsho oluthile kwimfuza banokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana izifo ezinzulu ezifana nomhlaza kwixesha elizayo. Le PCR ikwasetyenziselwa uvavanyo lwemfuza lomngcipheko womhlaza . Oku kukuvumela ukuba uqaphele kwangaphambili kwaye wenze utshintsho kwindlela yokuphila ukuba kuyimfuneko, okanye uhlale uphaphile ngokuvavanywa rhoqo.
• Uvavanyo lwangaphambi kokuzalwa: I-PCR ikwanceda kwiimvavanyo ezenziwayo ukuze kubonwe ukuba umntwana ongekazalwa womfazi okhulelweyo unesimo semfuza.

Akupheleli nje koku, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukubonile kwiimuvi, apho ubungqina be-DNA, njengoboya obuncinci okanye ibala legazi elifunyenwe kwindawo yolwaphulo-mthetho, buthathwa busetyenziswe ukuchonga isaphuli-mthetho. Iilabhoratri ze-forensic zikwasebenzisa obu buchwepheshe be-PCR ukwandisa ubungakanani be-DNA kunye nokwenza iimvavanyo.

Ziziphi iimvavanyo kunye neendlela ezisebenzisa iteknoloji ye-PCR?

Itekhnoloji ye-PCR isetyenziswa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo. Uhlobo lovavanyo ekufuneka uluthathele isampulu luya kuxhomekeka kwinto oyivavanyayo. Nazi ezinye zemizekelo:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi: Kuthathwa isampuli yegazi kwaye i-PCR isetyenziselwa ukubona utshintsho kwimfuza kunye nezifo ezithile ezisulelayo.
• I-Nasopharyngeal swab: Isampuli ye-mucus ethathwe ngaphakathi empumlweni okanye emqaleni ingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya izifo zokuphefumla ezifana ne-influenza (flu), i-COVID-19, kunye ne-RSV. Oku yinto esiye sayibona ngexesha le-COVID.
• Ukuxilongwa Kwemfuza Ngaphambi Kokufakelwa (PGD) okanye Ukuhlolwa Kwemfuza Ngaphambi Kokufakelwa (PGS): Ngexesha lenkqubo ye- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) , iiseli ezimbalwa ezivela kwi-embryos ziyathathwa zize zivavanyelwe iimeko zemfuza ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe kwisibeleko sikamama. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa emva kokufunyanwa kweqanda.
• I-Amniocentesis: I-Amniocentesis:Ngexesha lokukhulelwa, inani elincinci lolwelo lwe-amniotic olujikeleze umntwana esibelekweni sikanina lungasetyenziswa ukuvavanya imeko yemfuza yomntwana kusetyenziswa i-PCR. Olu luvavanyo olwenziwa ngugqirha okhethekileyo.
• I-Biopsy: Ukuze kuchongwe utshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo kwiiseli zomhlaza (uvavanyo lweemolekyuli), kuthathwa isampuli encinci yethumba (i-tumor biopsy) okanye i-bone marrow biopsy. Oku kufana notyando oluncinci. Emva koko isampuli isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-PCR ukujonga utshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo.

Ulungiselela njani olu vavanyo?

Kwiimeko ezininzi, akukho lungiselelo likhethekileyo lifunekayo kuvavanyo lwe-PCR. Nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kwinto oyivavanyayo kunye nendlela esetyenziswayo ukuqokelela isampuli. Umzekelo, ezinye iimvavanyo zegazi zinokufuna ukuba uzile ukutya iiyure ezimbalwa ngaphambi koko. Ngoko ke, kungcono ukubuza ugqirha wakho okanye kwiziko lovavanyo ukuba kukho into ekhethekileyo ekufuneka uyenze.

Isebenza njani i-PCR? Isayensi encinci!

Le yimbali yesayensi kancinci, kodwa mandiyichaze ngokulula. Oko kwenziwa yi-PCR kukuchonga ulandelelwano olukhethekileyo kwi-DNA ofuna ukuyikhangela, oko kukuthi, olukhethekileyo kuyo. Olu landelelwano lunokuba lutshintsho oluthile lwemfuza kumhlaza, okanye lungaba yikhowudi yemfuza yentsholongwane okanye intsholongwane. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi -target DNA .

Igama elithi "Polymerase Chain Reaction" libhekisa kwinkqubo apho kwenziwa khona inani elikhulu leekopi ze-DNA ekujoliswe kuyo (ezandisiweyo) kwilebhu. Le nkqubo isebenzisa i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-DNA polymerase . Le enzyme yenza iikopi ze-DNA ekujoliswe kuyo, ukuba ikhona kwisampuli.

Olu "tshintsho lwe-chain" lwenzeka xa isisombululo sidlula kwimijikelo emininzi yokufudumeza nokupholisa. Kumjikelo omnye, ubungakanani be-DNA bunokuphinda kabini. Cinga ngayo njengenye ukuya kwezimbini, ezimbini ukuya kwezine, ezine ukuya kwezisibhozo... njalo njalo, ekugqibeleni zenze izigidi zeekopi. Inzuzo yoku kukuba i-PCR inokufumanisa nokuba zincinci kangakanani na ii-DNA okanye ii-RNA ebezingayi kuphoswa zezinye iimvavanyo.

Rhoqo, emva kokuba i-PCR yenziwe, izazinzulu kufuneka zenze uvavanyo oluthe kratya ukuze zihlalutye i-DNA eyandisiweyo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, iileyibhile ezikhethekileyo zongezwa kwisisombululo ngexesha lenkqubo ye-PCR, ezinokubonisa ukuba isampuli ilungile okanye ayilunganga. Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukufumana iziphumo ngokukhawuleza, ingakumbi xa kukhangelwa usulelo olufana neentsholongwane.

Ziziphi iintlobo ze-PCR ezikhoyo?

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-PCR. Ezinye zifuna amanyathelo ongezelelweyo ukukopa okanye ukuhlalutya i-DNA. Makhe sijonge iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili:

1. I-Reverse-Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Khawucinge ukuba ulwazi lwemfuza esifuna ukulukopa nokukhangela alukho kwi-DNA, kodwa lukwi-RNA. (Umzekelo, intsholongwane ye-Covid-19 ine-RNA). Emva koko, kule RT-PCR , okwenziwayo kukuba i-RNA iqale iguqulwe ibe yi-DNA kusetyenziswa i-enzyme ekhethekileyo (i-reverse transcriptase). I-DNA eyenziweyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-complementary DNA (cDNA) . Emva koko, inkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-PCR ekhankanyiweyo ngaphambili iyenziwa. Kuba, i-PCR eqhelekileyo inokwenziwa kuphela kwi-DNA.

2. I-PCR yexesha langempela / i-PCR yoBuninzi (Q-PCR)

Okwenzekayo koku kukuba njengoko kwenziwa iikopi ze-DNA, kongezwa iilebhile ezikhethekileyo ze-fluorescent kuyo. Ezi lebhile zikhupha ukukhanya xa zibopha kwi-DNA ekujoliswe kuyo. Emva koko, ngaphandle kovavanyo olongezelelweyo, abo benza uvavanyo banokubona ngexesha langempela ukuba i-DNA efanelekileyo ikhona kwisampuli. Akupheleli apho, banokufumana nombono wobungakanani bokuba ingakanani ekhoyo.

Into edidayo kukuba, abanye abantu bayibiza le "RT-PCR". Kodwa ayifani neReverse-Transcriptase PCR ekhankanyiweyo ngaphambili. Kwakhona, le ndlela yeReal-time PCR ingasetyenziswa kunye neReverse-Transcriptase PCR ekhankanyiweyo ngaphambili. Emva koko ibizwa ngokuba yiReal-time RT-PCR (real-time RT-PCR) . Le ndlela yeReal-time RT-PCR isetyenziselwa uvavanyo lwe-nasal swab ukuze kufunyanwe iintsholongwane ze-RNA ezifana ne-Covid-19 kunye ne-influenza.

Zisixelela ntoni iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-PCR?

Xa ufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-PCR, amagama anokwahluka kancinci, kuxhomekeke kwinto ovavanywe kuyo.

• Ngokubanzi, ukuba iziphumo zakho zithi "zifunyenwe" okanye "zikho," oko kuthetha ukuba une-genetic mutation okanye usulelo olukhangelwe luvavanyo.
• Ukuba iziphumo zithi "ayifunyanwanga," oko kuthetha ukuba uvavanyo alukwazanga ukufumana i-DNA okanye i-RNA ekujoliswe kuyo eyayivavanywa. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yosulelo, oku ngamanye amaxesha kunokuthetha ukuba uvavanywe kwangethuba kakhulu kwinkqubo yosulelo. Usenokuba usenayo intsholongwane, kodwa kusenokungabikho intsholongwane okanye iibhaktheriya ezaneleyo ezifunyanwa yi-PCR ngelo xesha.

Ungazitolika njani iziphumo ze-PCR ze-Covid-19?

Le yinto abantu abaninzi abayaziyo ngoku.

• Iziphumo ze-PCR ezilungileyo ze-COVID - oko kuthetha ukuba ingxelo yakho ithi "Ifunyenwe" - kuthetha ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba wosulelwe yi-COVID-19 , okanye usandula ukusinda kwi-COVID-19 (ngamanye amaxesha i-PCR inokuhlala inesifo kangangexesha elithile emva kokuphila).
• Ukuba ufumana iziphumo ze-COVID PCR ezibonisa ukuba awunayo ("Ayifunyanwanga"), oko kuthetha ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba awunayo i-COVID-19 xa wawuthatha i-nasal swab. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili, ngamanye amaxesha, ekuqaleni kosulelo, ingakumbi ukuba awunazo iimpawu, uvavanyo lwe-PCR lunokuba negative. Ngoko ke ukuba uneempawu, ugqirha wakho unokukucebisa ukuba uphinde uvavanywe kwakhona kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iziphumo ze-PCR?

Oku kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuvavanyo olwenziwayo.

• Uvavanyo lwempumlo olusebenzisa i-swab ukuze ubone iintsholongwane eziqhelekileyo ezifana nomkhuhlane kunye ne-COVID-19 zihlala zithatha iiyure ezimbalwa okanye usuku ukuvelisa iziphumo.
• Uvavanyo lwemfuza olusebenzisa uvavanyo lwegazi kunye neendlela ze-biopsy lungathatha iveki okanye ngaphezulu ukufumana iziphumo kuba inkqubo yohlalutyo iyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi.

Udinga nini ukubona ugqirha?

Ukuba unemibuzo okanye iinkxalabo malunga novavanyo lwe-PCR okanye iziphumo zalo, qiniseka ukuba uthetha nogqirha wakho. Banokukuchazela yonke into.

Umyalezo obalulekileyo onokuwuthatha ekhaya

Nangona amagama athi "uvavanyo lwe-PCR" angene ngequbuliso kwincoko yethu yemihla ngemihla malunga nobhubhane we-COVID-19 ka-2020, eneneni bubuchwepheshe obuxabisekileyo kakhulu obusetyenziswa ngoogqirha amashumi eminyaka. I-PCR inceda ekuchongeni nasekukopeni amanani amancinci e-DNA okanye i-RNA, anokusetyenziswa ukuxilonga iimeko ezahlukeneyo zempilo.

Nangona oku kuqhelekile koogqirha, kusenokungabi yinto eqhelekileyo ukuba wenze uvavanyo. Siyaqonda loo nto. Kodwa eyona nto ilungileyo kukuba kufuna isampuli encinci yomzimba wakho, kwaye inkqubo idla ngokuthatha imizuzu embalwa. Ukuba unemibuzo, iinkxalabo, okanye amathandabuzo malunga noku, nceda uthethe nogqirha wakho. Baza kukuchazela yonke into. Hlala uphilile!

Uvavanyo lwe - PCR, i-DNA, i-RNA, uvavanyo lwemfuza, ukuxilongwa, i-Covid-19, intsholongwane