Dɛn ne Cytology? Momma yensua ho biribiara!

So woate ‘Cytology’ sɔhwɛ bi ho asɛm pɛn? Ebia oduruyɛfo bi aka akyerɛ wo sɛ yɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛte saa. Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛho hia yiye ankasa. Ɛhwɛ nkwammoaa nketenkete a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu no na ɛboa ma yehu nyarewa bi ntɛm, titiriw kokoram. Enti, ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka saa nyansahu a ɛfa cytology ho yi ho asɛm wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw so a wubetumi ate ase.

Dɛn ne Cytology? Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a...

Susuw ho hwɛ, nkwammoaa nketenkete ɔpepepem pii na ɛka bom yɛ yɛn nipadua. Enti saa cytology yi a ɛtɔ da bi a wɔfrɛ no ‘cytopathology’ no hwehwɛ sɛ wugye nkwammoaa kakraa bi fi wo nipadua mu ntini anaa nsu mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, nsu, nsu) na wohwehwɛ mu hwɛ sɛ ebia biribi soronko anaasɛ ɛnyɛ ne kwan so wɔ mu anaa.

Te sɛ detective, specialist doctor, yɛfrɛ no ‘pathologist’ , ɔno ne nea ɔhwɛ saa nkwammoaa yi yiye wɔ microscope ase na ohu sɛ, ‘Oh... ɔhaw bi wɔ ha’ anaa ‘Dabi, biribiara ye’. Eyi nhia sɛ wɔde ntini kɛse bi di dwuma, nkwammoaa ketewaa bi a wɔde yɛ nhwɛso no dɔɔso. Ɛno nti na wobetumi ayɛ sɔhwɛ yi a ɛnyɛ den pii wɔ nsɛm dodow no ara mu no.

Ɛwom sɛ nnuruyɛfo de saa nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi di dwuma de yɛ nneɛma ahorow de, nanso wɔtaa de di dwuma de hu kokoram anaasɛ wɔde hwehwɛ sɛ ebia kokoram bi wɔ hɔ anaa.

Dɛn ne nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow atitiriw?

Afei ma yɛnhwɛ, akwan titiriw abien na ɛwɔ cytology mu. Momma yɛnka wɔn ho asɛm.

1. Nkwammoaa a Wɔde Yi Nkwammoaa Ho Nhwehwɛmu

Ebia edin no bɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ den kakra, nanso nokwarem no, ɛyɛ mmerɛw koraa. Exfoliative cytology yɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so hwehwɛ nkwammoaa a wɔhwie fi yɛn nipadua mu (te sɛ honam ani nkwammoaa a awuwu) anaasɛ wɔpopa no brɛoo fi soro, te sɛ brɔs ketewaa bi mu.

Ma yɛnhwɛ eyi ho nhwɛso ahorow bi.

• Mmea ho nhwɛsode: Mmea dodow no ara nim eyi. Nhwehwɛmu bi a agye din yiye ne Pap smear , a nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wɔde brɔs ketewaa bi yi nkwammoaa ketewaa bi fi awotwaa no mu na wɔsɔ hwɛ.
• Yafunu mu ntini mu nhwɛsode: Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, sɛ oduruyɛfo bi yɛ endoscopy (ɔde mfoninitwa afiri hwɛ mu) a, wobetumi aprapra nkwammoaa bi afi dwensɔtwaa no mu na wɔde akɔma wɔakɔyɛ cytology nhwehwɛmu.
• Wora anaa nsu a ɛyɛ nwini nhwɛsode: Wobetumi asɔ eyinom ahwɛ denam nkwammoaa a wɔbɛpopa afi wo honam ani, wo hwene mu, anaa w’ano mu no so.

Ɔkwan foforo ne sɛ wɔbɛboaboa nkwammoaa ano afi nneɛma a wɔayi afi nipadua no mu ara kwa mu. Susuw ho hwɛ:

• Ɔhome mu nhwɛsode ahorow:Wubetumi asɔ ahurututu anaa ahurututu a ɛba bere a wofefe no ahwɛ ahu nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ mu no.
• Nsuo mu nsuo: Wobetumi ahu nyarewa bi denam wo nsuo (pee) a wobɛfa na woahwehwɛ nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ mu no mu.
• Nsuo a ɛtwetwe anaasɛ nsuo a ɛfiri nipadua mu a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so: Sɛ nsuo bi a ɛnteɛ ba, te sɛ aniwa, awotwaa, anaa nufu mu a, wɔbɛtumi afa nhwɛsoɔ na wɔayɛ cytology nhwehwɛmu.

2. Nkwammoaa a Wɔde Wɔn Ho Hyehyɛ Mu

Wɔ eyi mu no, sɛnea edin no kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ oduruyɛfo no twa wo honam ani fã ketewaa bi na ɔfa nkwammoaa bi fi mu. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔfa honam ani hwɛbea no.

Wɔfrɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔtaa yɛ a ɛte sɛɛ sɛ fine-needle aspiration (FNA) .

• Eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde ade a ɛyɛ tratraa paa bedi dwuma de ahyɛ baabi a wɔrehwehwɛ mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, akuru) na wɔayi nsu anaa nkwammoaa bi afi hɔ. Afei ɔyare ho ɔbenfo no de afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete hwɛ nkwammoaa no.

Mmeae pii wɔ hɔ a wobetumi ayɛ FNA:

• Cysts yɛ akuru a nsu wom wɔ honam ani.
• Ntini anaa ntini a ɛwɔ honam ani no ase.
• Wo ntini a ɛma mogya tu no.
• Nsu a ɛwɔ koma no akyi .
• Pleural fluid yɛ nsu a ɛwɔ ahurututu no mu (wɔ ahurututu ne koko no mu ntama ntam).

Bere bɛn na wɔyɛ nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu?

Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka no, wɔtaa de eyi di dwuma de hu kokoram anaasɛ wɔde hwehwɛ kokoram mu ntɛm.

• Diagnostic testing yɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ bere a wowɔ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow (e.g., ɔfe a ɛkɔ so, yafunu mu yaw, akuru a ɛwɔ wo nipadua mu) de hu nea ɛyɛ ɔhaw no. Nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu betumi aboa ma wɔahu sɛ nkwammoaa bi a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so wɔ hɔ anaa, na sɛ ɛte saa a, yare ko a ɛyɛ.
• Nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ obi mu yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia wowɔ asiane mu sɛ wubenya nyarewa bi (titiriw kokoram), sɛ wunni sɛnkyerɛnne biara mpo a. Pap smear yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛte saa no mu biako a nnipa pii nim.

Nea ɛka eyi ho no, nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu boa wɔ nneɛma afoforo mu:

• Kyerɛ nyarewa a wɔde yare mmoawa ba.
• Hu tebea horow a ɛma obi ho hyehye no.
• Hwɛ sɛ thyroid akuru no wɔ hɔ anaa.
• Kyerɛ nyarewa a ɛbata nipadua mu ntini bi ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, nsu a ɛba ntini a ɛkata ahurututu no so ntam).

Hena na ɔyɛ saa nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu yi?

Eyi nso yɛ asɛmmisa pa. Sɛ woreyɛ nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu a, .Mpɛn pii no, nnipa baanu na wɔwɔ hɔ: nea ɔboaboa nhwɛsode no ano ne nea ɔsɔ hwɛ.

• Ɔkwan a wɔfa so boaboa nhwɛsode no ano no gu ahorow gyina sɔhwɛ no su so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mmea ho ɔyaresafo betumi aboaboa nkwammoaa no nhwɛsode ano de ayɛ Pap smear. Wɔ FNA fam no, oduruyɛfo a wɔatete no bɛyɛ.
• Afei, wɔde saa nhwɛsode yi kɔ aduruyɛdan bi mu.
• Ɛhɔ no, ɔyaresafo anaa nkwammoaa mu ɔyare ho ɔbenfo de afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete hwehwɛ saa nkwammoaa yi mu na ohu sɛ yare no wɔ hɔ. Wɔn na wɔyɛ abenfo wɔ saa adwuma yi mu.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ Cytology sɔhwɛ? Anamɔn biara

Okay, afei momma yɛnhwɛ sɛnea wɔyɛ saa cytology sɔhwɛ yi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Mpɛn pii no, anammɔn atitiriw anan na ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔfa so yɛ eyi.

1. Nkwammoaa a wɔde yɛ nhwɛso no a wɔbɛboaboa ano

Eyi ne anammɔn a edi kan. Wo duruyɛfo no begye nkwammoaa bi afi wo nipadua mu de asɔ ahwɛ. Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no, ebetumi ayɛ:

• Yi denam scrapping anaa brush a wobɛbɔ so no so.
• Wɔboaboa ano sɛ nsu (te sɛ nsu, nsu).
• Ebia wɔde ‘fine needle aspiration ’ (FNA) kwan na ɛfaa.

2. Nkwammoaa a wɔde yɛ nhwɛso no ho adwuma

Sɛ nhwɛsode no du aduruyɛdan no mu pɛ a, ɛsɛ sɛ wosiesie no na ama ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛsɔ ahwɛ.

• Wɔ ntini ahorow bi ho no, oduruyɛfo anaa obi a ɔwɔ aduruyɛdan mu bɛpetepete ahwehwɛ a wɔde twetwe nneɛma (microscope slide) so. Wɔfrɛ eyinom ‘smears’ .
• Sɛ ɛyɛ nsu a wɔde yɛ nhwɛsode a, ebia ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wɔbɛyɛ aduru a wɔde srasra no tẽẽ esiane nkwammoaa dodow a ɛwɔ mu nti. Afei wɔde gu ade ketewaa bi mu na wɔde kɔ aduruyɛdan mu.
• Sɛ wɔkɔ lab pɛ a, ɔyare ho ɔbenfo anaa lab technician de saa smears, anaa nkwammoaa a wɔasiesie yi bɛhyɛ nnuru soronko (stains) mu. Saa nkekae yi ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobehu nkwammoaa no afã horow pefee wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete mu. Sɛnea mfonini bi a wɔde kɔla gu so no ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wubehu emu nsɛm no.
• Sɛ nhwɛsode no yɛ nsu a, ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde afiri bi a wɔfrɛ no centrifuge di dwuma de tetew nkwammoaa no ne nsu no mu. Saa afiri yi twitwiw nhwɛsode no ntɛmntɛm yiye na ɛtetew nkwammoaa no mu sɛnea emu duru te. Afei wɔde nkwammoaa a wɔatew wɔn ho no gu slide so na sɛ ɛho hia a, wɔde nkekae gu so.

3. Nkwammoaa a wɔde yɛ nhwɛso no mu nhwehwɛmu

Afei ɔyare ho ɔbenfo bi de ahwɛyiye hwehwɛ nkwammoaa nhwɛsode a wɔasiesie na wɔayɛ no fĩ no mu wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete mu. Ɔbɛhwɛ:

• So nkwammoaa no yɛ nea ɛfata?
• So nkwammoaa bi wɔ hɔ a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so?
• So sɛnkyerɛnne bi wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya ɔyare no?
• So wuhu nneɛma te sɛ kokoram nkwammoaa?

Sɛ ohu nkwammoaa bi a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so a, ɔde kyerɛwdua soronko bi hyɛ no agyirae wɔ slide no so. Afei, ogyina nea ohu so hwehwɛ yare no mu na ɔyɛ amanneɛbɔ a ɛkɔ akyiri.

4. Nea afi mu aba a wɔbɛkyɛ

Awiei koraa no, ɔyare ho ɔbenfo no de amanneɛbɔ no bɛkɔ akɔma wo duruyɛfo (oduruyɛfo a ɔde wo kɔe sɛ wɔnkɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu no). Afei wo duruyɛfo bɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea ebefi mu aba no mu akyerɛ wo na ɔne wo asusuw nea ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ akyi (e.g., nhwehwɛmu pii, nnuru).

Ɔkwan bɛn so na ɛsɛ sɛ misiesie me ho ma cytology sɔhwɛ?

Eyi yɛ ɔhaw a nnipa pii wɔ. Asɛmpa no ne sɛ nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu dodow no ara yɛ mmerɛw yiye na ɛnyɛ yaw kɛse. Enti ɛho nhia sɛ woyɛ biribi titiriw biara de siesie wo ho ma wɔn.

Nanso, wo duruyɛfo bɛkyerɛkyerɛ nhwehwɛmu a worekɔyɛ no mu nsɛm mu. Ɔbɛka nso pefee sɛ biribi wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ ansa na saa sɔhwɛ pɔtee no adu (te sɛ nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi a wunnidi, nnuru bi a wubegyae). Enti di saa akwankyerɛ ahorow no akyi yiye.

Dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ kwan wɔ sɔhwɛ no akyi?

Sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu no wie a, wɔde nkwammoaa a wogye fii wo nsam no nhwɛsode kɔ aduruyɛdan bi mu, baabi a ɔyare ho ɔbenfo bi hwehwɛ mu na ɔde amanneɛbɔ kɔma wo duruyɛfo. Oduruyɛfo no bɛkyerɛ wo nea ebefi mu aba. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ebia ahotɔ anaa akuru bi bɛba baabi a wɔfaa nhwɛsode no nna kakraa bi, nanso eyi taa kɔ ntɛmntɛm.

So asiane ne ɔhaw ahorow bi wɔ sɔhwɛ ahorow yi mu?

Sɛnea ɛte wɔ aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu nyinaa ho no, nsɛnnennen bi wɔ hɔ a ebetumi de aba. Nanso, nsɛnnennen a anibere wom a efi nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu mu ba no ntaa mma. Nanso, ɛtaa yɛ nketenkete (e.g., mogya a ɛtɔ kakra anaasɛ akuru wɔ baabi a FNA no wɔ).

• Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, nea efi mu ba ‘atoro a ɛnyɛ nokware’ anaa ‘atoro a enye’ betumi aba. ‘Atoro a ɛyɛ papa’ kyerɛ sɛ nea efi mu ba kyerɛ sɛ yare bi nni hɔ, na ‘atoro a ɛyɛ bɔne’ kyerɛ sɛ nea efi mu ba kyerɛ sɛ yare bi nni hɔ. Nanso eyi ntaa nsi, na ɔyare ho animdefo dwen eyi ho kɛse.
• Wɔ tebea horow bi mu no, biopsy (sɔhwɛ a ɛfa ntini bi) betumi ama wɔanya nsɛm pii asen nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu, na enti ebetumi ayɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Enti mfaso bɛn na ɛwɔ nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu so?

Mfaso ne ɔhaw ahorow nso wɔ hɔ. Esiane sɛ egye nkwammoaa kakraa bi pɛ nti, nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu wɔ mfaso pii sen nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu:

• Ɛnyɛ nea ɛyɛ hu pii. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ wɔrentwitwa nneɛma akɛse biara.
• Ɔhaw ne ɛyaw sua koraa. Ebi mpo nyɛ yaw.
• Hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ nsɛnnennen bɛba no sua.
• Ɛka a wɔbɔ no sua koraa.
• Wobetumi ayɛ no ntɛm.

Dɛn ne nea efi nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu mu ba?

Nea ebefi mu aba no betumi ayɛ soronko kakra a egyina sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛe, ne baabi a wɔfaa nhwɛsode no fi so. Mpɛn pii no, ebia nea edidi so yi bɛka ɔyare ho ɔbenfo amanneɛbɔ ho:

• Nhwɛsoɔ no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu (e.g. baabi a wɔfaa no, sɛdeɛ wɔfaa no).
• Sɛ́ ebia wohuu nkwammoaa a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so anaasɛ wɔanhu.
• Sɛ wohu nkwammoaa a ɛnteɛ a, ɛyɛ yare, ɔyare mmoawa, anaa kokoram bɛn?
• Sɛ ɛyɛ kokoram a, dɛn ne kokoram no ‘grade’? Eyi ma wohu sɛnea kokoram nkwammoaa no di nsɛ anaasɛ ɛsono wɔn wɔ nkwammoaa a ɛteɛ no ho, ne sɛnea ebetumi atrɛw ntɛmntɛm.
• Sɛ́ ebia nhwehwɛmu foforo te sɛ nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu ho hia anaa.
• Ebia, yare a wɔahu no yiye anaasɛ nsusuwii kakraa bi.

Bere tenten ahe na ebegye ansa na mahu nea ebefi mu aba?

Eyi nso yɛ biribi a nnipa pii bisa. Bere a egye na wɔahu nea efi mu ba no gyina ankorankoro biara so.

• Nea efi nhwehwɛmu ahorow bi a wɔyɛ no daa mu ba (te sɛ Pap smear) betumi agye nna kakraa bi (ebia da koro anaa nnanu).
• Sɔhwɛ ahorow bi a emu yɛ den betumi agye dapɛn biako anaa abien anaa nea ɛboro saa mpo.

Nneɛma a ɛka eyi ne:

• Adwuma a ɛwɔ lab no mu.
• Ɛsɛ sɛ wuhu nkwammoaa anaa ntini pii.
• Ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ nkekae titiriw anaa sɔhwɛ afoforo.
• Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ɛho hia sɛ wonya adwene a ɛto so abien a efi oduruyɛfo foforo hɔ.
• Bere a wɔde yɛ adwuma ne bere a egye ansa na nhwɛsode no akɔ lab, asiesie ne ho, asɔ ahwɛ, akyerɛw amanneɛbɔ no, na afei wɔde akɔma wo duruyɛfo.

Wo duruyɛfo no betumi ama woahu bere tenten a ɛtaa gye.

Abusuabɔ bɛn na ɛda cytology ne pathology ntam?

Mma abien no nnyɛ basaa. Cytology, anaa yɛfrɛ no ‘Cytopathology’, yɛ Pathology baa dwumadibea, kyerɛ sɛ, subspecialty.

Wɔ aduruyɛ mu no, ɔyare ho adesua yɛ aduruyɛ mu ade a ɛfa nkwammoaa ne ntini a efi nipadua mu ntini anaa nsu a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu mu wɔ aduruyɛdan mu de hu yare ho. Enti, nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu yɛ saa afuw kɛse no fã biako pɛ.

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda Cytology ne Histology ntam?

Cytology ne Histology yɛ Pathology nkorabata afoforo abien. Nsonsonoe titiriw a ɛda abien no ntam ne nea wɔhwehwɛ mu.

• Nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu hwɛ nkwammoaa ankorankoro anaa nkwammoaa akuwakuw titiriw. Eyinom betumi ayɛ nkwammoaa a wɔasan anya anaasɛ nkwammoaa a wɔafa afi FNA mu.
• Histology hwɛ ntini no fã mũ bi.Wɔhwehwɛ ntini nhwɛsode no mu hwɛ nkwammoaa ahorow dodow a ɛwɔ hɔ, sɛnea ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ, ne sɛnea ntini no te. Wɔtaa yɛ eyi denam ntini a wɔde fa nipadua no mu denam nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔfa so yɛ no so.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, nkwammoaa ho nyansahu te sɛ nea wogye ahaban bi fi dua so hwɛ, bere a ntini ho nyansahu te sɛ dua bi nkorabata.

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda cytology test ne biopsy ntam?

Atirimpɔw a ɛwɔ abien no nyinaa mu ne sɛ wobehu yare no, nanso nsonsonoe atitiriw pii wɔ abien no ntam.

• Nhwɛsode no kɛse:
• Wɔ nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu mu no, wɔde afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete hwehwɛ nkwammoaa kakraa bi pɛ mu.
• Mpɛn pii no, nea ɛka biopsy ho ne sɛ wobegye ntini kɛse bi sen cytology nhwɛsode.

• Sɛnea wɔyɛ no:
• Nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu (e.g., Pap smear, swab) a wɔbɛfa no taa yɛ mmerɛw, ɛnyɛ yaw, na ebia ɛho renhia sɛ wɔde aduru a ɛma obi dwensɔ.
• Mpɛn pii no, biopsy nhwehwɛmu yɛ nea ɛyɛ hu sen cytology nhwehwɛmu. Ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔde nnuru a wɔde kum nipadua no wɔ baabiara anaasɛ wɔde ma obiara a wɔde kum nipadua no.

• Nea wɔahwɛ mu:
• Nkwammoaa ho adesua hwɛ nkwammoaa ankorankoro anaa nkwammoaa akuwakuw .
• Wɔ nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu mu no, ɛnyɛ nkwammoaa no nko na ɔyare ho ɔbenfo no hwehwɛ mu, na mmom ɔhwehwɛ ntini ahorow no nyinaa mu nso .

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae

Enti, mewɔ anidaso sɛ seesei woanya adwene pa wɔ Cytology ho. Adeɛ a ɛho hia paa ne sɛ Cytology nhwehwɛmu yɛ ɔkwan a abu so na asiane biara nni ho a mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ yaw na wɔde hwehwɛ nyarewa na wɔhunu nneɛma te sɛ kokoram ntɛm.

Sɔhwɛ mu aba a wɔbɛtwɛn no betumi ayɛ den kakra na ayɛ adwennwen. Ɛno yɛ ade a ɛfata. Nanso kae sɛ, w’aduruyɛfo kuw no wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa sɛ wɔbɛboa wo na wɔahwɛ wo, ɛmfa ho nea ebefi mu aba biara. Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi fa wo nhwehwɛmu, nea efii mu bae, anaa nea ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ akyi a, nsuro sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo. Wowɔ hokwan sɛ wotie wo na wɔte wo ase. Ate aseɛ?

` Nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu, Nkwammoaa mu nhwehwɛmu, Nkwammoaa mu sɔhwɛ, Kokoram ho nhwehwɛmu, Pap nhwehwɛmu, Pap Smear, FNA, Nhwehwɛmu, Ɔyare ho nhwehwɛmu