Nipadua no Ho Banfo: Momma yensua Antibodies ho ade wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den so!

So woasusuw awɛmfo nketewa a wɔwɔ yɛn nipadua mu no ho pɛn? Ɛte sɛ yɛn ankasa asraafo dɔm ketewaa bi. Sɛ yɛyare anaa biribi te sɛ awuduru hyɛn yɛn nipadua mu a, eyinom na wɔba anim na wɔko gye yɛn nkwa. Saa abran nketewa no ne nea yɛfrɛ no antibodies , anaa ``Antibodies'' wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu. Edin foforo a wɔde frɛ eyi ne ``Immunoglobulin''.

Dɛn ne antigens ne antibodies? Wɔyɛ dɛn fi ɔko no ase?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ` Antigen` yɛ biribiara a epira yɛn nipadua, efi abɔnten. Fa no sɛ owifo bi rebu wo fie. Saa owifoɔ no ne `Antigen`. Saa akorɔmfo yi betumi aba wɔ akwan horow pii so:

• Mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba
• Mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba
• Nwansena
• Nneɛma a ɛma obi ho yɛ no hyew
• Awuduru a efi mmoa mu
• Awuduru ahorow afoforo

Afei, sɛ saa `(Antigen)` ntuafo yi hyɛn nipadua no mu a, yɛn nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no hu no ntɛm ara. Yɛn nhyehyɛe no te ase sɛ, "Oh... obi a yennim no reba ha, na onipa yi nyɛ yɛn mu biako." Ɛno na yɛn asraafoɔ, `` Antibody`` , frɛ ba Antibodies yɛ protein soronko a yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ. Eyinom kɔ na wɔkyere saa `(Antigen)` no, sɛe no, na wɔboa no ma efi nipadua no mu. Ɛte sɛ nea woakyere saa owifo no de ahyɛ polisifo nsa.

Ɛhe na wɔyɛ saa nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa yi? Ɛhe na wɔwɔ nipadua no mu?

Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa soronko bi a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu na ɛyɛ nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa. Wɔfrɛ wɔn B nkwammoaa . Sɛ ``antigen'' bi ba na ɛbɔ B nkwammoaa bi a, saa B nkwammoaa no mu paapae na ɛyɛ nkwammoaa pii bio. Ɛte sɛ ``mfonini a wɔreyɛ''. Yɛfrɛ saa nkwammoaa foforo yi `` plasma nkwammoaa''. Ɛyɛ saa plasma nkwammoaa no mu na wɔyɛ nnuru ɔpepem pii a ɛko tia nyarewa na woyi gu yɛn mogya ne yɛn ntini mu.

Ɛnyɛ baabi biako pɛ na nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a wɔyɛ wɔ saa kwan yi so no wɔ yɛn nipadua no mu.

• Wɔ yɛn honam ani
• Wɔ ahurututu mu
• Wɔ nusu mu
• Wɔ nnompe mu
• Sɛ ɛna ma ne ba nufu, titiriw wɔ ne mmofraase a, nufusu a ɛyɛ den a wɔfrɛ no colostrum , no mu nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa yi pii wɔ mu. Ɛno nti na nufu a akokoaa no tumi ko tia nyarewa no yɛ kɛse no . Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ akokoaa no nya ahobammɔ fi ɛna no hɔ.

Dɛn ne saa monoclonal antibodies yi a yɛate ho asɛm?

Ade biako a nnuruyɛfo reka ho asɛm nnansa yi ne monoclonal antibodies . Eyinom nyɛ nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a efi awosu mu wɔ yɛn nipadua mu. Wɔyɛ antibody bi a wɔyɛ wɔ lab. Wɔayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛyɛ ade koro no ara a yɛn ankasa nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa yɛ no. Wɔayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛtow ahyɛ antigen pɔtee bi so. Saa ɔkwan a wɔfa so sa yare yiWɔsan frɛ no `Immunotherapy`.

Nyarewa bɛn na wobetumi de nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a wɔfrɛ no monoclonal antibodies asa?

Saa antibody a wɔde nsa ayɛ a wɔfrɛ no `(Monoclonal Antibodies)` yi na wɔde sa nyarewa ahorow pii. Efisɛ wɔyɛ `(Monoclonal Antibody)` biara sɛ ɛde n'ani si `(Antigen)` pɔtee bi so. Nhwɛso kakraa bi ni:

• Kokoram Ahorow Ahorow
• Nkwaa mu nyarewa te sɛ ntini mu yare
• Koma mu nyarewa bi
• Akisikuru a ɛma obi ho kyere no (MS) .
• Ulcerative colitis (dwensɔtwaa mu akisikuru) .
• Lupus a ɛyɛ hu
• Crohn yare no
• Psoriasis, honam ani yare bi
• Gyae akwaa a wɔde si ananmu a wɔpow no

So nnuru ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛko tia nyarewa? Dɛn ne wɔn?

Yiw, nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa no nyinaa nyɛ pɛ. Wɔakyekyɛ mu ayɛ no ahorow atitiriw 5 a egyina beae a wɔwɔ ne wɔn dwumadi so. Wɔde Engiresi nkyerɛwde bi ato type biara din. Wɔatwa asɛmfua `Immunoglobulin` tiawa na wɔde `Ig` aka krataa yi anim.

1. IgG: Eyi ne antibody a ɛdɔɔso sen biara wɔ yɛn mogya ne nipadua mu nsu afoforo mu. Ɛyɛ eyinom na ɛbɔ yɛn ho ban titiriw fi nyarewa te sɛ mmoawa ne mmoawa ho. Nea ɛho hia sen biara no, saa `IgG` antibodies yi betumi atwa ɛna no awotwaa no na ama akokoaa a ɔwɔ awotwaa no mu no abɔ ho ban.

2. IgA: Eyinom wɔ yɛn ɔhome nhyehyɛe (hwene, menewa, ahurututu) ne aduan mu nneɛma (dwensɔtwaa) no mu kɛse. Wohu wɔ nnompe, nusu, ne nufusu mu nso. Wɔboa ma mmoawa siw nipadua no mu ansa na wɔatumi akɔ nipadua no mu.

3. IgM: Sɛ ɔyare mmoawa bi hyɛn nipadua no mu a, saa `IgM` antibodies yi na edi kan ko tia . Wohu wɔ mogya ne ntini mu nsu mu.

4. IgE: Saa nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa yi ka ho titiriw wɔ akisikuru mu . IgE dodow kɔ soro bere a nipadua no yɛ n’ade wɔ nneɛma te sɛ pollen ne mfutuma ho no. Wɔko tia mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae nso.

5. IgD: Wɔda so ara resua nneɛma pii afa saa nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa yi ho, nanso mprempren wogye di sɛ ɛboa ma B nkwammoaa yɛ adwuma. Wohu no kakraa bi pɛ wɔ mogya no mu.

Dɛn na wɔde na ɛyɛ saa nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa yi ankasa? Wɔn ho te sɛn?

Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa yɛ protein bi . Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa biara yɛ polypeptide anan . Polypeptides yɛ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a amino acid abien anaa nea ɛboro saa wom. Wɔfrɛ saa nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn yi mu abien "nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a emu yɛ duru" na wɔfrɛ abien a aka no "nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a emu yɛ hare."

Saa nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn anan yi bom yɛ Borɔfo nkyerɛwde ‘Y’ nsusuwii.Saa na wɔyɛ antibody. Fa no sɛ ɛsono nkyerɛwde ‘Y’ no nkorabata a ɛwɔ soro no ano abien, na ɛsono amino acid a ɛtoatoa so wɔ saa mmeae no wɔ nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa biara ho. Saa nsonsonoe no nti na antibody biara tumi hu `(Antigen)` pɔtee bi nkutoo na ɛtow hyɛ so. Sɛnea safe biara fata safe tokuru biara no.

Momma yɛnka COVID Antibodies ho asɛm kakra, ɛnte saa?

Yiw, COVID antibodies yɛ biribi a obiara reka ho asɛm nnansa yi. Wobetumi ahunu antibodies a ɛko tia virus a ɛde COVID-19 ba no wɔ nnipa a wɔn ho atɔ wɔn wɔ yareɛ no mogya mu, anaa nnipa a wɔanya COVID-19 vaccine no mogya mu. Sɛ mpo woanya COVID pɛn a, sɛ wonya vaccine no a, ɛbɛma wo nipadua no antibody response ayɛ kɛse na ama wo tumi a wode bɛbɔ wo ho ban afi virus no ho no ayɛ kɛse.

Mebɛyɛ dɛn ahu sɛ mewɔ Covid antibodies?

Wubetumi ahu sɛ wowɔ COVID antibodies denam antibody test a wobɛyɛ so . Wobetumi anya nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi wɔ labs, nnurutɔnbea ahorow bi, na wo duruyɛfo nso betumi aka ho asɛm akyerɛ wo.

Covid antibodies tena nipadua mu bere tenten ahe?

Nhwehwɛmu da so ara kɔ so, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ nnipa a wɔn ho atɔ wɔn wɔ COVID-19 mu no wɔ nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a anyɛ yiye koraa no ɛtra hɔ asram anum kosi asia . Nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛe sɛ nnipa a wɔanya ahoɔden afi COVID mu no wɔ "memory B cells" a ebetumi atra hɔ mfe pii, na saa memory cells yi tumi de wɔn ani si mmoawa no so ntɛm ara sɛ ɛsan ba a.

Thyroglobulin antibodies bɛn na eyinom yɛ?

Wɔtaa hu thyroglobulin antibodies wɔ nnipa a wɔwɔ thyroid haw ahorow mu, te sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ hyperthyroidism (thyroid hormone a ɛdɔɔso dodo) anaa hypothyroidism (thyroid hormone kakraa bi dodo). Saa nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa yi tow hyɛ protein bi a wɔfrɛ no thyroglobulin (a ɛyɛ thyroid hormone anim) so. Eyi betumi asɛe thyroid ntini no.

Dɛn ne Antithyroglobulin Antibody Test?

Sɛ wo duruyɛfo susuw sɛ ɔhaw bi wɔ wo thyroid ntini no mu a, obetumi ahyɛ sɛ saa anti-thyroglobulin antibody nhwehwɛmu yi . Wɔde sɔhwɛ yi nso di dwuma de hwɛ sɛnea thyroid kokoram no kɔ so wɔ ayaresa akyi.

Sɛ me ho yɛ me yaw a, dɛn na ɛba?

Sɛ nhwehwɛmu yi hu sɛ wowɔ thyroglobulin antibodies wɔ wo mogya mu a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia wowɔ thyroid yare bi. Tebea horow yi bi ne:

• Ntini a ɛma mogya tu a ɛboro so
• Hypothyroidism a ɛma mogya tu
• Hashimoto yare no
• Graves yare no
• Subacute thyroiditis a ɛma mogya tu
• Lupus a ɛyɛ hu
• Asikreyare a ɛto so 1

Enti dɛn ne saa autoantibodies yi?

Wɔsan frɛ eyinom antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). Autoantibodies yɛ antibody bi a ɛtow hyɛ protein ahorow a ɛteɛ a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa a ɛte apɔw a ɛwɔ yɛn ankasa nipadua mu no nuclei so. Fa no sɛ yɛn ankasa ahobammɔ a ɛtow hyɛ yɛn ankasa de so. Saa autoantibodies yi di mfomso sɛ protein ahorow a ahoɔden wom a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu no yɛ nea asiane wom na ɛho nhia. Ne saa nti, yɛn nipadua no fi ase tow hyɛ ne ho so. Nnipa dodow no ara wɔ saa autoantibodies yi kakraa bi pɛ. Nanso sɛ wɔdɔɔso a, ɛtaa kyerɛ sɛ obi anya yare a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa .

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔsɔ antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) hwɛ?

Mogya mu nhwehwɛmu titiriw a wɔde hwehwɛ saa `ANAs` yi ne ` fluorescent antinuclear antibody test` . Wɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu no, nnuruyɛfo hwɛ nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a wɔde fluorescent akyerɛw so wɔ microscope ase na wohu sɛnea fluorescence no mu yɛ den ne sɛnea ɛte. Wɔtaa de sɔhwɛ yi di dwuma de si so dua sɛ nyarewa te sɛ lupus wɔ hɔ.

Dɛn na ANA nhwehwɛmu a ɛyɛ papa kyerɛ?

``Nea ɛyɛ papa`` a efi ANA nhwehwɛmu mu ba no nkyerɛ sɛ wowɔ yare a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa, na mmom ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛpɛ sɛ ɔhwehwɛ mu kɔ akyiri. Sɛ wo nya ``positive`` result a, ɛda adi sɛ wo duruyɛfoɔ bɛkamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu foforɔ.

Nea ɛho hia sen biara no, nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa ne sɛnea yɛn nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa bɔ yɛn ho ban fi nyarewa, nneɛma a ɛma yɛn ho yɛ hyew, ne awuduru ho. Yɛn nipadua yɛ saa protein ahorow yi fi awosu mu. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wɔde nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a wɔfrɛ no monoclonal antibodies a wɔayɛ wɔ labs di dwuma de sa akwahosan ho haw ahorow bi te sɛ kokoram, komayare, ne ntini mu yare.

Nneɛma a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae (Take-Home Message) .

Okay, enti momma yɛnbɔ nneɛma a yɛaka ho asɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ wode sie w’adwene mu no bi mua:

• Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa ne yɛn nipadua no ahobammɔ. Wɔboa ma yɛbɔ yɛn ho ban denam ahɔho mmoawa ne awuduru (antigens) a wɔko tia no so.
• Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa titiriw bi a wɔfrɛ no B nkwammoaa na ɛyɛ eyinom .
• Nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa ahorow pii wɔ hɔ (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD), a emu biara wɔ dwumadi pɔtee bi.
• Monoclonal antibodies yɛ antibody soronko bi a wɔyɛ wɔ lab. Wɔde sa nyarewa ahorow a kokoram ka ho.
• Yɛnya COVID antibodies firi yareɛ ne vaccination mu.
• Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no tumi yɛ adwuma tia yɛn ankasa nipadua. Wɔfrɛ eyinom sɛ autoantibodies . Eyinom betumi de nyarewa a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa aba.

Enti, wubetumi ahu sɛnea saa abran nkumaa a wɔfrɛ wɔn antibodies yi som bo ma yɛn nipadua no. Wɔn na ɛbɔ yɛn ho ban fi nyarewa pii ho. Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa foforo bi fa eyi ho a, ntwentwɛn wo nan ase sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo.

` Nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa, Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa, Immunoglobulin, Antigen, Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa, B nkwammoaa, Monoclonal Antibodies, COVID Antibodies, Thyroglobulin Antibodies, Autoantibodies, ANA sɔhwɛ