Sɛ oduruyɛfo bi ka kyerɛ wo sɛ yɛ ``Complete Blood Count'', anaasɛ sɛnea yɛn nyinaa nim no, CBC nhwehwɛmu , ebia woresusuw ho sɛ, "So yɛbɛyɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu foforo? Dɛn na eyi rehwehwɛ ankasa?" Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a abu so yiye, na ɛho hia yiye ankasa. Te sɛ detective ketewa bi a ɔwɔ yɛn nipadua mu no, CBC betumi ada yɛn akwahosan ho nsɛm pii adi. Enti, momma yɛnka eyi ho asɛm nkɔ akyiri, tiawa koraa, ɛnte saa?
Dɛn ne CBC sɔhwɛ na dɛn na ebetumi aka akyerɛ yɛn?
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, CBC (Complete Blood Count) yɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwɛ nkwammoaa ahorow atitiriw a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu. Wogye mogya fi wo ntini mu na wɔde kɔ lab. Ɛhɔ na wɔkan saa nneɛma yi nyinaa, hwɛ, na wɔyɛ amanneɛbɔ.
Saa sɔhwɛ yi betumi aboa oduruyɛfo no ma wate nneɛma pii ase. Nhwɛsoɔ:
- Hwɛ w'akwahosan nyinaa so yiye .
- Sɛ wonom nnuru a wɔde sa yare bi a, so wunim sɛ aduru no reyɛ adwuma yiye anaasɛ ɛwɔ ɔhaw bi?
- Nya wo nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no akwahosan ho adwene .
- Sɛ wobɛhunu sɛ nyarewa bi wɔ hɔ anaa, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, mogya mu kokoram (te sɛ ``Leukemia''), mogya a ɛtɔ kɔ nipadua mu (``Anemia'') , ne nyarewa ahodoɔ (``Infections'') .
Nneɛma titiriw a yɛhwɛ wɔ lab no ne:
- Mogya Nkwammoaa Kɔkɔɔ : Eyinom ne nkwammoaa a ɛde mframa pa kɔ nipadua no mu nyinaa.
- Hemoglobin : Protein a ɛwɔ mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ mu a ɛkyekyere oxygen.
- Mogya Nkwammoaa Fitaa : Te sɛ yɛn nipadua mu asraafo, nkwammoaa a wɔko tia nyarewa.
- Nkwammoaa mu nkwammoaa nketenkete : Nkwammoaa nketenkete a ɛboa ma mogya tu.
Wɔ eyinom a wɔkan akyi no, wɔhwɛ sɛnea nkwammoaa yi kɛse te nso. Ɛtɔ da bi a, oduruyɛfoɔ no bɛtumi ahyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu foforɔ a wɔfrɛ no ``Peripheral Blood Smear'' ka CBC ho. Eyi ma wotumi de afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete hwehwɛ mogya no mu de sua sɛnea nkwammoaa no te ho nsɛm pii.
Dɛn na ``Nsonsonoe'' kyerɛ wɔ CBC sɔhwɛ mu?
Sɛ wo CBC amanneɛbɔ ka sɛ ``CBC with Differential'' a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ lab no akan wo mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa no wɔ ɔkwan soronko so . Ɛkan mogya mu nkwammoaa a ennyinii nso. Eyi ma oduruyɛfo no te sɛnea nkwammoaa ahorow a ɛwɔ wo nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no mu no reyɛ adwuma no ase kɛse.
Bere bɛn na ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ CBC sɔhwɛ?
Nneɛma pii nti na oduruyɛfo betumi aka akyerɛ wo sɛ yɛ CBC:
- Sɛ́ akwahosan ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ daa no fã: Hwɛ w’akwahosan nyinaa.
- Sɛ wowɔ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a entumi mfi:Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ wowɔ atiridiinini a ɛkɔ so daa, wo mu duru so tew mpofirim, wo ho fifiri fi wo anadwo, wote nka sɛ wo ho yɛ wo yaw ntɛmntɛm, wo taa mogya tu wo, anaasɛ wobrɛ kɛse a.
- Hwɛ sɛnea tebea bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no te: Wɔ obi a ɔwɔ biribi te sɛ kokoram anaa asaabo mu yare a enni sabea (CKD) fam no, hwɛ sɛnea ɛrenya nkɔso.
- Hwɛ sɛnea ayaresa bi tu mpɔn anaa sɛnea aduru bi renya nipadua no so nkɛntɛnso: Ayaresa ahorow bi (e.g. kokoram ayaresa) betumi ama wo mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa dodow so atew na ama wo nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw. Eyi betumi aboa wo ma woadi nneɛma a ɛtete saa ho dwuma.
- Hwɛ w’akwahosan so bere a wonyinsɛn no.
Tebea horow bɛn na wobetumi de CBC sɔhwɛ ahu?
CBC betumi aboa wo duruyɛfo ma wahu sɛ wowɔ saa tebea horow yi bi anaa:
- Monemia : Eyi kyerɛ sɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ anaa hemoglobin dodow so tew.
- Erythrocytosis : Mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ a ɛkɔ soro.
- Leukocytosis : Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa dodow a ɛkɔ soro.
- Leukopenia : Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa dodow a ɛso tew.
- Thrombocytosis : Nkwammoaa mu nkwammoaa dodow a ɛkɔ soro.
- Thrombocytopenia : Ntini mu nkwammoaa a ɛma mogya tu no so tew.
Kae sɛ eyinom betumi ayɛ tebea bi a emu yɛ den kɛse ho sɛnkyerɛnne, enti ɛho behia sɛ wo duruyɛfo no bom susuw CBC amanneɛbɔ ne wo sɛnkyerɛnne afoforo no ho na ama wɔahu sɛ wowɔ yare no.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ CBC sɔhwɛ? Dɛn ankasa na ɛsusuw?
Wɔ CBC sɔhwɛ mu no, kɔmputa so afiri titiriw bi (`(automated analyzer)`) kan mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ (`(Erythrocytes)`), mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa (`(Leukocytes)`), ne mogya nkwammoaa (`(Thrombocytes)`) a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu, ne wɔn kɛse nso. Sɛ wo duruyɛfoɔ ahyɛ sɛ wɔmfa `(CBC with Differential)` mma a, afiri no nso kan mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa ne nkwammoaa a ɛnnyinii ahodoɔ no wɔ ɔkwan soronko so. Ɛtɔ da bi a, sɛ biribi wɔ hɔ a ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee wɔ nea efi mu ba no ho a, `(Pathologist)` bi bɛhwɛ mogya no wɔ microscope ase na wasi nea afi afiri no mu aba no so dua.
Afei ma yɛnhwɛ nea amanneɛbɔ yi mu nsɛm ka.
Nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ wɔ Mogya Nkwammoaa Kɔkɔɔ (RBCs) mu:
- Red Blood Cell Count (RBC): Eyi kyerɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ dodow a ɛwɔ mogya dodow bi mu (mpɛn pii no microliter - `(mcL)`). Susuw ho hwɛ, mogya a ɛtɔ gu fam no mu bɛyɛ 40-50 `(mcL)`.
- Hemoglobin (Hb): Hemoglobin dodow a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu.
- Hematocrit (Hct): Wo mogya mu ɔha biara mu nkyem ahe na mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ na ɛwom.
Wobɛsan nso ahunu ɔfa bi a wɔfrɛ no ``Red Cell Indices''. Eyinom ka wo mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ dodow ne hemoglobin dodow ho asɛm kyerɛ wo.
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wo mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ no kɛse.
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, hemoglobin mu duru a ɛwɔ mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ biako mu.
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, hemoglobin dodow (mu duru) a ɛwɔ mogya dodow bi mu.
- Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW): Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ kɛse mu. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, sɛ saa bo yi sua a, wo nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ no nyinaa kɛse bɛyɛ pɛ. Sɛ saa bo yi yɛ kɛse a, nsonsonoe kɛse wɔ nkwammoaa akɛse ne nketewa no kɛse mu.
Nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ wɔ Platelets mu:
- Nkwammoaa mu nkwammoaa dodow: Ntini dodow a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu nyinaa.
- Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wo mogya nkwammoaa no kɛse.
Nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ wɔ White Blood Cells (WBCs) ne ``Differential'' mu:
Oduruyɛfo no betumi ahyɛ CBC sɛ wɔnhwɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa dodow nyinaa nkutoo (`(Total WBC count)`), anaasɛ wobetumi ahyɛ `(Nsonsonoe)` aka ho. `(Nsonsonoe)` kan mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa ahorow ahorow, ne mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ a ennyinii nso. Wobetumi abɔ eyinom ho amanneɛ sɛ dodow a edi mũ (ebia wɔbɛhyɛ no agyirae sɛ "abs") anaasɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem (%) wɔ mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa nyinaa mu.
Ebia wubehu nneɛma a ɛte sɛɛ wɔ wo CBC amanneɛbɔ mu:
- White Blood Cell Count (WBC): Eyi kyerɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa (a ɛyɛ ahorow nyinaa) dodow a ɛwɔ wo nipadua mu nyinaa.
- Neutrophils: Eyinom ne mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa a edi kan a ɛkɔ ɔko no mu. Wɔko tia ɔyare mmoawa ne fungal yare mmoawa.
- Monocytes: Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa bi a ɛboa ma nkwammoaa mu nneɛma a asɛe fi hɔ bere a ɔyare mmoawa no wɔ hɔ no. Wɔboa nso ma mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa afoforo bɔ kɔkɔ wɔ ntua a epira te sɛ mmoawa ne mmoawa ho.
- Lymphocytes: Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa bi a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa na ɛboa nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ma wɔkae nyarewa a atwam. Eyi te saa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nipadua no asiesie ne ho yiye sɛ ɛbɛdi ɔyare mmoawa koro no ara ho dwuma sɛ ɛsan ba a.
- Eosinophils: Saa mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa yi ko tia ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba na ɛma obi ho yɛ no yaw nso.
- Basophils: Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa bi a ɛma histamine fi nipadua mu bere a obi ho yɛ no hyew ne heparin a ɛmma mogya ntumi nkɔ.
- Granulocytes a Nnyinii: Eyinom yɛ neutrophils, eosinophils, anaa basophils a ennya nnyinii koraa.
- Mogya Nkwammoaa Kɔkɔɔ a Wɔde Nuklea Ayɛ (nRBC): .Eyinom yɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ a ennyinii. Wobetumi ada no adi sɛ dodow a edi mũ (`(nRBC koraa)`) anaasɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem (nkwaboaa kɔkɔɔ dodow a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa fitaa 100 biara mu).
So ɛsɛ sɛ misiesie me ho ma CBC sɔhwɛ no?
Mpɛn pii no, ahosiesie titiriw biara nni hɔ a ɛho hia ma CBC sɔhwɛ. Wubetumi adidi na woanom sɛnea ɛsɛ, na sɛ worenom nnuru biara a, wubetumi anom sɛnea wotaa nom. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ enhia sɛ wudi mmuada. Nanso, sɛ wo duruyɛfo ahyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu afoforo nka CBC no ho a, ebia akwankyerɛ titiriw bi wɔ hɔ ma saa nhwehwɛmu no. Enti ɛyɛ papa sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo anaa lab no eyi ho asɛm.
Osuahu bɛn na wunya bere a woreyɛ CBC sɔhwɛ no?
Sɛ wɔfa mogya a, wɔtaa paw ntini bi fi wo basa mu (mpɛn pii no ɛbɛn wo nsateaa) na wɔde biribi te sɛ nsa a wɔde petepete baabi no hohoro. Afei, ɔyarehwɛfo anaa oduruyɛfo bi de ade bi hyɛ mu. Sɛ wɔde afiri no hyɛ mu a, ebia wobɛte nka sɛ worebɔ wo kakra, te sɛ ade ketewaa bi anaa ntɛtea bi. Sɛ wɔregye mogya afi nkokoaa nkumaa hɔ a, wɔtaa de asen no di dwuma.
Wɔde mogya kakraa bi fa ade no mu na wɔboaboa ano wɔ afiri titiriw bi mu. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wobetumi afa nsu afiri bɛboro biako, a egyina nhwehwɛmu a oduruyɛfo no ahyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ so.
Sɛ wɔtwe mogya no wie a, woyi afiri no na wɔde aduru ketewaa bi a wɔde kyekyere anaa gauze bi gu beae no. Afei wɔde wo mogya no kɔ aduruyɛdan mu ma wɔyɛ ho nhwehwɛmu.
Dɛn na ɛba wɔ CBC sɔhwɛ no akyi?
Sɛ wɔtwe mogya no wie a, wɔde aduru anaa gauze bi bɛkata wo basa so. Ebia wo nsa bɛyɛ wo yaw bere tiaa bi. Ɛtɔ da bi a, ebia akuru ketewaa bi wɔ baabi a wɔde ade no hyɛɛ mu no. Eyi yɛ ade a ɛfata na ebefi hɔ wɔ nna kakraa bi akyi.
So asiane anaa nsunsuanso bɔne bi wɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu?
CBC yɛ sɔhwɛ a ahobammɔ wom yiye na ɛtaa ba. Ɛnkura asiane akɛse biara. Nanso, hokwan ketewaa bi wɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya ɔyare mmoawa wɔ baabi a wɔtwe mogya no, titiriw sɛ wo nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw a. Ɛntaa mma koraa sɛ nnipa binom bɛte nka sɛ wɔn tirim yɛ hare kakra anaasɛ wɔn adwenem yɛ wɔn naa bere a wɔatwe mogya awie no. Sɛ eyi ba a, ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ wobɛtra ase dinn kakra.
Dɛn ne kwan a ɛfata ma CBC sɔhwɛ?
"Normal Range" wɔ hɔ ma gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛwɔ CBC amanneɛbɔ bi mu. Saa kwan yi betumi ayɛ soronko kakra wɔ lab biara mu. Nea ɛka ho no, nneɛma afoforo pii wɔ hɔ a enti saa gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛfata yi betumi ayɛ soronko:
- Lab a wɔyɛ sɔhwɛ no: Ebia nsonsonoe kakra bɛba nnwinnade ne akwan a wɔfa so yɛ nhwehwɛmu no mu.
- Wo hormone tebea: Amanneɛbɔ ahorow bi de nsɛm a ɛsonosonoe ma mmarima ne mmea. Eyinom gyina hormone dodow a ɛfata a ɛwɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea biara mu so. Sɛ worenom hormone therapy a, eyi betumi asesa.
- Mfe a woadi: Ɛsono sɛnea mpanyimfo ne mmofra dodow yɛ nea ɛfata.
- Sɛ́ ebia woanyinsɛn anaasɛ wowɔ akwahosan ho tebea afoforo:Ebia gyinapɛn ahorow a wɔtaa de di dwuma no bɛsakra ne eyi.
- Nsusuwii ahorow a lab no de di dwuma: Sɛ nhwɛso no, wobetumi de nea efi mu ba no bi ama sɛ nkwammoaa wɔ microliter biara mu (`(nkwaboaa wɔ microliter biara mu - mcL, uL anaa μL)`), na wobetumi de ebinom ama sɛ nkwammoaa wɔ microliter biara mu a wɔde 1000 abɔ ho (`(k/mcL, k/uL anaa k/μL)`). Eyi betumi ama gyinapɛn ahorow no ayɛ soronko koraa.
Adeɛ a ɛho hia paa ne sɛ wobɛhwɛ reference range a wɔde ama wɔ w’amanneɛbɔ mu no bere nyinaa na wode wo values atoto ɛno nko ara ho. Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi a, ntwentwɛn wo nan ase sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo.
Bere tenten ahe na egye ansa na wɔanya CBC sɔhwɛ no mu aba?
Mpɛn pii no, wonya nea efi mu ba no wɔ nna kakraa bi mu. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wobetumi anya nea efi mu ba wɔ nnɔnhwerew 24 ntam. Wo duruyɛfo bɛfrɛ wo bere a woanya nea efi mu ba no, akyerɛkyerɛ mu, na wakyerɛ wo nea ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ akyi.
Dɛn na CBC aba a ɛnteɛ kyerɛ?
Akwahosan tebea ahorow betumi aba a ebetumi ama nkwammoaa dodow a ɛwɔ mogya no mu akɔ soro anaasɛ ɛso atew. Eyinom bi betumi ayɛ aniberesɛm, bere a afoforo nso betumi ayɛ nea abu so na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛsa. Nhwɛso kakraa bi ni:
- Mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ dodow a ɛkɔ soro: Eyinom betumi afi komayare, ahurututu mu yare, polycythemia vera (tebea a nnompe mu ntini no ma mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ pii ba dodo), anaa nna mu ahomegye (dae mu ahomegye).
- Mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ dodow a ɛba fam (nemia): Ebetumi afi aduannuru a enni nipadua mu (te sɛ vitamin B12 a enni nipadua mu anaasɛ dade a enni nipadua mu), mogya a ɛtɔ, asaabo dwumadi a ɛso tew, ne mogya ne nnompe mu nyarewa.
- mogya mu nkwammoaa a ɛdɔɔso: Ebia ɔyare mmoawa ne nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no na ɛde ba.
- Nneɛma te sɛ: Immune Thrombocytopenia (tebea a nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no sɛe mogya nkwammoaa a ɛma mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ), kokoram ahorow bi, ne Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome betumi de mogya nkwammoaa a ɛba fam aba .
- Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa dodow a ɛkɔ soro: Eyinom betumi afi tebea horow te sɛ ɔyare mmoawa, akisikuru, tebea horow a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa, lymphoma, ne mogya mu kokoram mu.
- Mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa dodow a ɛba fam: Ebia nyarewa a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa, nnuru bi, nnompe mu nyarewa, ne ɔyare mmoawa na ɛde ba.
Sɛ nea efi mu ba no nyɛ nea ɛfata a, dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ akyi?
Sɛ wo CBC amanneɛbɔ no boro nea ɛfata so a, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nkasa mfa nea ebia ɛbɛkyerɛ ho. Ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛhyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu pii anaasɛ obefi ayaresa ho nhyehyɛe ase. Anaasɛ, ebia wunhia ayaresa koraa, sɛ wobɛhwɛ wo so kɛkɛ. Enti mma wo ho nnpopo na tie nea wo duruyɛfo ka.
Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mefrɛ oduruyɛfo no?
Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa anaa nsɛm bi a ɛhaw wo wɔ CBC sɔhwɛ no anaa nea efi mu ba no ho a, hwɛ hu sɛ wobɛfrɛ wo duruyɛfo. Mfa biribiara a wonte ase nsie.
So CBC no kyerɛ sɛ asaabo yɛ adwuma?
CBC nhwehwɛmu nkyerɛ sɛnea w’asaabo reyɛ adwuma yiye no tẽẽ. Nanso, gyinapɛn ahorow bi a ɛwɔ amanneɛbɔ no mu, te sɛ lymphocyte dodow ne MCV, sɛ wɔde ka nhwehwɛmu afoforo ho a, ebetumi aboa wo duruyɛfo no ma wanya adwene wɔ sɛnea w’asaabo reyɛ adwuma yiye no ho.
Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae (Take-Home Message) .
Okay, enti seesei mewɔ anidaso sɛ woanya ntease pa wɔ CBC sɔhwɛ ho.
CBC (Complete Blood Count) yɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu a abu so na ɛho hia yiye a nnuruyɛfo de nya w’akwahosan ho nsɛm.
Ebia wobɛma wɔayɛ eyi bere a woreyɛ wo nhwehwɛmu daa no, anaasɛ wo duruyɛfo betumi ahyɛ sɛ wɔmfa nhu nea ɛde wo sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no bi ba. Ɛyɛ ade a ɛfata sɛ wobɛte ehu anaa ehu nka kakra bere a woretwɛn nhwehwɛmu no mu aba no. Nanso kae sɛ nea efi CBC mu ba no ma wo duruyɛfo nya nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛho hia wɔ nea ɛrekɔ so wɔ wo nipadua mu no ho. Saa nsɛnkyerɛnne yi betumi aboa wo ma woahu nea ɛyɛ bɔne ankasa (`(Diagnosis)`), afi ayaresa a ɛfata ase (`(Ayaresa)`), na ama wo ho atɔ wo. Enti, eyi yɛ anammɔn biako pɛ a ɛbɛma w’akwahosan asan ayɛ nea ɛfata. Ti pa!
` CBC, Mogya Dodow a Edi Mu, Mogya mu Nhwehwɛmu, Mogya Mu Nkwammoaa, Nyarewa, Mogya Nkwammoaa, Hemoglobin, Mogya Dodow a Edi Mu, Mogya mu Nhwehwɛmu, Mogya a Wɔyare, Nyarewa, Mogya Nkwammoaa, Hemoglobin











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