Do you have a bone spur on your big toe? Let's learn about this bunion (Bunion/Hallux Valgus)!

Does your big toe hurt when you put on your shoes? Or do you have a hard lump that looks like a bone sticking out of the joint? You might think it's just a minor issue caused by tight shoes. But it's actually a medical condition that many people have. We call it a 'bunion'. It's not something to be afraid of, but it can be a bit annoying if you ignore it. So, let's talk about it all in a very simple way today.

Simply put, what is a bunion?

A bunion is a bony bump that develops near the joint where the big toe starts. To be precise, it affects the joint where the base of the big toe connects to the sole of the foot. In medical terms, we call this Hallux Valgus .

Imagine, due to prolonged pressure on your big toe, that toe is pulled and pushed towards the other toes. Then the joint at the base of the big toe protrudes to the other side, that is, towards the inside of the foot. That protruding bone bump is what we call a bunion. This is not something that changes in a day or two, but develops gradually over years. If you see a bump on your big toe, if it is painful, stiff, or numb, it is definitely important to see your doctor and get advice.

Are there types of bunions?

Yes, there are several main types of bunions that we see. Let's see what they are.

• Common Bunion: This is the most common type we see. It is caused by pressure on the big toe.
• Congenital Hallux Valgus: Some babies can be born with this condition. It is somewhat rare.
• Juvenile or Adolescent Hallux Valgus: This condition can occur in young children under the age of 18.
• Tailor's Bunion: This is a little different. It occurs at the base of the little toe. In the past, tailors used to sit on the floor with their legs crossed, so this condition was common because their little toes would press against the floor. That's why it's called a 'tailor's bunion'. This is often caused by wearing shoes that are too tight or don't fit properly.

What are the symptoms of a bunion?

If you have a bunion, there are a few things you can feel and see. The main one is the visible bump at the base of the big toe. Apart from that, there may be several other symptoms.

Why do these bunions form? What are the causes?

There is no single cause for this. It is likely a combination of factors. Consider, for example, genetics, changes in the position of the bones in your foot, the way you walk, and the type of shoes you choose.

The main causes of pressure on the big toe joint are:

• Mismatched shoes:This is the main and most common cause. Especially when wearing pointed shoes or high heels, the toes are pushed forward and the big toe is pushed towards the other toes.
• Genetic influence: If your mother, father, or other family member has bunions, you are more likely to develop them. More than 70% of people with bunions have a family history.
• The way you walk (Foot mechanics): Some people's walking patterns or differences in the way they distribute weight on their feet can put extra pressure on the big toe joint.
• Inflammatory diseases: Bunions can also occur due to conditions that cause inflammation of the joints, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
• Standing for long periods of time: This risk is also higher for people who stand all day due to work or other reasons.
• Injuries to the feet: Previous injuries to the foot, especially the big toe, can also be affected.

Can bunions cause other complications?

Yes, if a bunion condition is not treated properly or ignored, other problems can occur.

• Bursitis: The small, fluid-filled sacs around the joints can become swollen and painful. This is more likely to happen when the bunion rubs against the shoe.
• Hammertoes: The big toe pushes against the other toes, causing the middle joint of the second or third toe to bend upward, forming a hammer-like shape. This is also a painful condition.
• Osteoarthritis: The cartilage in the joint wears down and the bones begin to rub against each other. This can cause severe pain and stiffness in the joint.

How does a doctor diagnose a bunion?

When you go to see a doctor, the first thing he or she does is examine your leg carefully. He or she will ask you about your symptoms. He or she will ask you things like how long you have had the lump, how the pain is, and when the pain gets worse.

In most cases, a bunion can be diagnosed by physical examination alone. However, you may be asked to take an X-ray to see the condition of the joint and the extent of the toe extension. You may also be referred to a podiatrist.

What are the treatments for this?

The best part is, there are many treatments for bunions. Not everyone needs surgery. In many cases, simple things can help control the pain and prevent the condition from getting worse. Treatment depends on the severity of your symptoms.

Will a bunion get better on its own?

No. Bunions don't get better on their own. You can't fix them on your own. If left untreated, they can get worse over time. So, if you suspect you have a bunion, see a doctor right away. The sooner you start treatment, the better your chances are of managing it with simple things, without the need for surgery.

Can bunions be prevented?

Although we cannot control hereditary factors, we can greatly reduce the risk of bunions by being careful about other risk factors, especially shoe choice.

Here are some things you can do:

• Choose the right shoes: Never wear shoes that are too tight or pointy at the front. Choose shoes that have a square or round toe box that allows your toes to move freely.
• When buying shoes, look carefully: Even if you know your shoe size, the size can vary from brand to brand. So before buying shoes, try them on by sitting, standing, and walking around for a while. See if they hurt or pinch you.
• Buy shoes in the evening: Our feet swell a bit after walking around all day. So if you go to buy shoes later in the day, you can choose a more accurate size.

If you have other foot problems (e.g. flat feet), ask your doctor if you need special orthotics to prevent bunions.