Ðe dɔlékui aɖe le ŋuwòa? Mina míasrɔ̃ nu tso Gram Stain dodokpɔa ŋu.

Àte ŋu anɔ eŋu bum be nukae nye "Gram Stain" sia hã. Ðewohĩ àtsi dzodzodzoe vie ne ɖɔkta aɖe bia tso asiwò be nàwɔ dodokpɔ sia. Gake mègatsi dzi o. Esia nye dodokpɔ bɔbɔe aɖe ŋutɔ, eye wòle vevie ŋutɔ si wowɔna zi geɖe. Egbea, míaƒo nu tso eŋu tsitotsito, bɔbɔe ŋutɔ.

Nukae nye Gram Stain dodokpɔ?

Kpuie ko la, Gram stain nye dodokpɔ si wowɔna le dodokpɔxɔ me be woakpɔe ɖa be dɔlékui aɖe le wò ŋutilã ƒe teƒe aɖe hã, eye ne ele nenema la, ne dɔlékuiwo gbɔe wòtso hã. Tsɔe be wò ŋɔti le vevem alo abi aɖe si dze abe ɖe wòle ƒoƒom ene. Emegbe ɖɔktaa ate ŋu asusui be edo ƒome kple dɔlékuiwo. Ɣemaɣi la, dodokpɔ sia ate ŋu ana woakpɔ susu aɖe tso eŋu kaba.

Esia bia be nàɖe wò aɖuɖɔ, aɖuɖɔ si le abi me, alo nu ma tɔgbe aɖe atsɔ akpɔe le nusuekpɔmɔ̃ me. Esia na míenya ne dɔlékuiwo le wo me, eye ne ele nenema la, alesi woƒe dzedzeme le. Esia kpena ɖe ɖɔkta ŋu wòtsoa nya me le atike siwo wòana wò kple dodokpɔ bubu siwo wòawɔ ŋu.

Dɔlékuiwo ŋuti ŋgɔdonya kpui aɖe

Dɔlékuiwo nye nugbagbevi sue aɖe ŋutɔ, si me lãmenugbagbevi ɖeka le. Wole míaƒe ŋutilã me, le míaƒe ŋutigbalẽ dzi, kple afisiafi kloe le nutoa me. Dɔlékui ƒomevi aɖewo megblẽa nu le mía ŋu o, eye ɖewo gɔ̃ hã kpena ɖe mía ŋu. Gake dɔlékui ƒomevi aɖewo li siwo hea dɔlékui kple dɔléle vovovowo vɛ. Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔa kpena ɖe ame ŋu ŋutɔ le dɔlékui siwo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu alea didi me.

Le dodokpɔ sia me la, dɔlékuiwo trɔa amadede vovovowo le woƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gliwo ƒe atike kple dzɔdzɔmenunɔamesiwo nu. Le esia nu la, woda wo ɖe hatsotso me be "gram-positive" alo "gram-negative". Gake nu ɖeka si dzi wòle be míaɖo ŋkui enye be menye dɔlékuiwo katãe Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒomɔnu sia gblẽa nu le o. Azɔ hã, ɣeyiɣi aɖewo li siwo me dodokpɔ sia ɖeɖe mate ŋu anya nusi tututu dɔlélea nye o. Gake enaa kpeɖodzi gã aɖe tso dɔlékui ƒomevi si le eme ŋu, si kpena ɖe ame ŋu ŋutɔ le atikewɔwɔ gɔmedzedze me.

Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo nye ɖiƒoƒomɔnu vevi aɖe ŋutɔ si wozãna le nugbagbevi suewo ŋuti nunya me ƒe alafa geɖee nye sia. Denmarktɔ dɔlékuiŋutinunyala Hans Christian Gram ye to esia vɛ zi gbãtɔ le ƒe 1882 me. Ezãe gbã tsɔ de dzesi nugbagbevi siwo hea aklãdɔ vɛ.

Nukae nye dɔlékui siwo nye Gram-positive kple Gram-negative?

Azɔ mina míakpɔ nusi Gram-positive kple Gram-negative nu blibo sia nye ɖa. Wotu hatsotso sia ɖe alesi dɔlékuiwo wɔa nui kple amadede si wotsɔ de kpɔɖeŋua me le Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔa me dzi. Dɔlékui aɖewo trɔna zua aŋutiɖiɖi-blɔ, eye bubuwo ya trɔna zua pink-dzẽ.

Here , "positive" mefia "nyui" o, eye mefia "negative" hã o.Negative mefia "vɔ̃ɖi" alo "dɔlékui aɖeke mele eme o." Ðeko wònye hatsotso si wotu ɖe alesi dɔlékuiawo wɔa nu ɖe ​​amadedea ŋu dzi. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, woyɔa dɔlékuiwo hã be "gram-variable." Esia fia be womeƒoa ɖi le mɔ ɖeka nu o, eye woate ŋu adze abe pink kple purple tsakatsaka ene.

Dɔlékui siwo nye gram-positive

Nusi woyɔna be peptidoglycan ƒe ƒuƒoƒo ƒuƒu siwo le Gram-positive ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gliwo me. Peptidoglycan ye nye dɔlékui akpa gãtɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gliwo ƒe akpa vevitɔ. Ewɔa Gram-positive dɔlékuiwo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gliwo ƒe 90% lɔƒo. Esia tae wodzena blɔ va ɖo aɖabɛ le Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒoa me ɖo.

Gram-positive dɔlékui ƒomevi aɖewoe nye:

• `Staphylococcus ƒomeviwo`
• `Streptococcus ƒomevi aɖe`
• `Corynebacterium ƒomeviwo`
• `Clostridium ƒomevi`
• `Listeria ƒomeviwo`

Dɔlékui siwo nye gram-negative

Peptidoglycan (si ade lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gli ƒe 10%) ƒe ƒuƒoƒo tsɛ aɖe le dɔlékui siwo nye gram-negative ŋu le woƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gliwo me. Woƒe lãmi (i.e. ami) hã sɔ gbɔ ɖe woƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gliwo me. Esia tae wodzena abe dzĩ va ɖo pink le Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒoa me ɖo.

Gram-negative dɔlékui ƒomevi aɖewoe nye:

• `Neisseria gonorrhoeae kple Neisseria meningitides`
• `Moraxella ƒomeviwo`
• `Escherichia coli (E. coli)`
• `Pseudomonas ƒomevi`
• `Proteus ƒomeviwo`
• `Klebsiella ƒomevi`

Vovototo kae le Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo kple dɔlékuiwo ƒe dekɔnu dome?

Ne wò ɖɔkta susui be dɔlékui aɖe le ŋuwò la, zi geɖe la, woaɖe gbe be woawɔ Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔ kple dɔlékuiwo ƒe dekɔnu dodokpɔ siaa. Gake nyatakaka siwo wokpɔ tso dodokpɔ eve siawo me la to vovo.

Bu eŋu kpɔ ale, gram ƒe ɖi le abe kpovitɔ aɖe si yi nuvlowɔƒe eye wòŋlɔ amesiwo ŋu wole ɖi kem le la ŋuti nuŋlɔɖi si me mekɔ o (abe kɔkɔme, amadede, kple awuwo ene) kaba. Esia nana nèkpɔa amesiwo le afima kaba.

Dɔlékuiwo ƒe dekɔnu nye mɔnu si me wodoa dɔlékui siwo le kpɔɖeŋu aɖe me ɖe nunyiame tɔxɛ aɖe me le nudokpɔƒe eye emegbe wotsɔa ŋkɔ dea dzesi wo. Esia ate ŋu axɔ ŋkeke geɖe, elabena dɔlékui aɖewo tsina vivivi. Gake ekpena ɖe ame ŋu hã be woade dzesi dɔlékuiawo tututu kple atike si sɔ na wo.

Eyata, nusi dona kabakaba tso Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒoa meNe woxɔe hã la, zi geɖe la, dɔlékui ƒomevi si le eme koe wòate ŋu agblɔ na wò. Gake nyatakaka ma le vevie ŋutɔ be ɖɔktaa nadze atikewɔwɔ gɔme kaba. Dɔlékuiwo ƒe dekɔnu koe nye mɔ si dzi woato ade dzesi dɔlékuiawo pɛpɛpɛ.

Dɔléle kawoe Gram stain dodokpɔ ate ŋu akpe ɖe ame ŋu wòanya?

Ðɔktawo ɖe gbe be woawɔ Gram stain test be wòakpe ɖe ame ŋu woakpɔ dɔlékui aɖewo ƒe dɔlélewo ahada wo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wozãnɛ tsɔ dea dzesi nɔnɔmewo abe aɖuɖɔtoe me dɔléle (UTIs) kple dɔlékuiwo ƒe aklãdɔ ene. Gake womeɖea gbe na dɔlékuiwo ƒe dɔléle ɖesiaɖe o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, zi geɖe la, womewɔa Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo na nane abe nuɖuɖu ƒe aɖi ene o, gake woate ŋu awɔe ɖe aɖuɖɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu dzi ne ehiã.

Gram-negative dɔlékui siwo bɔ kple dɔléle siwo wohena vɛ

Gram-negative dɔlékui aɖewo kple dɔléle siwo woate ŋu ahe vɛe nye esi:

• ` Escherichia coli : Aɖuɖɔtoe me dɔlélewo (UTIs), nuɖuɖu me aɖi.`
• ` Legionella pneumoniae : Asrafohawo ƒe dɔléle.`
• ` Salmonella : Nuɖuɖu me aɖi, Typhoid dɔléle.`
• ` Klebsiella : Aklãdɔ, ʋuka me dɔlékuiwo, abi alo amekoko teƒe ƒe dɔlékuiwo, dɔlékuiwo ƒe taɖuame.`
• ` Neisseria gonorrhoeae : Aɖuɖɔtoedɔ.`
• ` Proteus : Aɖuɖɔtoe me dɔlélewo (UTIs).`
• ` Morganella morganii : Aɖuɖɔtoe me dɔlélewo (UTIs), sepsis, aklãdɔ, abi ƒe dɔléle, lãmekawo ƒe dɔléle, titina lãmekawo ƒe dɔléle, kple pericarditis (dzidɔ si ƒo xlã dzia ƒe dɔléle).`
• ` Aeromonas : ŋkudɔléle, osteomyelitis (ƒu ƒe dɔléle), dɔlékui ƒe taɖuame, gbɔgbɔtsixe ƒe dɔléle siwo "tsi kloe", ƒunukpeƒetetedɔ.`

Gram-positive dɔlékui siwo bɔ kple dɔléle siwo wohena vɛ

Gram-positive dɔlékui aɖewo kple dɔléle siwo woate ŋu ahe vɛe nye esi:

• ` Streptococcus pneumoniae : Dɔlékui ƒe aklãdɔ.`
• ` Staphylococcus aureus : Dɔlékui ƒe aklãdɔ, Staphylococcus aureus si te ŋu nɔa te ɖe methicillin nu (MRSA), kple aɖi ƒe dzidziɖedzi ƒe dɔléle.`
• ` Ƒuƒoƒo A Streptococcus ƒomevi : Strep ŋɔti me dɔlékuiwo.`
• ` Listeria : Nuɖuɖu me aɖi.`
• ` Clostridium : Nuɖuɖu me aɖi.`
• `Klostridium botulinum kple Clostridium butyricum: Botulism.`

Ɣekaɣie wowɔa Gram dodokpɔ?

Ne wò ɖɔkta susui be dɔlékui aɖe le ŋuwò, ɣeaɖewoɣi la, fungi ƒe dɔlékui aɖe le ŋuwò la, zi geɖe la, woaɖe gbe be woawɔ Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo kple dɔlékuiwo ƒe dekɔnu. Esia nye mɔ si bɔ si dzi nàto ade dzesi dɔlékui aɖe si le wò ŋutilã me kaba.

Amekae wɔa Gram Stain dodokpɔ?

Le dɔlékui ƒomevi si ate ŋu anɔ ŋuwò nu la, lãmesẽdɔwɔla vovovowo ate ŋu aƒo eƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe nu ƒu hena Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, nyɔnuwo ƒe dɔléle ŋuti nunyala ate ŋu atsɔ atike si woatsɔ ado Gram stain dodokpɔe hena gonorrhea. Aklãdɔdala ate ŋu axɔ tsi si le wò kɔdzi alo aɖuɖɔ me ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe eye wòaɖoe ɖa be woawɔ Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔ hena dɔlékui ƒe aklãdɔ.

Emegbe wò ɖɔkta atsɔ kpɔɖeŋua ade nugoe si me dɔlékui mele o me eye wòaɖoe ɖe nudokpɔƒe be woadoe kpɔ. Atikewɔwɔ ŋuti nudokpɔƒe ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala aɖe asisi kpɔɖeŋua ɖe nusuekpɔmɔ̃ ƒe slidewo dzi, atsɔ amadede vovovowo asisi ɖe eŋu, eye wòalé ŋku ɖe eŋu le nusuekpɔmɔ̃ me. Woaŋlɔ nyatakaka aɖe atsɔe ana wò ɖɔkta.

Aleke nèdzrana ɖo ɖe Gram Stain dodokpɔ ŋu?

Nya nyui aɖee nye esia! Mehiã be nàwɔ nu tɔxɛ aɖeke hafi adzra ɖo ɖe Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔ ŋu o.

Aleke wowɔa Gram Stain dodokpɔae?

Zi geɖe la, afɔɖeɖe vevi etɔ̃e le Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔ me:

• Kpɔɖeŋua nuƒoƒoƒu.
• Kpɔɖeŋu dzadzraɖo.
• Kpɔɖeŋua dodokpɔ.

Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo ƒe kpɔɖeŋua nuƒoƒoƒu

Esia bia be nàɖe ʋu aɖe tso teƒe si wò ɖɔkta susu be dɔlékui aɖe le eŋu. Mɔ siwo dzi nàto awɔ kpɔɖeŋu sia tɔgbe dometɔ aɖewoe nye esi:

• Lãmetsiŋusẽwo tutu alo wo tutu tso wò ŋutilã ƒe akpa aɖe ƒe anyime.
• Tsi alo tsi si dona le wò ŋutilã me nuƒoƒoƒu.
• Fine-needle aspiration nye tsi ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe ɖeɖe le wò ŋutilã ƒe teƒe aɖe to aŋe nyui aɖe zazã me.

Teƒe siwo nàte ŋu atsɔ atike si wotsɔna ƒoa tsii alo atsɔ brɔs akɔ eƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖee nye esiwo gbɔna:

• Vetome
• No ƒe ŋɔtiwo
• Vidzinuwo
• Ŋutilã ƒe abiwo

Kpɔɖeŋu siwo nàte ŋu aƒo ƒu tẽ ɖe nugoe si me dɔlékui mele o mee nye:

• Aɖuɖɔ (aɖuɖɔ) .
• Aɖuɖɔtoe
• Zikui

Ŋutilãa ƒe akpa siwo wòahiã be woatsɔ aŋe nyui aɖe agbɔe dometɔ aɖewoe nye:

• Lãmetsi si le ƒunukpeƒewo me le wò ƒunukpeƒewo.
• Lãmetsi si ƒo xlã wò dzi (dzitodzito me tsi).
• Pleural fluid nye tsi si ƒo xlã wò lãkusiwo.
• Ahɔhɔ̃ me tsi (CSF) nye tsi si ƒo xlã wò aklã.

Emegbe ɖɔktaa tsɔa kpɔɖeŋua dea nugoe si me dɔlékui mele o me heɖonɛ ɖe dodokpɔxɔa.

Alesi woawɔ Gram staining

Le dodokpɔxɔa me la, atikewɔƒea ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala kakaa kpɔɖeŋua ɖe ahuhɔ̃e me nusuekpɔmɔ̃ dzi. Woyɔa slide siawo be "smears." Emegbe wotsɔa amadede vovovowo dea nusi wotsɔ ƒoe la ŋu eye wowɔa Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒoa.

Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo ƒe ɖoɖoa lɔ afɔɖeɖe vevi ene ɖe eme:

• Amadede gbãtɔ (crystal violet) zazã.
• Amadede ɖɔɖɔɖotike (Gram ƒe iodine) tsɔtsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu.
• Amadede ɖeɖeɖa kabakaba kple ethanol, acetone, alo evea siaa ƒe tsakatsaka.
• Wotsɔ safranin tsi tre ɖe eŋu.

Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒoa me dzodzro

Emegbe ne atikewɔƒea ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala lé ŋku ɖe eŋu le nusuekpɔmɔ̃ me la, woɖoa dɔlékui ɖesiaɖe si ate ŋu anɔ afima ɖe woƒe amadede kple nɔnɔme nu :

• Amadede : Zi geɖe la, dɔlékui siwo nye Gram-positive dzena abe aŋutiɖiɖi va ɖo blɔ ene, gake dɔlékui siwo nye Gram-negative ya dzena pink va ɖo dzĩ.
• Nɔnɔme : Nɔnɔme siwo bɔ wue nye esiwo le dzogoe ene me (cocci) alo esiwo le abe atikplɔ ene (bacilli).

Azɔ hã, atikewɔƒea ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala léa ŋku ɖe dɔlékuiwo ƒe hatsotso siwo le slide la dzi ŋu eye wòdia kpɔɖeŋua ƒe nɔnɔme bubuwo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me:

• Ðe cocci li ɖekaɖeka, eve eve, le ƒuƒoƒo siwo me ame ene le, le ƒuƒoƒo me, alo le kɔsɔkɔsɔ mea?
• Ðe bacilli-awo nye ami, ɖe wole sue, wole kpuie, ɖe didi, alo ɖe spore gãwo le woƒe nugbɔ ɖeka?
• Ðe dɔlékuiwo le ʋumenugbagbevi ɣiwo mea?

Emegbe atikewɔƒea ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala awɔ nyatakaka aɖe eye wòaɖoe ɖe wò ɖɔkta.

Afɔku kawoe le Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔ me?

Afɔku aɖeke mele aɖuɖɔ, aɖuɖɔ, alo aɖuɖɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu nana me o.

Le ʋudodokpɔ gome la, afɔku siwo le eme la le sue ŋutɔ. Ðewohĩ abi kple abi aɖewo anɔ afisi woɖe ʋua le, gake ahaya kaba.

Afɔku siwo ate ŋu ado tso aŋe nyui dodo me enye:

• Sese le eɖokui me be yemele dedie o alo vevesese.
• Ʋu si le dodom.
• Dɔlékui aɖe.
• Nusiwo gblẽ le lãmenugbagbevi siwo ƒo xlãe ŋu.

Nukae Gram stain ƒe emetsonuwo fia?

Gram stain dodokpɔ me tsonu ɖe ​​nu vevi eve fia: "Gram stain manyomanyo" alo "Gram stain nyui". Mele be woatɔtɔ esia kple nya "gram-negative" alo "gram-positive" dɔlékuiwo o.

Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo manyomanyo

Ne wò dodokpɔ me tsonu gblɔ be "Negative Gram stain" alo "no organism seen" la, zi geɖe la, efia be dɔlékuiwo mesɔ gbɔ be Gram stain nakpɔ o. Gake ne èwɔ kpɔɖeŋu ɖeka ma ke ƒe dekɔnu la, àte ŋu akpɔ dɔlékuiwo kokoko.

Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo nyui

Ne wò dodokpɔ me tsonu gblɔ be "positive Gram stain" la, efia be dɔlékuiwo nɔ wò kpɔɖeŋua me. Ne wò emetsonua nyo la, zi geɖe la, nyatakakawo abe esiawo ene anɔ eme:

• Dɔlékui ƒomevi : Gram-positive alo Gram-negative.
• Dɔlékuiawo ƒe nɔnɔme : eɖanye goglo (cocci) alo atikplɔ ƒe nɔnɔme (bacilli).
• Dɔlékui ƒe nɔnɔme bubuwo : dɔlékuiawo ƒe lolome, woƒe agbɔsɔsɔ (xexlẽme), kple/alo alesi woƒo dɔlékuiawo nu ƒu ɖekae, ne esɔ.
• Lãmenugbagbevi bubuwo : Eɖanye dɔlékuiwo le lãmenugbagbevi bubuwo me (intracellular), ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩwo, alo ʋumenugbagbevi ɣiwo o.
• Fungi : Gram stain dodokpɔ ate ŋu adi fungi siwo le abe amɔwɔʋãnu alo aŋɔ ene hã. Gake ehiã be woagawɔ dodokpɔ bubuwo atsɔ anya lãvi ƒomevi si tututu wònye.

Nyatakaka siawo, tsɔ kpe ɖe wò dzesiwo kple nu bubu siwo ŋu woke ɖo le atikewɔƒewo ŋu, ate ŋu akpe ɖe wò ɖɔkta ŋu wòatso nya me le atikewɔwɔ si awɔ dɔ wu ŋu. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, esia ate ŋu akpe ɖe ame ŋu hafi dɔlékuiwo ƒe dekɔnu me tsonu nasu ame si.

Ɣeyiɣi didi kae wòxɔna hafi woate ŋu anya dodokpɔa me tsonu?

Zi geɖe la, gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo dodokpɔwo naa emetsonuwo kaba. Gake zi geɖe la, wobua Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo me tsonu be wonye gbãtɔ . Esia fia be woawo ɖeɖe mate ŋu akpɔ dɔlélea ɣesiaɣi o. Dɔlékuiwo ƒe dekɔnu kple/alo dodokpɔ bubuwo (le kpɔɖeŋu me, dɔlékuiwutike kple dɔlékuiwutike dodokpɔwo na dɔlékui tɔxɛwo) ate ŋu ahiã be woatsɔ aɖo kpe dɔlélea dzi.

Ɣekaɣie wòle be maƒo ka na nye ɖɔkta?

Ne wokpɔe be dɔlékui aɖe le ŋuwò eye kuxi aɖewo le atike si wɔm nèle ŋu, alo ne wò dɔlékuia mele nyonyom ɖe edzi o la, kpɔ egbɔ be yeƒo ka na wò ɖɔkta.

Gram ƒe ɖiƒoƒo nye dodokpɔ si bɔ ŋutɔ, si me vevesese aɖeke mele o, si wozãna tsɔ léa ŋku ɖe dɔlékui alo fungi ƒe dɔlékuiwo ŋu hã. Dodokpɔ si wowɔ be woatsɔ anya dɔlélea ƒe emetsonuwo lala ate ŋu agbɔ eme vie. Gake ɖo ŋku edzi be nuka kee ado tso eme o, wò atikewɔlawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa li be yewoakpe ɖe ŋuwò. Mègavɔ̃ be yeabia nya tso wò dodokpɔa alo emetsonuwo ŋu o.

Gbedasi si Wotsɔ Yi Aƒeme

Enyo, eyata tso nusiwo me míedzro me la, mele mɔ kpɔm be susu nyui aɖe su asiwò le Gram Stain dodokpɔa ŋu. Nu vevi siwo dzi wòle be míaɖo ŋkui enye:

• Gram stain nye dodokpɔ si dea dzesii kaba nenye be dɔlékuiwo le eme kple esiwo ƒomevi wonye .
• Esia da dɔlékuiwo ɖe hatsotso siwo nye gram-positive alo gram-negative me . Ekpena ɖe ɖɔktaa ŋu wòtiaa atike.
• Togbɔ be emetsonuwo dona kabakaba hã la, wodzɔna do ŋgɔ ɣeaɖewoɣi . Ðewohĩ ahiã be woawɔ dɔlékuiwo ƒe dekɔnu be woatsɔ ade dzesi dɔlékuiawo tututu.
• Afɔku gã aɖeke mele dodokpɔ sia me o.
• Ne nya aɖe le asiwò la, mègavɔ̃ gbeɖe be yeabia wò ɖɔkta o .

Eyata ne ɖɔkta bia tso asiwò be nàwɔ dodokpɔ sia tɔgbe la, nu vevitɔ kekeakee nye be màtsi dzodzodzoe le eŋu o, ke boŋ be nàse egɔme be esia nye nu vevi aɖe na wò nyonyo.

` Gram stain, Gram stain, dɔlékuiwo, dɔlékuiwo, Gram positive, Gram negative, dodokpɔ siwo wowɔ le nudokpɔƒe