Mí katã míese dɔlékuiwo ŋkɔ kpɔ, alo? Vevietɔ nyitsɔ laa le `(COVID-19)` ta la, nya dɔlékui va zu míaƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa aɖe. Gake nuka tututue nye dɔlékui? Aleke wowɔna míedzea dɔe? Mègatsi dzi o, egbea míaƒo nu tso nusiawo katã ŋu bɔbɔe eye eme nakɔ, abe ɖe míele nu ƒom na mía xɔlɔ̃ aɖe ene.

Nukae nye dɔlékui? (Nukae nye Dɔlékui?)

Kpuie ko la, dɔlékui nye dɔlékui sue aɖe ŋutɔ . Wole sue ale gbegbe be míate ŋu akpɔ wo kple ŋku gɔ̃ hã o, wole abe amedzidzela suewo ene. Menye amegbetɔwo, lãwo, numiemiewo koe dɔlékui siawo ate ŋu axɔ o, ke woate ŋu axɔ dɔlékuiwo kple fungiwo hã. Gake nu tɔxɛ ɖeka aɖe li, menye dɔlékuiwo katãe gblẽa nu le amesiame ŋu o. Woxɔa dɔlélea to "aƒe" si sɔ didi na wo ɖokui me ko. Míeyɔa esia be amedzroxɔla ƒe nɔnɔme tɔxɛ .

Ne dɔlékui aɖe ge ɖe ametia me la, ɣeaɖewoɣi la, ate ŋu anye vevesese aɖeke kura o. Gake ɣeaɖewoɣi la, ate ŋu anye nu sesẽ ŋutɔ. Dɔléle ƒomevi aɖewo siwo dɔlékuiwo ate ŋu ahe vɛ lae nye esi:

• Dɔléle siwo hea gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe vɛ (e.g. vuvɔ, asrã) .
• Dɔgbo ƒe vevesese, ʋuʋudedi, aɖuɖɔtoe
• Gbɔdɔdɔ ƒe dɔlékuiwo (STI) .
• Ŋutilãmedɔlélewo (e.g., koklozi, ʋuʋudedi) .

Bu eŋu ale: dɔlékui le abe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nyatakaka sue aɖe si woxatsa ɖe "agbalẽvi" sue aɖe me ene. Woyɔa agbalẽvi sia, alo ametakpɔnu, be capsid . Menye lãmenugbagbeviwoe wotsɔ wɔ dɔlékuiwo o. Eyata womate ŋu awɔ dɔlékui geɖe le wo ɖokui si o. Nusi wowɔnae nye be woxɔa woƒe mɔfiamewo, gena ɖe lãmenugbagbevi si xɔa ame abe mía tɔ ene me, eye wozãa dɔwɔnu siwo le lãmenugbagbevi ma me tsɔ wɔa wo ɖokui ƒe kɔpiwo.

Ðeko wòle abe ame aɖe si le bebeme ge ɖe wò nuɖaƒe, tsɔ eya ŋutɔ ƒe nuɖaɖa vɛ, eye wòzã wò zewo, agbawo, kple dzodoƒe tsɔ ɖa wò nuɖuɖu ene. Nublanuitɔe la, wova gblẽa nu le nuɖaƒea ne wowu enu!

Woyɔa dɔlékuiwo ɣeaɖewoɣi be "virions".

Nukawoe nye dɔlékuiwo ƒe nɔnɔme siwo bɔ?

Nɔnɔme ʋɛ aɖewo siwo bɔ ɖe dɔlékuiwo katã kloe si. Kpɔe ɖa:

• Domenyiŋusẽfianu (RNA alo DNA) kple protein si kpɔa ame ta (capsid) si ƒo xlãe ye wotsɔ wɔa woe.
• Dɔlékui aɖewo ƒe gotagome nutsyɔnu le capsid sia tame. Woyɔa esia be agbalẽkotoku . Woyɔa dɔlékui siwo ŋu nutsyɔnu ma tɔgbe mele o be "dɔlékui amama."
• Dɔlékuiwo le abe dɔlékuiwo ene . Wohiã lãmenugbagbevi si xɔa wo vevie hafi woate ŋu adzi vi. Woate ŋu anɔ agbe le amedzro aɖe godo hena ɣeyiɣi aɖe, gake vaseɖe esime capsid la nagbã hafi.
• Ele sue abe zi gbɔ zi 100 va ɖo 1000 ene wu lãmenugbagbevi siwo le míaƒe ŋutilã me. Esesẽ be woasusui, alo?

Nukae Nye Dɔlékui Ƒomeviwo?

Ðɔktawo kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo daa dɔlékuiwo ɖe hatsotsowo me le woƒe dzedzeme (lolome, nɔnɔme) kple domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒomevi si le wo me nu. Woma ɖe ƒomewo me, abe towo ene. Dɔlékui ƒomevi siwo ŋu nèse nu tsoe kpɔ la dometɔ aɖewoe nye esi:

Dɔlékui ƒomevi siwo ŋu míesea nu tsoe zi geɖe la dometɔ aɖewo

• Dzamezã ƒe dɔlékuiwo: Esiawoe hea dzamezã (dzamezã) vɛ. Dzamezã ƒe dɔlékui siawo hã gbɔ nuwo abe xeviwo ƒe dɔléle kple ha ƒe dɔléle (H1N1) ene tsona.
• Amegbetɔ ƒe herpesvirus: Esia nye dɔlékuiwo ƒe ƒome gã aɖe. Woawo gbɔe dɔléle geɖe tsona, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye nu me kple vidzinuwo ƒe ʋuʋudedi, koklozi, herpes zoster (shingles), Epstein-Barr dɔlékui, kple cytomegalovirus (CMV).
• Coronavirus: Ame sia ame nya ŋkɔ sia vaseɖe fifia, alo? Dɔlékui si hea COVID-19 vɛ lae nye ƒome sia me tɔ si xɔ ŋkɔ wu. Gake dɔlékui aɖewo siwo le ƒome sia ke me hã hea dɔléle suesuesuewo abe dzamezã ene vɛ.
• Amegbetɔ ƒe Papillomavirus (HPV): Esiawoe hea ʋuʋudedi vɛ. HPV ƒomevi aɖewo hã ate ŋu ahe kansa vɛ.
• Enteroviruses: Dɔlékui siawo hea dɔlékuiwo vɛ le míaƒe dɔgbowo me. Woawo gbɔe nuwo abe polio kple asi, afɔ, kple nu me dɔlélewo tsona.
• Flaviviruses: Nudzodzoewoe kakaa dɔlékuiwo ƒe hatsotso sia wu. Wohea dɔlélewo abe Dengue fever, Zika, kple West Nile ene vɛ.
• Orthopoxviruses: Dɔlékui siawo nana ŋutigbalẽ me ʋuʋudedi siwo me ʋuʋudedi le. Mpox kple smallpox nye dɔlékui sia ƒomevi ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo.
• Aklãdɔlékuiwo: Togbɔ be dɔlékui siawo metso ƒome ɖeka me o hã la, wo katã gblẽa nu le míaƒe aklã ŋu. Aklãdɔléle A, B, kple C ye bɔ ​​wu.

Dɔlékui ƒomevi tɔxɛwo

Dɔlékui ƒomevi tɔxɛ bubu aɖewo hã li:

• Retroviruses: Esiawo nye RNA dɔlékuiwo. Wozãa protein tɔxɛwo tsɔ trɔa woƒe RNA wòzua DNA. Emegbe wotsɔa DNA ma dea míaƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe DNA me. Emegbe míaƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo dzea dɔlékuia ƒe DNA xexlẽ gɔme abe woawo ŋutɔ ƒe mɔfiamewoe wònye ene. HIV ( dɔlékui si hea AIDS vɛ) kple HTLV-1 nye retrovirus mawo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo.
• Oncoviruses: Esiawo nye dɔlékui siwo ate ŋu ahe kansa vɛ. Wogblɔ be dɔlékuiwo abe HPV, Epstein-Barr dɔlékui, HIV, aklãdɔléle B kple C, HTLV-1, kple amegbetɔ ƒe herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) do ƒome kple kansa ƒomevi aɖewo.
• Satellite dɔlékuiwo: Dɔlékui siawo mate ŋu adzi vi le wo ɖokui si o. Wohiã dɔlékui "kpekpeɖeŋutɔ" aɖe. Esiawo bɔ ɖe numiemiewo me wu.
• Dɔlékuiwutikewo:Wogayɔa esiawo be "phages" kpuie. Dɔlékui siawo koŋue xɔa dɔlékuiwo. Fifia dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo le numekuku wɔm tso dɔlékuiwutikewo zazã ŋu be woatsɔ ada dɔlékuiwo ƒe dɔlékui siwo te ŋu nɔa te ɖe dɔlékuiwutikewo nu.

Aleke dɔlékuiwo gena ɖe míaƒe ŋutilã me?

Zi geɖe la, dɔlékuiwo toa míaƒe lãkusiwo me gena ɖe míaƒe ŋutilã me. Ema fia teƒewo abe ŋku, ŋɔti, nu, vidzinuwo, nyɔnu ƒe vidzidɔ, kple aɖuɖɔtoe ene. Dɔlékui aɖewo hã ate ŋu age ɖe ŋutilãa me to ŋutigbalẽa ƒe gbagbã me, alo tso nudzodzoe alo ʋetsuvi aɖe gbɔ.

Aleke Dɔlékuiwo Wɔa Dɔe?

Dɔlékui aɖe xɔa lãmenugbagbevi aɖe eye wòwɔa afɔɖeɖe geɖe tsɔ wɔa eɖokui ƒe kɔpiwo.

1. Kpekpeɖeŋunana: Dɔlékuia léna ɖe lãmenugbagbevi si xɔe ŋu gbã.

2. Geɖe: Emegbe wogena ɖe lãmenugbagbevi la me.

3. Gbugbɔgadzɔ: Lãmenugbagbevi la wɔa eƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu kple protein siwo le eme ƒe kɔpiwo.

4. Nuƒoƒoƒu: Akpa yeye siwo wowɔ la va ƒoa ƒu wɔa dɔlékui blibo aɖe.

5. Asiɖeɖe le eŋu: Dɔlékui yeyea dona le lãmenugbagbevi la me eye wòyia edzi xɔa lãmenugbagbevi bubuwo.

Lãmenugbagbevi aɖe me yiyi

Dɔlékuiwo zãa mɔnu siwo ade etɔ̃ tsɔ gena ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo me:

• Receptor binding: Míaƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gota gome xɔla siwo wɔa dɔ abe "agbowo" ene. Dɔlékui aɖewo blea lãmenugbagbevi siawo wosusuna be mɔɖeɖe le yewo si be yewoage ɖe eme, eye wotoa agbo siawo me gena ɖe eme.
• Fusion direct: Dɔlékui aɖewo léna ɖe lãmenugbagbevi si xɔe ŋu tẽ eye wogena ɖe eme.
• Bacteriophages nye dɔlékui siwo doa woƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ɖeɖeko ɖe dɔlékui ƒe lãmenugbagbevi me. Mehiã be dɔlékui bliboa nage ɖe eme o.

Nukae dzɔna ne ège ɖe eme vɔ? (Kɔpiwo wɔwɔ) .

Ne dɔlékui alo eƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu nya ge ɖe lãmenugbagbevi aɖe me ko la, ezãa mɔnu eve tsɔ wɔa eƒe kɔpiwo. Dɔlékui aɖewo zãa mɔnu evea siaa ɣeaɖewoɣi.

• Lytic cycle: Le tsatsam sia me la, dɔlékuia zãa lãmenugbagbevi si xɔe ƒe nunɔamesiwo (abe nuɖanuwo ene) tsɔ wɔa eɖokui ƒe kɔpi geɖe. Dɔlékui ƒe akpa suesuesueawo ƒoa ƒu, eye domenyiŋusẽfianu la gena ɖe capsid la me. Ne wowɔ dɔlékuia ƒe kɔpi geɖe le mɔ sia nu le lãmenugbagbevi la me la, lãmenugbagbevi la gbãna mlɔeba. Emegbe dɔlékui yeyewo dona eye woxɔa lãmenugbagbevi geɖe wu.
• Lysogenic cycle: Dɔlékui aɖewo ƒe ɣeyiɣi "si me ɖoɖoezizi" alo "ɣla" nɔa wo ŋu. Wogena ɖe gaxɔwo me henɔa afima hena ɣeyiɣi aɖe, eye womewɔa naneke o. Ele abe alesi nège ɖe wò nuɖaƒe le adzame eye nèŋlɔ woƒe nuɖaɖa ŋuti mɔfiamewo ɖe wò nuɖaɖagbalẽ me tsɔ wu be nàɖa nu ene. Lãmenugbagbevi la menya be dɔlékui aɖe le eme o, eyata lãmenugbagbevi la ma hedzina ɖe edzi le mɔ si sɔ nu. Dɔlékui ma ƒe kɔpi le lãmenugbagbevi yeye ɖesiaɖe si dzɔna me. Emegbe, nuteɖeamedzi, le nane abe atike aɖewo alo dzoxɔxɔ ƒe tɔtrɔ ene ta la, dɔlékui ɣaɣla la va wɔa dɔ, egbãna ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo me, eye dɔlékui ƒe akpa suesuesuewo kakana ɖe ŋutilã bliboa me.

Dɔlékui ƒomevi vovovowo

Woate ŋu atsɔ nɔnɔme vovovowo aɖɔ dɔlékuiwo:

• Alesi wodzenae (nɔnɔme kple lolome).
• Woƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe nɔnɔmewo.
• Ne protein siwo le xɔtuɖoɖo me kple agbalẽkotoku aɖe li alo womeli o.

Dɔlékuiwo ƒe nɔnɔmewo

Dɔlékuiwo ƒe dzedzeme ate ŋu ato vovo kura tso wo nɔewo gbɔ. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ɖoa wo ɖe hatsotsowo me le woƒe nɔnɔme nu:

• Icosahedral alo polyhedral: Esia nye geometri ƒe nɔnɔme si ƒe axawo sɔ gbɔ, abe bɔl ene. Nɔnɔme siae le dɔlékui akpa gãtɔ siwo xɔa amegbetɔwo ŋu.
• Helical: Dɔlékui sia ƒe nɔnɔme le abe tsilindo ene. Woƒoa eƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nyatakakawo nu ƒu ɖe eme abe tsidzɔƒe ene.
• Spherical: Spherical virus nye dɔlékui siwo ƒe agbalẽkotoku ƒo xlã dɔlékuia, eɖanye spiral alo multi-layered. Wole abe bɔl ene wu alo wu nenema.
• Nusiwo me kɔ: Dɔlékui sesẽwo ƒe nɔnɔme wu ɖeka ne wotsɔ wo katã ƒo ƒui. Dɔlékui siwo xɔa dɔlékuiwo ƒe "ta" si le ƒuƒoƒo geɖe kple "ŋutilã" si le tsatsam la le wo si.

Dɔlékuia ƒe lolome

Dɔlékuiwo katã le sue ŋutɔ – wole sue akpa be woakpɔ nusuekpɔmɔ̃ sesẽ aɖeke manɔmee. Ne wodzidzee la, akpa gãtɔ ƒe didime le nanometer 20 (nm) va ɖo 400nm dome. Bu eŋu kpɔ, ema le sue wu keku ɖeka abe zi gbɔ zi 2000 ene ! Wole sue wu lãmenugbagbevi siwo le míaƒe ŋutilã me abe zi gbɔ zi 100 va ɖo 1000 ene.

Gake woƒe lolome ate ŋu ato vovo ŋutɔ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, aɖitsidɔlékuia lolo wu Zika dɔlékuia abe zi gbɔ zi atɔ̃ ene.

Dɔlékuiwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nyatakakawo

Nyatakaka siwo wodzra ɖo ɖe dɔlékui me – eƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu – nye `(DNA)` alo `(RNA)`. `(DNA)` le abe mɔfiamegbalẽ si gblɔa alesi woawɔe na dɔlékuia ene. `(RNA)` le abe mɔfiame siwo lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe mɔ̃wo xlẽna heɖea wo gɔme ɖe gbegbɔgblɔ si ate ŋu awɔ proteinwo me ene. Dɔlékui ateŋu anye `(DNA)` alo `(RNA)` abe esia ene:

• Linear alo gotagome .
• Positive-sense alo negative-sense: Woate ŋu azã Positive-sense RNA abe mɔfiame ene atsɔ awɔ dɔlékui ƒe akpa suewo tẽ afɔɖeɖe bubu aɖeke mawɔmawɔe. RNA dɔlékui siwo ƒe susu mewɔa dɔ nyuie o hiã enzyme tɔxɛwo hafi woate ŋu awɔ RNA si me susu nyui le hafi awɔ dɔlékui ƒe kɔpiwo.
• Ka ɖeka alo ka eve: DNA dɔlékuiwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ate ŋu anye ka ɖeka (ssDNA) alo abe ka eve siwo do ƒome kple wo nɔewo (dsDNA). (Amegbetɔ ƒe DNA nye esi me ka eve le). Zi geɖe la, RNA dɔlékuiwo nyea ka ɖeka, gake RNA dɔlékui aɖewo siwo ƒe ka eve li.

Ðe dɔlékuiwo le agbe loo alo womele agbe oa?

Esia nye nyabiase dodzidzɔname aɖe vie. Zi geɖe la, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo mebua dɔlékuiwo be wonye nu gbagbewo o.Esia le alea elabena womate ŋu awɔ nu siwo nu gbagbewo wɔna la dometɔ aɖewo, abe nuɖuɖu tɔtrɔ wòazu ŋusẽ (metabolism) ene o. Womate ŋu anɔ agbe alo adzi vi hã ne lãmenugbagbevi aɖeke mele wo si o.

Gake le go bubu me la, woate ŋu adzi ɖe edzi le lãmenugbagbevi si sɔ si xɔa wo me, eye woate ŋu atrɔ (atrɔ) le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe be woatsi agbe. Menye ema ɖeɖeko o, ke woate ŋu agblẽ nu le lãmenugbagbevi siwo xɔa dɔlékuiwo ŋu ahatsrɔ̃ wo hã le esia wɔwɔ me. Le esia ta la, ame geɖe bua dɔlékuiwo be wonye nane si le teƒe ɣi aɖe, le liƒo si le agbagbeawo kple esiwo me agbe mele o dome.

Dɔléle kawoe dɔlékuiwo hena vɛ?

Abe alesi míedzro eme va yi ene la, dɔlékuiwo ate ŋu ahe dɔléle vovovowo vɛ. Dɔlékui siwo bɔ wu dometɔ aɖewoe nye:

• Vuvɔ si bɔ
• Dzamezã (Dzamezã) .
• Covid-19 `(COVID-19)`
• Yagbɔgbɔ ƒe syncytial dɔlékui `(RSV)`
• Koklozi ƒe dɔléle
• Aɖuɖɔtoedɔ
• HIV/AIDS dɔlélea
• Amegbetɔ ƒe papillomavirus/vidzinuwo ƒe ʋuʋudedi (HPV/vidzinuwo ƒe ʋuʋudedi) .
• Vidzinuwo ƒe dɔléle (HSV) .
• Polio ƒe dɔléle
• Rabies ƒe dɔléle
• Mpox `(Mpox)`
• Zika si woyɔna be Zika
• Aklãdɔléle

Nusiwo dzi wòle be míaɖo ŋkui (Take-Home Message) .

Kaka fifia naɖo la, ele be nusiwo dɔlékuiwo nye ŋuti susu nyui nanɔ asiwò. Ðo ŋku edzi be dɔlékuiwo nye nu suesuesue siwo ƒe nɔnɔme kple lolome le vovovo. Wohiã amedzro aɖe si axɔ dɔa na mí. Gake menye dɔlékuiwo katãe nana míedzea dɔ o. Le nyateƒe me la, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo gblɔ be dɔlékui triliɔn geɖe ate ŋu anɔ míaƒe ŋutilã me, eye womagblẽ nu le mía ŋu o!

Ke hã, dɔlékui siwo nana míedzea dɔ la le abe amedzro siwo míedi o siwo vaa míaƒe aƒewo me ene. Eyata míate ŋu akpɔ mía ɖokui ta tso dɔlékui siawo me ne míenɔ dzadzɛ, míeklɔ asi enuenu, eye míedo atike na dɔléle aɖewo. Ne dɔléle aɖe le ŋuwò la, mègaŋlɔ be be yeadi atikewɔlawo ƒe aɖaŋuɖoɖo o. Nɔ lãmesẽ me!

` Dɔlékuiwo, dɔlékuiwo ƒe dɔlélewo, dɔlékui ƒomeviwo, dɔlélewo, lãmesẽ, dɔlélenutsiŋutete, dɔlélewo