Do you often get colds and flu ? Or do you often get mouth sores and sore throats ? Maybe you are undergoing chemotherapy . At a time like this , if your doctor does a blood test and says, “You have a low white blood cell count,” you might be wondering what that means. Don’t worry. Today we are talking about a condition called ‘ Neutropenia ’ that can affect many people, but can be controlled if understood properly.
Simply put, what is Neutropenia?
Imagine that our body is a country. We have a strong army to fight against the enemies ( germs , bacteria ) that enter this country from outside. The most special soldiers in this army are called Neutrophils . These are actually the main type of white blood cells in our blood. When a germ enters our body, these Neutrophil soldiers go there and destroy that germ and protect us from diseases .
Do you understand now? Neutropenia is an abnormal decrease in the number of these so-called neutrophil soldiers in the blood. When these soldiers decrease, our body's immune system weakens. Then even a small germ can easily enter the body and cause infections. These neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow inside our bones.
Are there main types of neutropenia?
Yes, neutropenia can be divided into several main types depending on how it occurs. Some get better in a short time (acute), while others last a long time (chronic).
| Type of neutropenia | A simple explanation |
|---|---|
| Congenital Neutropenia | This is a congenital condition. It is most common in infants and young children. It is caused by a problem with the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow. |
| Idiopathic Neutropenia | Idiopathic means “no cause can be found.” This type can affect both children and adults. |
| Cyclic Neutropenia | This type is very specific. It usually occurs about once every 3 weeks and lasts about 3-6 days. It occurs in a cycle where the neutrophil count drops and then returns to normal. |
| Autoimmune Neutropenia | What's happening here is that our own defense system, our own Neutrophil cells, are being destroyed. It's like our own army attacking our own soldiers. This is common among young children. |
| Febrile Neutropenia | This is a very serious condition that can occur in people undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. A fever with low neutrophil levels can be a sign of a serious infection. This is considered a medical emergency. |
How do you know if you have neutropenia? What are the symptoms?
Neutropenia often has no symptoms. Some people only find out about it when they have a blood test for another reason. However, symptoms of infections caused by low neutrophils can occur.
The most important thing is that a person with neutropenia develops a fever. Fever is always a sign that should be taken seriously, as it could mean that a dangerous infection is spreading inside the body.
Other symptoms that may be caused by infection include:
- Frequent sore throat
- Ulcers in the mouth or lips
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Burning when urinating and the need to urinate frequently
- Diarrhea
- Abscesses
- Delay in healing of wounds
- Feeling more tired than usual (Fatigue)
Why does this Neutropenia occur? What are the causes?
Neutropenia can have a number of causes. The main causes can be divided into two categories: either a decrease in the production of neutrophils by the bone marrow, or the rapid destruction of the neutrophils that are produced.
- Reasons for decreased neutrophil production:
- Cancer treatment: Chemotherapy and radiation are the main causes.
- Cancers that affect the bone marrow, such as leukemia .
- Congenital bone marrow problems.
- Some viral infections.
- Causes of increased neutrophil destruction:
- Autoimmune diseases: For example, diseases like Lupus and Rheumatoid arthritis.
- Some infections: Dengue fever, Tuberculosis, HIV, and viruses like Hepatitis.
- Some types of drugs:
- Neutropenia can also be caused by certain antibiotics, heart medications, epilepsy medications, and some psychiatric medications. If you suspect that a medication you are taking is causing this condition, never stop taking it without first asking your doctor.
How exactly is this condition diagnosed and treated?
The main test to diagnose neutropenia is a simple blood test called a Complete Blood Count (CBC with differential) . This can accurately measure the number of neutrophils. If the cause is not clear, your doctor may also recommend a bone marrow biopsy .
Treatment options depend on the severity of the neutropenia condition and its cause.
- Antibiotics: If there is a fever or infection, antibiotics are started immediately.
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) injections: These stimulate the bone marrow and help it produce more white blood cells. This is a life-saving treatment, especially for neutropenia caused by chemotherapy.
- Changing medications: If this condition is caused by a medication, the doctor may change the medication.
- Corticosteroids: This type of medication is used for autoimmune conditions.
- Stem cell transplant: This treatment can be used for very serious bone marrow problems.
What should we do to protect ourselves from infections?
The most important thing for someone with neutropenia is to protect themselves from infections. It is very important to follow these simple steps.
- Cleanliness: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water regularly. Take care of your teeth and oral health.
- Stay away from sick people: Avoid contact with people who have a fever or cold. Reduce your visits to crowded places.
- Food safety: Eat only well-cooked foods. Wash and clean raw vegetables and fruits thoroughly. Avoid unpasteurized dairy and raw meat, fish, and eggs.
- Skin injuries: Clean any minor cuts or scrapes thoroughly and apply a plaster. Don't walk outside without shoes.
- Personal items: Do not share items such as razors, toothbrushes, and towels with others.
- Water: Avoid swimming in ponds, rivers, and hot tubs.
Take-Home Message
- Neutropenia is a condition that reduces your body's ability to fight disease, but it can be managed.
- If you have neutropenia, a fever is a very serious sign. If you develop a fever, inform your doctor immediately or go to the Emergency Department (ETU) of the nearest hospital.
- Follow your doctor's instructions and treatment exactly. Take your medication on time.
- The most important thing is to protect yourself from infections. Always take care of cleanliness.
- Don't worry about your health. With the right knowledge and medical advice, you can stay healthy.
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