Bari mu koyi game da babban kwamfuta a cikin kwakwalwarka: cerebral cortex!

A yau za mu yi magana game da kwakwalwa, ɗaya daga cikin gaɓoɓin jikinmu mafi ban mamaki. Haka kuma wani ɓangare ne na musamman, mai matuƙar muhimmanci a cikinsa. Kwakwalwar kwakwalwa , ko kuma a Turanci, kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, kamar babban guntu ne na sarrafawa a kwamfutarmu. Ita ce ke da alhakin duk abin da kake tunani, kake so, kake tunawa, kake koya, kake yanke shawara, kake sarrafa motsin zuciyarka, da kuma wanda kake so. Don haka, bari mu yi nazari sosai kan wannan bangare mai ban mamaki, ko?

Menene Cerebral Cortex? A takaice dai...

Idan ka yi tunani game da kwakwalwarka, mafi girman matakin waje shine kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa. Kamar harsashi ne. Ba kawai saman santsi bane. Shin ka taɓa ganin goro? Kamar saman goro, kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa tana da wrinkles da yawa, zurfin ramuka (wanda muke kira "sulci") da kuma naɗewa masu ɗagawa (wanda muke kira "gyri") . Ka yi tunanin abin da ke faruwa saboda waɗannan wrinkles. Waɗannan wrinkles sune abin da ke ba mu damar ƙirƙirar babban yanki a cikin ƙaramin sarari. Sannan, ƙarin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na iya musayar bayanai da aiki tare. Kamar yadda muke saka tufafi da yawa a cikin ƙaramin jaka, waɗannan wrinkles suna ba wa kwakwalwa damar sarrafa bayanai da yawa.

Shin ka sani? Kusan rabin nauyin kwakwalwarka yana cikin wannan kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa. Kuma, an yi shi ne da layuka shida na ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi . Ana cewa akwai tsakanin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi biliyan 14 zuwa 16 a cikin waɗannan layukan! Kauri yana da kusan milimita biyu zuwa huɗu (mm 2-4). Shin ba abin mamaki ba ne?

Wannan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ta kasu kashi huɗu. Muna kiransu lobes:

1. Lalatah Vakhanda `( Lobe na gaba )

2. Lobe na parietal

3. Lobe na lokaci

4. Anukapala Vakhanda `( Lobe na Occipital )

Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan yankuna yana da aiki daban. Idan aka haɗa su wuri ɗaya, kwakwalwar kwakwalwa tana sarrafa dukkan hanyoyin tunani namu masu girma, kamar harshe, ƙwaƙwalwa, tunani, tunani, koyo, yanke shawara, motsin rai, hankali, da kuma hali.

Me yasa ake kiran wannan 'Mai launin toka'?

Wataƙila kun ji labarin wani abu da ake kira "launin toka" na kwakwalwa. Wannan shine saman ɓangaren kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa. Me yasa launin toka yake? Dalilin shine dendrites na ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi a wannan yanki (waɗannan su ne sassan da ke karɓar saƙonnin sinadarai daga wasu ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi) ba su da wani abu mai kitse da ake kira myelin.Myelin kamar murfin filastik ne a kan wayar lantarki. Wannan ɓangaren ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi yana kama da launin toka saboda ba ya nan a cikin murfin myelin.

Sai " Menene farin abu? Sashen kwakwalwa ne ke ɗauke da zare na jijiyoyi (axons) waɗanda aka rufe su da myelin sosai. Myelin shine abin da ke ba wa wannan ɓangaren launin fari.

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da kuma kwakwalwar kwakwalwa?

Waɗannan biyun suna kama da juna, amma akwai ɗan bambanci. Kwakwalwa ita ce mafi girman ɓangaren kwakwalwarka. Wannan kwakwalwa tana raba kwakwalwa zuwa ɓangarori biyu - ɓangaren dama da ɓangaren hagu. Kwakwalwa ita ce ɓangaren waje na kwakwalwa.

Na ce kwakwalwa ta kasu kashi biyu, kuma waɗannan sassan biyu suna da alaƙa da juna ta hanyar tarin zare na jijiyoyi da ake kira corpus callosum. Wannan kamar gada ne. Shi ya sa sassan biyu ke iya musayar bayanai da sadarwa da juna.

Menene wannan sabon cortex (Neocortex)?

Yawancin kwakwalwar kwakwalwarmu, kusan kashi 90%, tana cikin wani ɓangare da ake kira neocortex . "Neo" yana nufin "sabo." An san ta ne saboda ana tsammanin ta bayyana kwanan nan a cikin juyin halittar ƙashi. A cikin mutane, neocortex shine ke da alhakin ayyuka mafi rikitarwa.

Menene ayyukan kwakwalwa? Bari mu duba.

Kwakwalwar kwakwalwa kamar cibiyar kula da kwakwalwarmu ce mafi girma. Tana da hannu a ayyuka da yawa na manyan matakai kamar tunani, motsin rai, tunani, ƙwaƙwalwa, harshe, da kuma sani . Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, kowace lobe na kwakwalwa tana da takamaiman ayyuka.

Sashen aiki na gaban lobe

Yana nan a gaban kwakwalwarka, bayan goshinka. Manyan ayyukansa sune:

• Yanke shawara, warware matsaloli
• Tunani masu hankali
• Hankali
• Sarrafa motsin rai da hali
• Magana (samar da jawabi)
• Halayyar Mutum
• Hankali
• Motsin jiki

Ka yi tunanin, wannan ƙaramin dabarar tana taimaka maka da komai, tun daga ƙananan shawarwari da kake yankewa a duk tsawon yini har zuwa yadda za ka magance manyan matsaloli.

Wasu daga cikin muhimman fannoni na wannan rukuni sune:

• Motar Cortex: Wannan shine abin da ke sa tsokoki su motsa. Idan ka ɗaga hannu ko ka motsa ƙafa, saƙon yana nan.
• Cortex na gaba:Wannan shine abin da ke da alhakin "ayyukan zartarwa." Wato, abubuwa kamar tsarawa, warware matsaloli, da yanke shawara. Hakanan yana kula da kuma jagorantar sauran sassan kwakwalwa. Kamar manaja a babban ofishi.
• Bangaren Broca: Wannan shine abin da ke taimakawa wajen iya magana, wato, haɗa kalmomi wuri ɗaya da kuma samar da jimloli.

Sashen aiki na occipital lobe

Wannan yana bayan kwakwalwarka. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, galibi yana magana ne game da bayanan gani, wato, abubuwan da muke gani da idanunmu .

• Sarrafawa da fahimtar abin da aka gani
• Tattara bayanai na gani kamar launi, motsi, da kuma yanayin da ake bi
• Gane abubuwa da fuskoki
• Fahimtar zurfi da nisa
• Taswirar duniyar gani (wato, yadda muke fahimtar muhalli)

Sashen aiki na parietal lobe

Wannan yana tsakanin Lalata Vakhanda da Anukapala Vakhanda, sama da Shankha Vakhanda. Manyan ayyukan wannan sune:

• Sarrafa bayanai na jijiyoyi (taɓawa, matsi, zafi, matsayi, girgiza, da zafin jiki). Idan ka ji wani abu, wannan bayanin yana nan.
• Sarrafa sarari da sarrafa sarari. Wato, fahimtar inda kake da kuma kewayenka. Misali, lokacin da kake yawo a gidanka ko a kan titi, za ka iya motsawa ba tare da ka yi karo da abubuwa ba saboda wannan ikon.

Wani yanki na musamman a wannan yanki shine kwakwalwan somatosensory. Nan ne kake karɓar bayanai na "ji" (maganin ji) daga ko'ina cikin jikinka.

Bari mu ga yadda hanyoyin kwakwalwa ke aiki tare. Ka yi tunanin za ka sami kofi na miya mai zafi daga teburin kicin.

* Tsarin motsin jiki a gaban kwakwalwarka shine abin da ke aika saƙo ga tsokoki a hannunka da hannunka don isa ga kwano na miya.

* Idan ka taɓa kofi, ana tantance bayanai kamar zafinsa ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin somatosensory cortex da ke cikin ventricle na gefe .

* Haka kuma, ikon daidaita matsayin maƙallin gefe yana ba ka damar fahimtar nisan kofin daidai da teburin da sauran abubuwa, da kuma riƙe kofin ba tare da ya faɗi ko ya faɗi ba.

>

Shin kun ga yadda sassa da yawa na kwakwalwa ke aiki tare don cimma ko da ƙaramin aiki ɗaya?

Sashen aiki na lobe na lokaci

Yana tsakanin gaban goshi da kuma bayan kunne, a ƙarƙashin gefen goshi, kuma kusa da kunne sosai. Manyan ayyukansa sune:

• Fahimtar harshe, haɓaka ƙwarewar magana, koyo
• Ƙwaƙwalwa (musamman tunawa da sabbin abubuwa)
• Ji (ji)
• Fahimtar sadarwa ta hanyar da ba ta magana ba (misali, yanayin fuska)
• Canza sauti zuwa hotunan gani (misali, tunanin hoton wani lokacin da yake magana)

Wani yanki na musamman a wannan yanki shine yankin Wernicke. Wannan shine abin da ke taimaka mana mu fahimci harshe ta hanyar fahimtar abubuwa kamar sautin da tsarin sauti na kalmomin da muke ji, da kuma danganta su da sautunan da aka koya a baya.

Yankunan kwakwalwa (ta hanyar aiki)

Wasu masu bincike suna kallon kwakwalwa ta wata hanya daban. Suna rarraba sassan kwakwalwa bisa ga manyan ayyukansu guda uku: wuraren ji, wuraren motsa jiki, da wuraren haɗuwa.

• Sassan ji: Waɗannan sassan suna da alhakin karɓar bayanai daga jijiyoyinku da muhallinku.
• Fahimtar bayanan gani da kuma gane abubuwa: Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwakwalwa ta gani a cikin yankin occipital.
• Kimanta bayanai kamar taɓawa, zafin jiki, matsayi, rawar jiki, matsin lamba, da zafi: Ana yin wannan ta hanyar kwakwalwa ta somatosensory a cikin ventricles na gefe.
• Sarrafa bayanan ji: Ana yin hakan ta hanyar amfani da ƙwayar ji a cikin cochlea.
• Sarrafa ɗanɗano da ƙamshi: Ana yin hakan ta hanyar gustatory cortex da ke cikin tonsils na palatine.

• Yankunan motsa jiki: Waɗannan wurare suna da hannu a cikin motsin tsoka da kake yi da son rai. Wato, motsin da kake yi da hankalinka. Waɗannan ayyuka galibi suna faruwa ne a cikin gaban goshi.
• Daidaito tsakanin motsin tsoka.
• Tsarin ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa.
• Koyo ta hanyar kwaikwayon da tausayi.

• Yankunan da ke da alaƙa: Waɗannan yankuna sun bazu a duk faɗin duniyoyi huɗu. Suna haɗa bayanai daga sassan ji da motsin jiki, suna ba shi ma'ana, kuma suna sa ayyuka su zama masu rikitarwa.
• Tsara da fahimtar bayanai daga sassan ji da motsin jiki.
• Sarrafa hali da kuma halayen motsin rai.
• Fahimtar yanayin da kuma dalilai na magani.
• Sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwa.
• Taimaka maka ka yi tunani a zahiri da kuma riƙe tunanin gani.
• Ginawa da bayanai na gani, abubuwan tunawa, sautuka, da harshe.

Ta yaya za a iya lalata kwakwalwar kwakwalwa?

Akwai manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewa ga kowane yanki na kwakwalwa, ciki har da:

• ƙari
• Rauni (misali, bugu mai ƙarfi a kai)
• Cututtukan da ke shafar garkuwar jiki
• Hatsarin Cerebrovascular (misali, zubar jini a kwakwalwa ko bugun jini)

Wadanne alamomi ne ke faruwa idan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ta lalace?

Wannan abin tsoro ne kaɗan, amma yana da muhimmanci a sani. Alamomin sun dogara ne da wurin da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa take.Ya danganta da yankin da aka lalata.

Idan goshin gaba ya lalace:

• Matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa
• Canje-canje a cikin halayen mutum (zai iya jin kamar ba kai ne mutumin da kake a da ba)
• Wahalar magance matsaloli da kuma yanke shawara
• Matsalolin hankali
• Rashin iya sarrafa motsin rai, ɗabi'un da ba sa son zaman tare, da canje-canjen halaye
• Rashin fahimtar ko bayyana magana (aphasia)
• Wahalar magana (`apraxia`)
• Rauni, gurguwa, rashin ikon sarrafa tsoka a gefe ɗaya na jiki ('flaccid hemiplegia')
• Bugu da ƙari, cutar hauka na iya lalata gaban goshi.

Idan lobe na parietal ya lalace:

• Matsalolin da ke haifar da tunanin
• Wahala ko rashin iya rubutu (agraphia)
• Wahalar magance matsalolin lissafi
• Jinkiri
• Rashin fahimta (rasa fahimtar alkibla)
• Matsalolin daidaitawa tsakanin hannu da ido
• Rashin gane abubuwa ta hanyar taɓawa kaɗai (astereognosis)
• Rashin jin daɗi
• Aphasia
• Rashin amfani ('apraxia')

Idan lobe na temporal ya lalace:

• Wahalar ji
• Matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa (musamman wahalar tuna sabbin abubuwa)
• Wahalar gane fuskoki da abubuwa
• Matsalolin harshe (misali, aphasia na Wernicke), wahalar fahimtar harshe
• Bugu da ƙari, yanayi kamar farfadiya, matsalar ci gaba, da cutar Alzheimer suma suna iya lalata wannan jijiya.

Idan yankin occipital ya lalace:

• Wahala wajen gane abubuwa fiye da ɗaya a lokaci guda
• Wahalar gane abubuwa ta hanyar gani
• Makantar launi
• Abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri ('Hallucinations' - ganin abubuwan da ba su nan da gaske)
• Makanta gaba ɗaya

Takaitawa da Saƙon Ɗauka Gida

Don haka, yanzu za ku iya ganin yadda kwakwalwar kwakwalwa take da ban mamaki da mahimmanci a cikin kwakwalwarmu. Ita ce mafi girman ɓangaren kwakwalwarmu. Ta ƙunshi biliyoyin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi. Tana sarrafa dukkan hanyoyin tunani na matakin farko, kamar ƙwaƙwalwa, tunani, koyo, tunani, warware matsaloli, motsin rai, sani, da ayyukan hankalinmu.

Kwakwalwarmu abu ne mai matuƙar rikitarwa da daraja. Nauyinmu ne mu kare ta da kuma saninta. Idan kana da wata matsala ko shakku game da kwakwalwarka, ba a makara ba wajen neman shawarar likita. Za mu iya kare lafiyar kwakwalwarmu ta hanyar rayuwa mai kyau da kuma kare kawunanmu daga haɗari.

Ina fatan wannan bayanin zai amfane ku!

` Cerebral cortex, kwakwalwa, tsarin jijiyoyi, tsarin kwakwalwa, aikin kwakwalwa, lobe na gaba, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi