Shin wani lokacin kana tunanin, "Idanuna suna kama da na mahaifiyata" ko "Gashina yana kama da na mahaifina"? Duk muna gadar halaye daban-daban na kamanninmu da halayenmu daga mahaifiya da mahaifinmu. Dalilin wannan shine kwayoyin halitta. Don haka a yau za mu yi magana game da wani abu mai mahimmanci da ya shafi waɗannan kwayoyin halitta. Wannan shine yanayin da ake kira `(Homozygous)`. Kodayake sunan yana iya yin kama da ɗan rikitarwa, a zahiri abu ne mai sauƙi. Bari mu gani?
A taƙaice dai, menene Homozygous?
To, ka yi tunanin haka. Muna samun kwafi biyu na kowace kwayar halitta daga iyayenmu na halitta. Ɗaya daga mahaifiyarmu, ɗaya daga mahaifinmu. Wani lokaci kwafin kwayar halittar daga mahaifiyarmu da kwafin kwayar halittar daga mahaifinmu iri ɗaya ne . Wannan shine abin da muke kira "Homozygous" a fannin kwayoyin halitta.
A taƙaice dai, ga wani takamaiman siffa (misali launin ido), za ka gaji tsarin umarnin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya daga iyayenka biyu. Waɗannan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya ana kiransu alleles. Don haka idan ka gaji nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, to kai homozygous ne ga wannan kwayar halitta. Wannan shine abin da ke haifar da wasu halaye, kamar idanu masu shuɗi da gashi ja. Amma wani lokacin, idan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu suka canza, wasu yanayi na kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa.
Menene allele?
Duk muna da fiye da kashi 99% na kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya a jikinmu. Amma ƙaramin kashi (ƙasa da 1%) na kwayoyin halitta suna da ɗan bambanci kaɗan daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani. Waɗannan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban ana kiransu alleles. Waɗannan ƙananan bambance-bambancen su ne abin da ke ba ku halaye na musamman.
Mene ne bambanci tsakanin Homozygous da Heterozygous?
Waɗannan kalmomi biyu suna kama da juna kaɗan, don haka yana iya zama da rikitarwa. Amma bambancin abu ne mai sauƙi. Bari mu kalli ƙaramin teburi don fahimtar wannan.
| Halaye | Homozygous | Heterozygous |
|---|---|---|
| Ma'ana | "Homo" yana nufin "ɗaya." Yana nufin cewa nau'in alleles iri ɗaya ne aka gada daga iyaye biyu. | "Hetero" yana nufin "bambanci." Yana nufin cewa mutum yana da nau'ikan alleles guda biyu daban-daban daga kowane iyaye. |
| Misali | Idan ka ɗauki kwayar halittar launin ido, za ka sami kwayar halitta launin ruwan kasa daga mahaifiyarka, sannan kwayar halitta launin ruwan kasa daga mahaifinka. | Idan muka ɗauki kwayar halittar launin ido, za mu sami kwayar halitta launin ruwan kasa daga mahaifiyarmu, sannan kwayar halitta launin shuɗi daga mahaifinmu. |
Kawai ka tuna: Homozygous = kwafi biyu na kwayar halitta iri ɗaya. Heterozygous = kwafi biyu daban-daban na kwayar halitta.
Menene halayen 'masu rinjaye' da 'sauran' halaye?
Idan ana maganar kwayoyin halitta, kalmomi biyu da suka cancanci a sani su ne "majorinate" da "recessive".
- Allele mai rinjaye: Wannan kamar yaron da ya fi kowa mugunta ne a cikin aji. Shi kaɗai ne ba ya yin hayaniya. Wato, idan akwai allele mai rinjaye, halayen da yake nunawa tabbas za su bayyana. Muna rubuta waɗannan da manyan haruffan Ingilishi (misali B, F, D).
- Allele mai ratsa zuciya: Wannan kamar yaro ne mai shiru, mai ja da baya. Domin halayensa su fito, yana buƙatar a haɗa shi da wani allele mai ratsa zuciya kamar shi. Muna rubuta waɗannan da haruffan Turanci masu sauƙi (misali: b, f, d).
To ta yaya hakan ke faruwa a yanayin `(Homozygous)`?
Za ka iya samun allele masu rinjaye guda biyu. Muna kiran wannan homozygous dominant (misali BB ). Ko kuma za ka iya samun allele masu raguwa guda biyu. Muna kiran wannan homozygous recessive (misali bb ).
Idan mutum `(Heterozygous)` (misali Bb ) ya karɓi allele masu rinjaye (B) da kuma recessive (b), siffa mai rinjaye kawai za ta bayyana. Amma ga mutum `(Homozygous)`, wannan ba zai faru ba. Tunda dukkan kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya ne, sifar za ta bayyana ta hanya ɗaya.
Mene ne halaye na yau da kullun da homozygous ke haifarwa?
Abubuwa da yawa, kamar kamanninmu da yanayin sassa daban-daban na jikinmu, ana tantance su ta hanyar waɗannan kwayoyin halittar `(Homozygous)`. Bari mu dubi wasu misalai.
| Halaye | Homozygous Dominant | Homozygous Recessive |
|---|---|---|
| Launin ido | BB - Idanun launin ruwan kasa (wannan shine babban hali) | bb - idanu na wani launi, kamar shuɗi ko kore |
| Maƙarƙashiya | FF - Wurin da ke da freckle a fuska (mafi rinjaye) | ff - Babu freckles |
| Gashi mai lanƙwasa | HH - Samun gashin da ya lanƙwasa (mafi rinjaye) | hh - samun gashi madaidaiciya (mike) |
| Maɓallan kunne | UU - Kunnen kunne mai rataye (mafi rinjaye) | uu - yanayin kunnen kunne yana fitowa |
Cututtukan da homozygous zai iya haifarwa
Kamar yadda yake faruwa a al'amuran alheri, wani lokacin wannan yanayin '(Homozygous)' na iya haifar da cututtukan gado. Ta yaya hakan yake?
Ka yi tunanin cewa uwa da uba suna da kwayar halitta mai lahani, wadda ke haifar da wata cuta. Amma babu ɗayansu da ke da wannan cutar, domin dukansu suna da kwayar halitta mai ƙarfi da lafiya wadda ke hana ta (wato, duka biyun 'Heterozygous' ne). Duk da haka, idan aka haifi yaro da wannan kwayar halitta mai lahani daga uwa da uba, wannan yaron zai zama 'Homozygous Recessive' ga wannan kwayar halitta. To, damar kamuwa da wannan cutar ta kwayoyin halitta tana da yawa.
Ga wasu daga cikin cututtukan da za su iya faruwa:
- Ciwon Fibrosis na Cystic: Wannan cuta tana faruwa ne sakamakon samun kwafi biyu na kwayar halittar CFTR marasa inganci. Wannan yana sa majina ta jiki (kamar majina) ta yi kauri, tana shafar tsarin numfashi da narkewar abinci.
- Ciwon Sickle Cell Anemia: Wannan cuta tana faruwa ne lokacin da aka gaji kwafi biyu na kwayar halittar HBB masu lahani. Wannan yana sa ƙwayoyin jinin ja su lalace (ciwon sickling a siffarsu) kuma ba za su iya ɗaukar iskar oxygen yadda ya kamata ba.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU): Wannan cuta tana faruwa ne sakamakon samun kwafi biyu na kwayar halittar PAH masu lahani. Wannan yana hana jiki rushe amino acid phenylalanine.
Muhimmi: Idan wani a cikin iyalinka yana da wata cuta ta kwayoyin halitta, ko kuma idan kana da wata shakka ko tsoro game da ita, ya fi kyau ka yi magana da likitanka ko ƙwararren likita game da ita. Za su ba ka shawara da jagorar da kake buƙata.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- 'Homozygous' yana nufin cewa ka sami kwayoyin halitta guda biyu (alleles) don wani hali daga mahaifiyarka da mahaifinka.
- Abubuwa da yawa, kamar launin idanunka da kuma yanayin gashinka, waɗannan kwayoyin halitta ne ke tantance su.
- Wannan na iya zama allele mai rinjaye (misali BB) ko allele mai raguwa (misali bb).
- Wani lokaci, gadon kwafi biyu masu lahani na kwayar halitta na iya haifar da yanayin kwayoyin halitta kamar Cystic Fibrosis ko Sickle Cell Anemia.
- Idan kana da wata damuwa game da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, yana da matukar muhimmanci ka nemi shawara daga likita.
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