Mene ne wannan da ake kira garkuwar garke? Bari mu koyi game da shi a taƙaice.

Shin kun taɓa jin kalmar "Kariyar Gari" a da? Mun daɗe muna jin wannan kalmar, musamman ma a lokacin annobar COVID-19. Wasu mutane kuma suna kiranta "kariyar garke." Shin kun taɓa mamakin ma'anarta a cikin sauƙi? Kada ku damu, duk da cewa wannan babban abu ne na kimiyya, bari mu yi magana a kai a sauƙaƙe, a cikin yarenmu.

Menene Garkuwar Jiki?

A taƙaice dai, garkuwar garken dabbobi tana faruwa ne lokacin da wani ɓangare na jama'a a wani yanki ya sami kariya daga wata cuta.

Ka yi tunani a kan haka. Yawancin mutanen ƙauyenmu ba su da kariya daga cutar kyanda. Don haka ko da wani daga waje ya shigo ƙauyen da kyanda, damar yaɗa cutar ga wasu ba ta da yawa. Me ya sa? Domin yawancin mutanen da ke kewaye da su ba sa kamuwa da cutar. Kamar kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar ta ƙare ba tare da wata hanya ta isa can ba. Bayan wani lokaci, kwayar cutar ba ta da inda za ta yaɗu, don haka cutar ta ɓace a hankali daga cikin al'umma.

Misali, wannan yana ba da kariya mai kyau ga mutane kamar jarirai ƙanana, mutanen da ke da raunin garkuwar jiki (misali, masu fama da cutar kansa, waɗanda aka yi wa dashen gabobi), da kuma mutanen da ba za a iya yi musu allurar rigakafi ba saboda yuwuwar cutar ta same su ta ragu.

Ta yaya za mu ƙirƙiri wannan garkuwar garke?

Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu da wannan garkuwar garken za ta iya samuwa.

1. Kamuwa da cuta ta halitta

Idan mutum ya kamu da kwayar cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta, garkuwar jikinmu tana fara yaƙi da ita. Don yaƙi da wannan, jikinmu yana yin wani abu da ake kira antibodies . Bayan an warke daga cutar, waɗannan antibodies ɗin suna nan a jikinmu. Idan ƙwayar cuta ɗaya da ta haifar da cutar ta dawo jikinmu wata rana, jikinmu yana amfani da waɗannan antibodies don yaƙar ta. Ta haka ne aka shawo kan barkewar cutar Zika a Brazil. Cikin shekaru biyu, kashi 63% na al'ummar da ke wurin sun kamu da cutar, wanda hakan ya haifar da garkuwar jiki, masu bincike sun yi imani.

2. Ta hanyar allurar rigakafi

Allurar rigakafi ita ce hanya mafi aminci kuma mafi inganci don gina garkuwar garken. Abin da allurar rigakafi ke yi shine "yaudarar" jikinmu ya yi tunanin cewa muna da cutar, ba tare da ya kamu da ita ba. Sannan tsarin garkuwar jikinmu yana samar da garkuwar jiki da muka ambata a baya. Don haka idan kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar ta shiga jikinmu, jikinmu a shirye yake ya yi yaƙi da ita. An kawar da cutar shan inna daga ƙasashe kamar Amurka saboda garkuwar garken da allurar rigakafi ta haifar.

Tsarin Garkuwar Garkuwa da Darajar R0

Ba kowace cuta ce ke buƙatar adadin mutane iri ɗaya don samun garkuwar jiki ga garken ba. Ya danganta da yadda cutar ke yaɗuwa da sauri. Ana kiran ma'aunin wannan saurin R0 (R-naught) .

R0 yana nufin matsakaicin adadin mutanen da mutum mai cutar zai iya kamuwa da su a cikin al'umma ba tare da kariya ba. Domin ƙimar R0 ta ƙaru, kuma don rigakafin garken dabbobi ya faru, adadin mutanen da ke da rigakafi a cikin al'umma dole ne ya ƙaru sosai.

Duba teburin da ke ƙasa, kuma wannan zai bayyana maka.

COVID-19 da garkuwar garken shanu: Me yasa wannan yake da wahala haka?

Babban ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta lokacin da annobar COVID-19 ta fara a shekarar 2019 shi ne cewa "sabo" ne ko "labarin labari".Kasancewar kwayar cuta ce. Wannan yana nufin cewa mutane ba su taɓa kamuwa da wannan kwayar cutar ba a da. Saboda haka, babu wanda ke da wata kariya ta halitta a duk duniya.

Duk da cewa an yi allurar rigakafin COVID-19 biliyoyin a duk duniya, kuma miliyoyin sun warke daga cutar, har yanzu ba mu sami kariya daga cutar ba. Akwai dalilai da dama na hakan.

• Sauye-sauye: Kwayar cutar COVID-19 tana canzawa koyaushe. Kuna iya tuna bambance-bambance kamar Delta da Omicron . Waɗannan sabbin bambance-bambancen sun bazu da sauri fiye da ƙwayar cuta ta asali. Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙimar R0 ta ƙaru. Wannan kuma ya ƙara yawan kaso da ake buƙata don garkuwar garken. Hakanan, waɗannan maye gurbi na iya rage kariyar da allurar rigakafin ke bayarwa akan lokaci.

• Ingancin allurar riga-kafi da matsalolin allurar riga-kafi: Duk da cewa allurar rigakafin COVID-19 ta yi tasiri sosai wajen hana cututtuka masu tsanani da mutuwa, ba a yi wa mutane isassun allurar riga-kafi don samun garkuwar jiki ba. Wasu mutane ba su sami damar yin allurar ba, wasu kuma sun ƙi allurar saboda dalilai na kashin kansu. Haka kuma, ba kowa ne ya karɓi allurar da ake buƙata da allurar ƙarfafawa don samun kariya mafi girma daga allurar ba.

To, wace hanya ce mafi kyau ta dakatar da yaɗuwar cututtuka a cikin al'umma?

Idan ana maganar COVID-19, yin allurar riga-kafi da kuma yin allurar rigakafin cutar kan lokaci ita ce hanya mafi kyau ta kare kanka da ƙaunatattunka daga mummunan rashin lafiya.

Akwai abubuwa da yawa da za mu iya yi don hana yaɗuwar wasu cututtuka masu yaɗuwa:

• A yi allurar riga-kafi akan lokaci don cututtukan da ake yi wa allurar riga-kafi (misali kyanda, hepatitis A da B, mura).
• A cikin gida, wato a cikin gida, idan akwai mutane da yawa tare, a buɗe tagogi a tabbatar da samun iska mai kyau.
• Wanke hannuwanku sosai da sabulu da ruwa kafin cin abinci, bayan amfani da banɗaki, da kuma akai-akai. Idan ba ku da damar wanke hannu, ku yi amfani da sinadarin tsaftace hannu.
• A koyaushe a tsaftace saman da ake taɓawa akai-akai (maɓallan ƙofa, madannai, na'urorin sarrafawa na nesa).
• Rufe bakinka da hancinka da tissue ko gwiwar hannu lokacin da kake tari ko atishawa. Wannan zai hana ƙwayoyin cuta shiga hannunka.
• Idan kana jin rashin lafiya ko kuma kana da alamun cutar da ke yaɗuwa, ka zauna a gida. Wannan zai hana ka yaɗa cutar ga wasu.