ʻO nā genes 'maikaʻi ʻole' e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi kanesa? E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i nā oncogenes!

ʻOiai ke lohe ʻoe i ka huaʻōlelo kanesa, manaʻo iki ʻoe i ke kaumaha i loko o kou puʻuwai, ʻeā? He mea maʻamau ia no ka aneane o nā kānaka āpau. Aia nā kumu like ʻole e ulu ai kēia mau kanesa. I kēia lā e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kahi ʻano kūikawā o ka gene i loaʻa i loko o ko mākou kino, akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke hana 'maikaʻi ʻole' a hoʻoulu i ka kanesa. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau mea he oncogenes . Ua lohe paha ʻoe i kēia inoa mai ke kauka a i ʻole ma kahi ʻē aʻe. No laila, e nānā kākou i ke ʻano o kēia mau oncogenes, pehea lākou e hana ai i loko o ko mākou kino, a no ke aha he mea nui e ʻike e pili ana iā lākou.

He aha nā oncogenes?

ʻAe, e nānā kākou i kēia mau oncogenes . I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he gene ka oncogene e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi kanesa. Akā, ʻaʻole kēia he mea e hāʻule wale mai ka lewa mai. Loaʻa i ko mākou kino kahi ʻano gene i kapa ʻia he proto-oncogene . ʻO kēia mau proto-oncogenes ka mea e kaohi i nā mea e like me ka ulu ʻana a me ka māhele ʻana o kā mākou mau cell ma ke ʻano maʻamau. E noʻonoʻo iā ia he 'luna hoʻokele maikaʻi' no nā cell i loko o ko mākou kino.

Inā hana pono kēia 'luna hoʻokele maikaʻi' (proto-oncogene), ʻaʻohe pilikia. Ulu nā pūnaewele e like me kā lākou pono, i ka nui kūpono, hana i kā lākou hana, a make i ka wā e hiki mai ai ka manawa. ʻO ia ke kaʻina hana olakino a maʻamau.

Eia nō naʻe, inā he loli, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mutation , i loko o kēia proto-oncogene, a laila lilo ia i oncogene, ʻo ia hoʻi, he 'luna hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻole'. ʻO ka mea a kēia 'luna hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻole' (oncogene) e hana ai, ʻo ia ke kauoha mau i nā cell e "ulu hou aku! māhele hou aku! wikiwiki!" e like me ka pupule. No laila, māhele wikiwiki kēia mau cell me ka ʻole o ka kaohi, hōʻiliʻili, a ma hope nā tumors , ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kūlana kanesa, e hoʻomaka e hana. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo 'oncogenic' ʻo ia hoʻi 'ke kumu o ka ulu ʻana o ka tumor'. No laila ʻo ia ka hana a nā oncogenes.

Aia kekahi mau ʻano oncogenes?

ʻAe, ua ʻike maoli nā kānaka ʻepekema ma mua o 100 mau oncogenes e pili ana i nā ʻano maʻi kanesa like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ma kahi o hoʻokahi o ʻelima mau maʻi kanesa e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka gene 'Ras' . Hana kēia mau genes 'Ras' i nā protein e kaohi ana i ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻailona i nā cell, pehea e ulu ai nā cell, a pehea e make ai nā cell (ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo apoptosis) .

Aia kekahi mau oncogenes e pili pono ana me nā ʻano maʻi kanesa kikoʻī. E nānā kākou i kekahi mau laʻana:

• ʻO ke kiʻi `BCR/ABL1`: Pili kēia me ka leukemia myeloid mau loa (CML) a me kekahi mau ʻano leukemia lymphocytic acute B-cell (B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia) .
• ʻO ke kiʻiona `CMYC`: Pili pū me kahi maʻi kanesa i kapa ʻia ʻo Burkitt lymphoma .
• Nā genes `EGFR` a me `EML4AK`: i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o nā māmāHe pili ia i kahi maʻi ʻaʻai i kapa ʻia ʻo adenocarcinoma o ka māmā.
• ʻO ka gene `HER2`: Ua lohe paha ʻoe i kēia gene i ka maʻi ʻaʻai umauma .
• ʻO ke kiʻiona 'KRAS': Pili pū me nā maʻi ʻaʻai koʻikoʻi e like me ke kanesa pancreatic , ke kanesa colon , a me ke kanesa māmā .
• ʻO ke kiʻi `NMYC`: Pili i nā maʻi ʻaʻai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka maʻi ʻaʻai māmā cell liʻiliʻi a me ka neuroblastoma (he maʻi ʻaʻai kēia e loaʻa pinepine ana i nā keiki ʻōpio).

I kēia manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano like ʻole a me ke kikoʻī o kēia mau genes. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēlā me kēia o kēia mau oncogenes e kōkua i nā kauka e mālama pono i ka maʻi kanesa.

Pehea e hana maoli ai kēia mau oncogenes?

I mea e maopopo pono ai pehea e hana ai kēia mau oncogenes, pono mākou e noʻonoʻo i hope i ka 'luna maikaʻi' a mākou i kamaʻilio ai ma mua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā proto-oncogenes . E hoʻomanaʻo, he mau genes maʻamau a olakino nā proto-oncogenes. Akā, loaʻa iā lākou ka hiki ke hoʻololi a lilo i mau oncogenes.

E noʻonoʻo, he mau triliona o nā cell i loko o ko kākou kino. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia cell nā genes like ʻole, a ʻo kēlā me kēia o lākou e kāohi i nā hana like ʻole. Hoʻokele kēia mau proto-oncogenes i kahi kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kaʻina hana cell . ʻO ke kaʻina hana cell ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa a kahi cell e hele ai ma mua o ka māhele ʻana e hana i nā cell hou. Eia kekahi, pehea ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o nā cell, i ka wā e māhele ai lākou, a i ka wā e make ai lākou (ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo apoptosis , ʻo ia hoʻi ka make ʻana o nā cell i hoʻolālā ʻia) e kāohi ʻia hoʻi e kēia mau proto-oncogenes. I mea pololei, hoʻokele lākou i ke ola o kahi cell.

No laila, ke loli kahi proto-oncogene a lilo i oncogene, eia ka mea e hana ʻia: hoʻomau kēlā gene i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona i nā cell e 'ulu a māhelehele'. Ua like ia me kahi piula wai i haki e holo mau ana, a i ʻole ua paʻa ka accelerator o ke kaʻa. Pane nā cell i kēia mau hōʻailona mau a hoʻomaka e māhelehele ma kahi wikiwiki ma mua o ka maʻamau. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ia ke kumu o kēlā mau puʻupuʻu kanesa a mākou e kamaʻilio nei. Maopopo iā ʻoe ka mea e hana nei?

No ke aha e loli ai kēia mau proto-oncogenes penei? He aha ke kumu?

ʻAʻole hiki i nā kauka ke ʻōlelo maopopo i ke kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kēia mau oncogenes. Akā, he nui nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi kanesa. Eia kekahi laʻana:

• Ka nui o ka lā (ʻoi aku hoʻi ka maʻi ʻili).
• Nā mea hoʻopaʻi ʻehaKa ʻike ʻia ʻana i (e like me ka puhipaka, kekahi mau kemika).
• Hiki i kekahi mau maʻi viral ke hoʻololi i kēia mau genes.

ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole kēia mau oncogenes he mau hoʻololi genetic i hānau ʻia me kākou . ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻoilina ʻia. Hoʻomohala pinepine lākou i ka wā o ke ola o ke kanaka. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau mea ʻo 'acquired mutations'.

Aia nā ʻano like ʻole e hiki ai i kēia mau proto-oncogenes ke hoʻololi:

• Hoʻololi kiko: Ke māhelehele nā ​​​​​​kelepona a hoʻomākaukau e hana i nā kelepona hou, kope ʻia ka DNA (aia nā genes i loko o kēia mau molekala DNA) i loko o kēlā mau kelepona. Akā i kekahi manawa, hiki ke loaʻa kahi loli, kahi hoʻohui hou, a i ʻole ka nalowale ʻana o kahi ʻāpana ma kahi kiko hoʻokahi o kēia DNA. ʻOiai me kēia loli liʻiliʻi, hiki i kahi proto-oncogene ke lilo i oncogene.
• Hoʻonui ʻia o nā gene: I kekahi manawa, nui loa nā kope o kahi gene i hana ʻia ma kahi chromosome - ke ʻano i loaʻa ka DNA. He pilikia nō hoʻi kēia. Ua like ia me nā kuhikuhi like e hele mai ana i nā ʻaoʻao he nui a hoʻopilikia i nā mea.
• Ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā chromosome: I kekahi manawa e haki ana kahi ʻāpana o kekahi chromosome a hoʻololi me kahi ʻāpana o kekahi chromosome, a i ʻole e paʻa i kahi kūpono ʻole. Ua kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana he translocation . Hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi oncogene.

I kekahi manawa, hana pū kēia mau oncogenes a me nā mutated tumor suppressor genes e hoʻoulu i ka maʻi kanesa. ʻO nā tumor suppressor genes kekahi hui koʻikoʻi o nā genes e pili pū ana i ka maʻi kanesa. E nānā kākou i kēlā ma hope.

No ke aha he mea nui kēia mau oncogenes i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa?

ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole e ulu ka maʻi kanesa i ka wā e loli ai kahi gene hoʻokahi, akā i ka wā e loli ai kekahi mau gene. No ka laʻana, he nui nā puʻupuʻu kanesa i loaʻa ma waena o 30 a me 60 mau loli genetic like ʻole. E noʻonoʻo i ka paʻakikī o ia mea!

Akā, he ikaika loa kēia mau oncogenes. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i hoʻokahi oncogene ke hoʻoulu i nā cell e ulu aʻe ma waho o ke kaohi a hoʻoulu i ka maʻi kanesa .

Akā aia kahi ʻaoʻao maikaʻi iki i kēia, mai kahi kuanaʻike lapaʻau. E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ia mea, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i nā kauka ke kuhikuhi a mālama i hoʻokahi hoʻololi genetic nui ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i kahi pūʻulu o nā hoʻololi genetic i ka manawa hoʻokahi. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kanesa. Ua kapa ʻia kēia he mau lāʻau lapaʻau i kuhikuhi ʻia .

Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻike nā kauka he maʻi leukemia myelogenous mau loa (CML)Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kanesa koko ke loli kekahi ʻano proto-oncogene i loko o kahi oncogene i kapa ʻia ʻo `BCR-ABL`. Hoʻopuka kēia oncogene i nā enzymes maʻamau ʻole e hoʻonui ai i nā hunaola koko keʻokeʻo maʻamau ʻole me ke kāohi ʻole.

I kēia manawa, aia kekahi papa o nā lāʻau i kapa ʻia ʻo Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) . Ke ālai nei kēia mau lāʻau i ka hana o nā enzymes 'BCR-ABL' maʻamau ʻole. A laila make nā hunaola koko keʻokeʻo maʻamau ʻole. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻokuʻu iā CML i ke kala ʻana . ʻO ke kala ʻana ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻohe ou hōʻailona a hōʻailona paha o ke kanesa. Ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o kēia lāʻau lapaʻau TKI, hoʻokahi wale nō o ka poʻe ʻelima me CML i ola ma hope o ʻelima mau makahiki. Akā i kēia manawa, ma muli o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i kēia oncogene, ke ola nei ka poʻe i ka lōʻihi, i kekahi manawa he ola maʻamau. E nānā i ka nui o ka holomua!

He oncogene nō hoʻi ʻo `p53`?

ʻAʻole, ʻo ka `p53` he gene hoʻopau tumor . ʻO ia hoʻi, ``he gene e kāohi ana i nā tumors.'' Akā e like me ka oncogene, inā loli kēia gene ``p53``, hiki iā ia ke hana i ka maʻi kanesa. Hana nā genes hoʻopau tumor e like me ka ``brake'' no kā mākou mau cell. ʻO ia hoʻi, hōʻailona lākou i nā cell e hoʻōki i ka māhele nui ʻana, e ''hoʻōki i ka hana ʻana i nā cell hou aku.'' Eia kekahi, kōkua kēia mau genes i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pōʻino DNA, a i ʻole, inā pono, e luku i ke cell (apoptosis).

Akā inā loli kekahi o kēia mau genes tumor suppressor, no ka laʻana ʻo `p53`, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi pono i kēlā hōʻailona `stop', ka `brake'. A laila hiki i nā cell ke hoʻonui me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomalu ʻia a hana i nā tumors . No laila hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike, hiki i nā oncogenes ke hana e like me `ka paʻa ʻana o ka accelerator', a hiki i nā genes tumor suppressor ke hana e like me `ka hāʻule ʻana o ka brake', a hiki i ke kanesa ke ulu ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua.

Ke aʻo mau nei nā loea i ka maʻi kanesa e ʻimi i nā ala hou e mālama ai. Ua hoʻololi loa ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia mau oncogenes i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i kekahi mau maʻi kanesa. I kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana a nā oncogenes ua alakaʻi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻōla ola.

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ke kanesa, hiki iā ʻoe ke manaʻo i ka hopohopo a me ka huikau i kou hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea e hana nei a me ke kumu. He mea maʻamau kēlā. ʻIke kekahi poʻe me ke kanesa ʻo ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ko lākou kūlana a me nā kumu genetic i hoʻokumu ai iā ia e hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi manaʻo o ka hōʻoluʻolu a me ka mana. Hoʻokomo pū kēia i ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ke kumu ʻepekema a me ka noiʻi ma hope o kāu mālama ʻana i ke kanesa. Inā manaʻo like ʻoe, e noi i kāu kauka e wehewehe i nā loli genetic i hoʻokumu i kou kūlana. Mai makaʻu e nīnau, no ka mea, ʻo kou kuleana ia.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, kekahi mau mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai

ʻAe, ua kamaʻilio nui mākou e pili ana i nā oncogenes, ʻeā? Me he mea lā he mea paʻakikī iki, akā he mea nui loa iā ʻoe e mālama i kēia mau mea i maʻalahi a maopopo.

• ʻO nā oncogenes he mau genes i hoʻololi ʻia: ʻO kēia nā proto-oncogenes i ka wā mua e pono ai ko kākou kino. ʻO lākou nā mea e kaohi i ka ulu ʻana o nā cell ma ke ʻano maʻamau. Ke hoʻololi kēia mau mea no kekahi kumu, lilo lākou i oncogenes, e hāʻawi ana i ke kauoha i nā cell e ulu me ke kāohi ʻole ʻia.
• ʻO ke kumu nui no ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā puʻupuʻu: Hoʻokumu ʻia nā puʻupuʻu kanesa ma muli o kēia ulu ʻana o nā cell i kāohi ʻole ʻia.
• Aia nā ʻano like ʻole, e pili ana i nā maʻi kanesa like ʻole: Hiki ke pili pono kēlā me kēia oncogene i kēlā me kēia maʻi kanesa.
• He mea nui i ka mālama ʻana: ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā oncogenes ua hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia no kekahi mau maʻi kanesa. Ua hoʻonui kēia i ka holomua o ka mālama ʻana a ua hoʻopakele i nā ola.
• He mea nui nō hoʻi nā genes tumor suppressor e like me `p53`: ʻaʻole ʻo `p53` he oncogene, he tumor suppressor gene ia. ʻOiai inā ua loli kēia mau mea, hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka maʻi kanesa.

Inā he mau nīnau hou aku kāu, hopohopo, a kānalua paha e pili ana i kēia, e kamaʻilio ākea me kāu kauka. Hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi iā ʻoe i nā wehewehe hou aku a pane i nā nīnau āu e loaʻa ai. E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana kekahi o nā mea kaua maikaʻi loa āu e loaʻa ai i ka wā e hana ai me ia mau kūlana olakino paʻakikī.

ʻO ke kanesa, oncogene, gene, ulu ʻana o nā cell, mālama ʻana i ke kanesa, proto-oncogene, nā mutations