ʻO ka moʻolelo kupaianaha o ko mākou mau maka: Nā photoreceptors e hōʻike ana i ke ao nei i ke kala a me ke ao nei i ka ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo

E noʻonoʻo ʻoe aia ʻoe i loko o kahi māla pua nani. He ʻokoʻa nā kala o nā pua a pau... ʻulaʻula, uliuli, melemele... Nani loa! I kēia manawa, e noʻonoʻo ʻoe e hele ana ʻoe i waho i ka pā hale i ka pō. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pololei i nā kala, akā ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo nā mea āpau. ʻO wai ka mea e hōʻike mai iā mākou i ke ao i ke kala i ke ao a ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo i ka pō? He hui liʻiliʻi akā koʻikoʻi loa o nā limahana i loko o ko mākou mau maka. I kēia lā, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kēia mau cell kupaianaha i kapa ʻia ʻo photoreceptors.

He aha kēia mau mea hoʻolohe kiʻi?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo nā photoreceptors kahi ʻano o nā cell ʻike mālamalama i loaʻa ma ka retina ma ke kua o ko kākou mau maka. ʻO ke ʻano o ka inoa ʻo "mea loaʻa kukui." ʻO kā lākou hana nui ka lawe ʻana i ke kukui e komo ana i ka maka a hoʻololi iā ia i mau hōʻailona uila a me ke kemika e hiki i ko kākou lolo ke hoʻomaopopo.

Ua hana ʻia ko kākou ʻōnaehana nerve me nā ʻāpana nerve i kapa ʻia he neurons. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, he ʻano neuron kūikawā kēia mau photoreceptors. A ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ko kākou retinas, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana he ʻāpana o ko kākou ʻōnaehana nerve waena, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lolo a me ke kaula spinal.

He aha ka mea e hana maoli ana i kēia mau pūnaewele?

E noʻonoʻo i ko kākou mau maka e like me nā kāmela holomua loa o ka honua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā kāmela kikohoʻe o kēia wā e hoʻohālike i ke ʻano o ka hana a ka maka kanaka.

Ke kiʻi ʻoe i kiʻi me kāu kelepona, hopu ka sensor ma kāu kelepona i ke kukui a hoʻololi iā ia i code kamepiula. A laila lawe kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma kāu kelepona i kēlā code a hoʻololi iā ia i kiʻi nani e hōʻike iā ʻoe.

Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana like i loko o ko kākou mau maka. Hana ko kākou retina e like me ke sensor ma kā kākou kelepona. Hopu nā cell photoreceptor i loko o ka retina i ka mālamalama a hoʻololi iā ia i mau hōʻailona aʻalolo. A laila hoʻouna ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona i ka lolo ma o ke aʻalolo optic. "Wehewehe" ka lolo i kēlā mau hōʻailona, ​​a hoʻomaopopo paha iā lākou, a hana i ke kiʻi a kākou e ʻike ai. No laila hoʻomaka kēia kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa me kēlā mau cell photoreceptor liʻiliʻi.

Nā Rods a me nā Cones: ʻO nā Superheroes ʻelua o ko mākou mau maka (Rods and Cones)

ʻElua ʻano nui o nā photoreceptors i loko o ka maka kanaka. Ua kapa ʻia lākou ma muli o ko lākou ʻano.

Nā Kelepona Rods: Nā Kiaʻi o ka Pō

He ʻano cylindrical kēia mau cell, a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka paipu. He ʻike nui lākou i ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka mālamalama. ʻO nā cell rod ka 95% o nā photoreceptors i loko o ko kākou mau maka, a i ʻole ma kahi o 100-125 miliona o lākou.

E noʻonoʻo e hele wāwae ana i loko o ka hale i ka pō i ka wā ʻaʻohe kukui. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā ʻano o nā mea a me ke ʻano o ke kanaka, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike maopopo i ko lākou mau kala, ʻeā? I kēlā manawa, kōkua kēia mau cell rod iā ʻoe e ʻike. ʻO kēia mau cell ke kuleana nui no ka ʻike ʻana i ka mālamalama haʻahaʻa a i ka pō (ʻike pō). Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kikoʻī maikaʻi a me nā kala. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e kōkua kēia mau cell iā mākou e ʻike i ka mālamalama haʻahaʻa ua kapa ʻia ʻo scotopic vision i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau.

Nā Kone: Nā Mea Hana Kiʻi o ke Ao Waihoʻoluʻu

He ʻano kone kēia mau ʻāpana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kuhikuhi ʻia lākou ma luna a ua poepoe ma lalo. Pono lākou i ka mālamalama hou aʻe e hana ai ma mua o nā ʻāpana koʻokoʻo. Akā i ka wā e hana ai lākou, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā kala a me nā kikoʻī maikaʻi .

Ke nānā ʻoe i kahi kiʻi pena nani, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike maopopo i nā ʻokoʻa kala akahai a hiki i nā laina liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO ia ka mea e hāʻawi mai iā mākou i ka ʻike ʻoi a kikoʻī. Loaʻa kēia mau cell cone ma kahi ʻāpana kūikawā o ka retina i kapa ʻia ʻo ka macula . ʻO ia ke kumu he moakāka a he ʻōniʻoniʻo ke kikowaena o kā mākou ʻike.

Pehea mākou e ʻike ai i ke kala?

ʻEkolu ʻano o nā hunaola cone i loko o ko kākou mau maka, a hana pū lākou e hōʻike iā kākou i ke ao o ke kala. ʻAʻole ʻike pololei kēia mau hunaola cone i nā kala. ʻIke lākou i nā nalu like ʻole o ke kukui a haʻi i ka lolo e pili ana iā lākou. Hoʻohana ka lolo i kēlā ʻike e hana i nā kala.

He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻomaopopo i kēia ke nānā ʻoe i ke ānuenue. ʻO ka ʻulaʻula ka lōʻihi loa o ka nalu, no laila aia ia ma waho o ke ānuenue. ʻO ka poni ka pōkole loa o ka nalu, no laila aia ia ma loko.

ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i ka maka o ke kanaka olakino nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā cell cone. Ua kapa ʻia kēia he trichromacy .

ʻO kēlā mau ʻano ʻekolu:

• ʻIke i nā nalu pōkole (uliuli)
• ʻIke i nā nalu waena (ʻōmaʻomaʻo)
• ʻIke i nā nalu lōʻihi (ʻulaʻula)

ʻOiai ua kūikawā kēia mau ʻano cone ʻekolu no nā kala like ʻole, ua like iki ko lākou ʻike. Hoʻohālikelike ka lolo i nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi o nā hōʻailona e hele mai ana mai kēia mau ʻano cone ʻekolu e hoʻoholo i nā kala. Ma muli o kēia kaʻina hana kupaianaha hiki i ke kanaka maʻamau ke hoʻokaʻawale a ʻike i kahi miliona mau kala .

He aha nā maʻi e hoʻopilikia ai i kēia mau cell?

Aia kekahi mau kūlana e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kā mākou mau cell rod a me cone, a hoʻopilikia kekahi i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka retina.

• Makapō kala : Pohō hapa a piha paha o ka ʻike kala, me ka ʻike ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo wale nōhiki ke loaʻa (Achromatopsia).
• ʻO ka dystrophy cone-rod
• ʻO ka degeneration macular
• ʻO ka maʻi retinitis pigmentosa
• ʻO ka retinopathy solar : ʻO ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e ka nānā pololei ʻana i ka lā.
• ʻO ka maʻi Usher

Pehea e ʻike ai i nā hōʻailona?

ʻO ka hōʻailona nui o nā maʻi e hoʻopilikia ana i kēia mau cell, ʻo ia ka nalowale o ka ʻike, akā ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka pohō ma muli o ke ʻano o ke cell i hoʻopilikia ʻia.

I ka manawa pinepine, i nā kūlana e like me ka macular degeneration, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau ʻano cell ʻelua i ka manawa like.

He aha kā mākou e hana ai e pale i kēia mau hunaola makamae?

ʻO kā mākou mau pūnaewele photoreceptor he ʻāpana o ka retina, no laila he mea nui loa ka mālama ʻana i ko mākou mau maka a me ka retina olakino no ka mālama ʻana i kā mākou ʻike.

• E hoʻāʻo i nā maka maʻamau: Ua like kēia me ka nānā ʻana i ke kino holoʻokoʻa no kou mau maka. He mea nui i nā kānaka a pau, ʻaʻole wale ka poʻe e ʻaʻahu ana i nā aniani maka, e ʻike i ke kauka maka ma ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia ʻelua makahiki . Hiki i kēia ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi he nui ma mua o ko lākou hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hōʻailona.
• E kiʻi i nā nānā lapaʻau maʻamau: Hoʻopilikia pololei kekahi mau maʻi mau i ko mākou mau maka. ʻOi loa akuKe koko kiʻekiʻe (Hypertension) a me ka maʻi diabetes Type 2 (Type 2 Diabetes) . Ma ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi nānā olakino makahiki, hiki ke ʻike ʻia a kāohi ʻia kēia mau maʻi ma mua o ko lākou hōʻino ʻana i nā maka.
• E pale i ka nikotine: ʻO ka puhipaka, ka vaping, a me ka nau ʻana i ka paka e hōʻino i kā mākou ʻōnaehana kahe koko. He mea maʻalahi loa nā kīʻaha koko palupalu e hoʻolako ana i ke koko i ka retina o ka maka i kēia.
• E hoʻoikaika i ka meaʻai maikaʻi: He mea nui ka wikamina A no ka hana ʻana o nā pūnaewele photoreceptor. ʻO nā meaʻai e like me ke kāloti, ka ʻuala, a me ka sipinaki he waiwai nui i ka wikamina A. He mea maikaʻi ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai kaulike no kou olakino holoʻokoʻa a me kou mau maka.
• E mālama i ke kaumaha olakino: Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ke alakaʻi āu e pono ai mai kāu kauka no kēia.