Cov "cim" no nyob hauv lub cev yog dab tsi? Cia peb tham txog cov antigens!

Koj puas tau xav tias peb lub cev muaj nws tus kheej txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm sab nraud? Nws puas zoo kawg nkaus? Yog li, rau qhov kev tiv thaiv no kom ua haujlwm tau, nws yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev los paub "leej twg yog phooj ywg thiab leej twg yog yeeb ncuab." Qhov ntawd yog qhov uas cov "antigens" no los rau hauv. Hais yooj yim, cov no yog cov cim qhia rau peb lub cev txoj kev tiv thaiv, "Nov yog ib tus neeg uas yuav tsum ntes!"

Dab tsi yog antigen tiag?

Xav txog koj lub cev ua ib lub teb chaws loj. Zoo li txhua tus neeg uas nkag mus rau hauv lub teb chaws no muaj daim npav ID uas qhia lawv tus kheej. Cov antigens yog cov protein lossis polysaccharides. Lawv nyob sab nraud ntawm cov khoom xws li cov hlwb, cov kab mob, thiab cov kab mob me. Nws zoo li daim ntawv lo nrog lub npe rau ntawm nws. Peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob nyeem daim ntawv lo no los txiav txim siab seb qhov no yog ib yam dab tsi uas yog lub cev lossis tus neeg nkag los ntawm sab nraud.

Tam sim no saib seb, cov antigens no tsis yog tsuas pom muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam xws li cov kab mob virus, cov kab mob bacteria, paj ntoos, cov kab mob parasites, thiab cov hlwb mob cancer xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv peb cov hlwb noj qab haus huv. Peb hu cov antigens hauv peb lub cev "tus kheej." Cov antigens hauv cov khoom ua phem xws li cov kab mob virus thiab cov kab mob bacteria hu ua "tsis yog tus kheej." Qhov no txhais tau tias peb lub cev paub nws cov hlwb thiab ua haujlwm tawm tsam cov uas los ntawm sab nraud. Ntse heev, puas yog?

Koj puas paub qhov txawv ntawm antigen thiab antibody?

Ob tug no yuav zoo li tsis meej pem me ntsis, tab sis nws yooj yim heev.

Cov antigens yog cov cim qhia , raws li kuv tau hais ua ntej. Cov cim qhia no yog yam qhia rau peb lub cev, "Nov yog ib tug neeg los ntawm sab nraud!"

Cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog cov protein tshwj xeeb uas peb cov hlwb tiv thaiv kab mob tsim. Lawv raug tsim los kom paub thiab rhuav tshem cov antigens uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij. Qhov tseeb, lo lus antigen los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "cov neeg tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob," txhais tau tias "tej yam uas pab ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob."

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb heev. Txhua lub tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsuas paub ib qho antigen tshwj xeeb xwb. Nws zoo li tus yuam sij thiab lub xauv. Tsuas yog tus yuam sij raug thiaj li qhib tau lub xauv. Yog li ntawd ob qho no ua haujlwm li cas.

Muaj cov antigens hom twg?

Cov antigens muaj peev xwm muab faib ua ntau hom nyob ntawm seb lawv los ntawm qhov twg. Cia peb saib seb lawv yog dab tsi.

1. Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Sab Nraud

Cov no yog cov khoom uas nkag mus rau hauv peb lub cev los ntawm sab nraud. Xav txog seb, cov no tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv koj lub cev los ntawm koj lub qhov ntswg, qhov ncauj, lossis txawm tias los ntawm qhov txhab ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

• Cov kab mob
• Cov kab mob
• Paj ntoos
• Cov kab mob
• Cov nceb

Tag nrho cov no koom nrog hom no.

2. Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Endogenous

Cov antigens no pom muaj nyob rau ntawm cov cell hauv peb lub cev. Lawv qhia rau peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tias "Kuv yog koj tus phooj ywg" (tus kheej) lossis "Kuv tam sim no yog ib tug neeg phem, rhuav tshem kuv" (ua rau muaj kev phom sij). Piv txwv li, peb cov cell uas tau kis tus kab mob lossis tus kab mob muab tso rau ntawm cov cim no, qhia rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom rhuav tshem lawv. Cov antigens ntawm peb cov ntshav liab thiab cov cim tshwj xeeb uas lees paub peb lub cev ua "kuv li" hu ua "(HLAs)" (Human Leukocyte Antigens) kuj yog hom no.

3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob

Qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej uas ua rau neeg tsis meej pem me ntsis. Cov no yog cov cim qhia txog peb cov hlwb noj qab nyob zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua yuam kev thiab tawm tsam cov hlwb noj qab nyob zoo no, xav tias lawv yog "yeeb ncuab." Thaum ntawd cov kab mob autoimmune pib tshwm sim.

4. Cov Antigens pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlwb qog noj ntshav (Tumor Antigens)

Cov no yog cov cim tshwj xeeb rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlwb qog nqaij hlav. Tej zaum koj kuj yuav hnov ​​​​​​lawv hu ua `(Tumor-associated antigens - TAA)`, `(Tumor-specific antigens - TSA)`, `(Neoantigens)` lossis `(Oncogenic antigens)`.

Qee zaum cov no yog tib yam li cov cell ib txwm muaj, tab sis hauv cov cell mob qog noj ntshav lawv ua haujlwm txawv (piv txwv li, cov cell mob qog noj ntshav yuav tsim tau ntau yam protein dua li cov cell ib txwm muaj). Lwm lub sijhawm, cov antigens no yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov cell mob qog noj ntshav lossis los ntawm tus kab mob hauv cov cell mob qog noj ntshav.

Cov Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) yog dab tsi?

Qhov no yog ib pawg tseem ceeb heev. Cov hlwb no yog cov uas pab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hais tias, "Nov yog kev sib ntaus!" Peb muaj peb hom hlwb no hauv peb lub cev: macrophages, dendritic cells, thiab B cells.

Hais yooj yim xwb, lawv ua haujlwm zoo li cov kws tshawb nrhiav ntse. Lawv taw qhia txog yam uas lawv xav tias yog cov uas nkag mus rau lwm cov hlwb tiv thaiv kab mob. Yog vim li ntawd qee zaum lawv thiaj li hu ua "cov hlwb uas nthuav tawm cov tshuaj antigen."

Thaum lub cell tshwj xeeb no ntsib ib qho antigen, nws noj nws, rhuav nws ua tej daim me me, thiab tom qab ntawd tso tawm qee daim ntawm nws qhov chaw ntawm lub cell. Qhov no zoo li "daim ntawv tshaj tawm xav tau" rau T cell . T cell tuaj thiab tshuaj xyuas cov daim ntawm antigen no kom pom tias lawv puas paub tus neeg nkag no. Yog tias tus antigen phim ib qho receptor tshwj xeeb ntawm T cell, tus T cell ntawd qhia rau lwm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom "tawm tsam!"

Yuav ua li cas thaum ib tug antigen nkag mus rau hauv lub cev?

Koj lub cev tiv thaiv nws tus kheej ntawm cov antigens phem los ntawm sab nraud los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj hu ua antibodies . Thaum ib tug antigen nkag mus rau hauv koj lub cev, koj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mobCov qe ntshav B kuaj xyuas nws kom zoo zoo.

Cov qe ntshav B muaj cov receptors tshwj xeeb uas xyuas seb cov antigen puas phim zoo - zoo li tus yuam sij thiab lub xauv uas tau hais ua ntej. Yog tias muaj qhov phim, cov qe ntshav B pib tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Txhua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas nws tsim muaj ib daim duab tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem paub txog cov antigen ntawd.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog nrhiav ib qho antigen uas phim cov duab tshwj xeeb ntawm nws qhov chaw. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob mus thiab khi rau cov antigens no. Tom qab ntawd koj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov khoom phom sij ntawd.

Thaum koj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tau ntsib ib qho antigen, nws muaj cov hlwb tshwj xeeb uas nco qab nws. Qhov no hu ua kev nco txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob . Qhov no yog vim li cas yog tias tus neeg tawm tsam tib yam rov qab los, lub cev tuaj yeem teb sai dua thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.

Tiam sis muaj teeb meem me ntsis. Qee zaum cov khoom phem no hloov pauv, txhais tau tias lawv cov antigens hloov pauv duab. Ces peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tuaj yeem paub lawv, ib yam li yog tias tag nrho cov kab hauv koj lub tsev tau hloov pauv thaum koj tawm hauv tsev!

Kev kuaj antigen yog dab tsi?

Kev kuaj mob Antigen nrhiav cov cim tshwj xeeb (antigens) hauv koj cov kua dej hauv lub cev, xws li ntshav, qaub ncaug, zis, thiab quav, uas cuam tshuam nrog ib yam kab mob tshwj xeeb. Cov no feem ntau yog siv los nrhiav seb koj puas muaj mob khaub thuas lossis mob kis xws li COVID-19, lossis saib seb kev kho mob qog noj ntshav mus li cas. Lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab tshuaj xyuas cov neeg uas yuav pub cov noob caj noob ces lossis tau txais kev hloov noob caj noob ces.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj kuaj tau antigen?

Qhov no nyob ntawm seb koj tab tom nrhiav hom antigen twg.

• Rau tus kab mob: Feem ntau tus kws kho mob yuav siv ib daim ntaub me me uas muaj lub hau mos mos los so koj lub qhov ntswg lossis caj pas. Tom qab ntawd lawv yuav sim daim ntaub kom pom tias nws puas muaj cov antigens los ntawm tus kab mob uas lawv tab tom nrhiav. Qee qhov kev kuaj mob viral antigen tuaj yeem ua tau hauv tsev (piv txwv li, COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test). Cov kev kuaj no tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig hauv 15 feeb xwb.
• Rau lwm yam kev kuaj antigen (xws li cov cim qhia txog mob qog noj ntshav, kev sib phim cov ntaub so ntswg): Tus kws kho mob yuav coj koj cov ntshav, zis, lossis quav mus kuaj. Tom qab ntawd lawv yuav xa mus rau chav kuaj mob kom kuaj xyuas seb puas muaj antigen uas lawv tab tom nrhiav.

Cov kev kuaj mob antigen muaj tseeb npaum li cas?

Qhov no kuj nyob ntawm seb koj tab tom nrhiav antigen twg thiab koj tab tom kuaj li cas. Piv txwv li, kev kuaj antigen sai rau cov kab mob viral yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws yog tias lawv ua tiav hauv ob peb hnub ntawm koj cov tsos mob pib. Qhov no yog vim tias thaum ntawd yog lub sijhawm uas tus kab mob muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub cev, ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau kev kuaj kom pom.

Ntau hom kev kuaj antigen uas siv ntau

Nov yog qee qhov kev ntsuam xyuas uas koj yuav tau hnov ​​​​​​txog, lossis yuav tsum tau ua:

• Kev kuaj mob Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): CEA feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov qib qis hauv cov neeg laus. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv qee qhov mob, xws li mob qog noj ntshav, qib ntawm CEA hauv cov ntshav tuaj yeem nce siab. Cov kws kho mob saib xyuas qib CEA no kom pom tias kev kho mob qog noj ntshav puas ua haujlwm.
• Kev kuaj mob Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Kev kuaj HBsAg yog kev kuaj ntshav uas siv ua ke nrog lwm yam kev kuaj mob los kuaj mob hepatitis B.
• Kev kuaj ntshav dawb ntawm tib neeg (HLA): Txhua lub cell hauv peb lub cev, tshwj tsis yog peb cov qe ntshav liab, muaj nws cov HLA. Thaum hloov cov noob caj noob ces lossis cov noob caj noob ces, tus neeg pub thiab tus neeg txais yuav raug kuaj xyuas seb lawv puas muaj HLA zoo ib yam. Tus neeg txais kuj raug kuaj xyuas seb lawv puas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv tus neeg pub HLA. Yog tias lawv muaj, lub cev tuaj yeem tawm tsam lub cev tshiab (qhov no hu ua kab mob graft versus host). Yuav kom feem ntau kev hloov pauv kom ua tiav, tus neeg pub thiab tus neeg txais yuav tsum muaj HLA sib phim zoo. Tab sis lawv tsis tas yuav zoo ib yam.
• Kev kuaj mob prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Cov txiv neej uas muaj mob qog nqaij hlav prostate lossis cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem prostate tsis loj heev tuaj yeem kuaj PSA ntau ntxiv. Kev kuaj PSA no tuaj yeem ua ib feem ntawm kev kuaj mob niaj hnub.
• Kev Kuaj SARS-CoV-2 lossis COVID-19 Antigen: Qhov no qee zaum hu ua "kev kuaj sai." Nws nrhiav seb puas muaj cov antigens los ntawm tus kab mob uas ua rau COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, nyob rau hauv cov qauv coj los ntawm koj lub qhov ntswg lossis caj pas. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau hauv tsev nrog cov khoom siv kuaj lossis los ntawm kws kho mob.

Cov antigens ntawm pawg ntshav yog dab tsi?

Tej zaum koj twb tau hnov ​​txog cov ntshav hom A, B, AB, thiab O. Cov ntawv no yeej hais txog cov hom antigens uas nyob rau saum npoo ntawm koj cov qe ntshav liab. Koj yug los muaj cov antigens A lossis B, lossis ob qho tib si (ntshav hom AB), lossis tsis muaj ib qho li (ntshav hom O). Qhov no hu ua ABO blood group system.

Lub cim "+" lossis "-" hauv koj hom ntshav qhia seb koj puas muaj lwm yam antigen hu ua Rhesus factor lossis Rh factor . Tej zaum koj kuj tau hnov ​​​​​​txog tias koj yog "Rhesus positive" lossis "Rhesus negative."

Yog koj cov qe ntshav muaj ib qho antigen, koj lub cev paub tias nws "phooj ywg" thiab yuav tsis tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tawm tsam nws. Yog tsis ua li ntawd, koj cov qe ntshav tiv thaiv kab mob yuav tawm tsam cov ntshav uas muaj antigen ntawd.

Hauv lwm lo lus, yog tias koj cov ntshav hom A, koj cov tshuaj tua kab mob yuav tawm tsam cov ntshav nrog cov antigen B. Thiab tib yam mus rau lwm txoj kev. Yog tias koj cov ntshav hom AB, koj lub cev pom ob qho antigens A thiab B ua "phooj ywg" thiab yuav tsis tawm tsam lawv. Yog tias koj cov ntshav hom O, koj muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob tawm tsam ob qho antigens A thiab B.

Yog vim li ntawd nws thiaj li tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum phim koj hom ntshav thaum koj pub ntshav. Yog tias koj tau txais cov ntshav uas tsis phim koj hom ntshav, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hnyav heev.

Muaj ntau yam ntxiv txog Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

HLAs yog cov cim tshwj xeeb uas qhia koj cov cell tias yog "tus kheej," txhais tau tias lawv yog koj lub cev li. Txhua lub cell tshwj tsis yog koj cov cell ntshav liab muaj HLAs.

Tej zaum koj yuav xav txog '(HLAs)' ua hom ntshav, tab sis lawv nyuaj dua li ntawd. Piv txwv li, peb txhua tus muaj ntau hom '(HLAs)', yog li nws tsis tshua muaj neeg pom lwm tus neeg uas muaj tib hom '(HLA)' ua ke.

Koj tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tawm tsam koj tus kheej HLAs, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob autoimmune. Yog tias koj xav tau kev hloov pauv stem cell, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj HLA kom nrhiav tau tus khub. Hauv qhov no, tus khub zoo tshaj plaws feem ntau yog ib tug txheeb ze ze, xws li niam, txiv, kwv tij, lossis muam.

Thaum kawg, tej yam uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov

Puas yuav zoo kawg nkaus yog tias txhua yam uas peb ntsib thaum peb mus ua haujlwm muaj daim ntawv lo hais tias "qhov no zoo, qhov no phem"? Zoo, cov antigens yog ib qho cuab yeej pab tau zoo heev uas pab peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua qhov ntawd.

Koj tus kws kho mob yuav hais kom kuaj cov tshuaj antigen rau kev kuaj mob niaj hnub, los saib xyuas tus kab mob uas tseem muaj, lossis los txiav txim seb koj puas muaj tus kab mob. Thaum lub sijhawm zoo li no, nco ntsoov nug txhua lo lus nug uas koj muaj txog lawv ua qhov kev kuaj mob li cas thiab vim li cas. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau paub txog koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv.

Cov tshuaj tua kab mob (antigens), cov tshuaj tua kab mob (antibodies), lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob (immune system), kev kuaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob (antigen tests), cov pawg ntshav (blood groups), HLA, kev kis kab mob (infections)