Ekikuta kino ekya myelin ekyetoolodde obutoffaali bwaffe obw’obusimu kye ki? Ka tukyogereko mu bujjuvu!

Wali weebuuzizzaako engeri ababaka abatonotono abali munda mu mibiri gyaffe, obutoffaali bw’obusimu, gye bakola ku sipiidi n’amagezi? Mu butuufu, omubiri gwaffe gwonna, okuva ku ngeri gye tulowoozaamu okutuuka ku ngeri gye tutambuzaamu emikono n’amagulu, gufugibwa enkola eno ey’obusimu. Kale leero tugenda kwogera ku kintu ekikulu ennyo ekiyamba obutoffaali buno obw’obusimu okukola obulungi. Oyo ye Myelin Sheath .

Ekikuta kya Myelin kye ki? Ka tukitegeere mu ngeri ennyangu!

Mu ngeri ennyangu, ekikuta kya myelin kibikka ekikuuma ekizinga buli kimu ku butoffaali bwaffe obw’obusimu (naffe bwe tuyita `(Neuron)`). Kiba ng’akatono aka glove. Kikolebwa mu masavu (i.e. `(Lipids)`) ne puloteyina. Ekibikka kino kibikka ekitundu ekikulu "ekikolo" eky'obutoffaali bw'obusimu, ekiyitibwa axon . Kilowoozeeko nga waya y’amasannyalaze mu maka gaffe. Kirina ekikuta ky’akaveera okwetooloola waya z’ekikomo. Bw’etyo ekikuta kino ekya myelin bwe kikuuma obutoffaali bw’obusimu n’okubuyamba okukola obulungi.

Ebitundu ki eby’obusimu obuyitibwa neuron? Kiringa omuti!

Nga tetunnaba kwogera bingi ku kikuta kya myelin, ka tutegeere akatoffaali k’obusimu kye ki n’ebitundu byakyo bye biri. Obutoffaali bw'obusimu bwe bukola enkola yaffe ey'obusimu . Enkola eno ey’obusimu eringa ekifo ekikulu eky’okuwanyisiganya amawulire mu mubiri gwaffe. Bufuna amawulire okuva mu mubiri gwonna, buddamu, era bukwatagana n’ebigenda mu maaso munda n’ebweru w’omubiri. Bwe twetegereza akatoffaali k’obusimu, kalina ebitundu bisatu ebikulu. Teebereza nti akatoffaali k’obusimu kalinga omuti : 1. Soma oba Omubiri gw’obutoffaali: Kino kiringa emirandira gy’omuti. Dendrites , eziringa ebikoola bya soma, zinyiga "ebiriisa" okuva mu ttaka. Naye wano, "ebiriisa" bubaka bwa kemiko obuva mu butoffaali bw'obusimu obulala obuli okumpi. Olwo obubaka buno bukyusibwa ne bufuuka ebiwujjo by’amasannyalaze. Nucleus y’obutoffaali nayo eri munda mu soma eno. 2. Axon: Kino kiringa ekikolo ekiwanvu eky’omuti. Nga ebiriisa ebinywezebwa okuva mu bikoola by’omuti bwe bigenda waggulu ku kikolo, n’ekisengejjo (axon) nalyo litambuza ebiwujjo by’amasannyalaze ebiva mu soma nga biyitako. 3. Axon Terminal: Kino kiringa ebikoola ebiri ku nkomerero z’amatabi g’omuti. Ebikoola n’obukuta biva mu bikoola bino. Mu ngeri eno, ebiwujjo by'amasannyalaze "biyimbulwa" okuva ku nkomerero eno eya axon bisobole okusitulibwa obutoffaali bw'obusimu obuddako. Enkola eno egenda mu maaso okutuusa ng’obubaka butuuse ku bwongo bwo, ku mugongo , oba ku bitundu by’omubiri gwo ebirala. Ekivaamu bye bintu ng’ebinywa ebikonziba okutambuza omukono gwo, okukuyamba okussa oba okuleetera omutima okukuba. Kati oyinza okuba n’ekirowoozo ekitono ku nsengeka enkulu ey’obutoffaali bw’obusimu.

Kiki ekituuka ku Myelin Sheath?

Ekikuta kya myelin kirina emirimu esatu emikulu:

• Okuwa obukuumi: Nga bwe nnagambye emabegako, ekizigo kino ekya lipid-protein kiwa obukuumi obuziyiza obutoffaali bw’obusimu , okufaananako nnyo ekikuta ky’akaveera okwetooloola waya za waya y’amasannyalaze.
• Empuliziganya ey’amangu: Eno y’ensonga lwaki ebiwujjo by’amasannyalaze bitambula okuva mu katoffaali k’obusimu akamu okudda mu kalala mu bwangu nnyo era mu ngeri ennungi . Awatali myelin, olugendo luno lwandibadde lwa mpola nnyo.
• Okukuuma amaanyi g’ekiwujjo: Ekikuta kino ekya myelin nakyo kiyamba okukuuma amaanyi g’obubaka nga bwe butambula mu kisenge ky’omubiri ekiyitibwa axon.

Myelin ekolebwa obutoffaali obuyitibwa oligodendrocytes mu bwongo bwaffe n’omugongo (bwe tuyita Central Nervous System (CNS) . Mu ngeri y’emu, myelin ekolebwa obutoffaali bwa Schwann mu Peripheral Nervous System yaffe (omukutu gw’obusimu ebweru w’obusimu obw’omu makkati, obusaasaana mu mubiri gwonna).Obusimu buno obw’okumpi bwe butambuza obubaka wakati w’obusimu obw’omu makkati n’obusimu omubiri gwonna.

Ebituli ebiri mu kikuta kya myelin biyitibwa bitya?

Tolowooza ku kikuta kya myelin ng’ekibikka ekigenda mu maaso era ekinene. Nedda, kiringa eggaali y’omukka empanvu ey’ebibokisi. Ekibokisi ekimu we kikoma ate ekibokisi ekiddako we kitandikira, waliwo ekituli ekitono. Mu ngeri y’emu, ekikuta kya myelin kikolebwa omuddirirwa gw’emiguwa gya myelin egyawuddwa ku ndala. Buli emu ku nnyiriri zino eza myelin eyitibwa internode . Ebituli bino ebitonotono wakati w'emiguwa ebiri egya myelin biyitibwa nodes of Ranvier . Ensigo zino eza Ranvier zirimu omuwendo omunene ogwa ion za sodium ennungi. Siginini y’amasannyalaze oba ekiwujjo bwe kitambula mu kitundu ekiyitibwa axon, kibuuka okuva ku kitundu ekimu ekya Ranvier okudda ku ndala. Bwe kisala ekituli kino, ayoni za sodiyamu ziddamu okujjuza akabonero k’amasannyalaze. Olwo siginiini esobola okweyongera okutambula nga tefiiriddwa chajingi yaayo oba okufiirwa amaanyi gaayo. Enkola eyeewuunyisa nnyo, si bwe kiri?

Kiki ekibaawo singa ekikuta kya myelin kyonoonese?

Kigambibwa nti mu mubiri gwaffe mulimu obutoffaali bw’obusimu obuwumbi nga 100. Buli emu ku zino akola buli kiseera, ng’eweereza n’okufuna obubaka, ng’efuga buli mulimu mu mubiri gwaffe. Teebereza ekyandibaddewo singa ekikuta kya myelin ekyetoolodde obutoffaali buno obw’obusimu kyonoonese. Olwo sipiidi ya siginiini y’amasannyalaze yandikendedde, oba ng’eyimiridde ddala. Emu ku nsonga enkulu lwaki myelin eyonoonese y’abaserikale b’omubiri mu mubiri gwaffe.Obutoffaali bulowooza mu bukyamu nti myelin kintu kigwira okuva ebweru. Olwo abaserikale baffe abaserikale ne batandika okulumba myelin. Kino kireetera okukola ebintu ebizimba, ebyonoona myelin. Oluvannyuma obutoffaali obukola myelin (oligodendrocytes ne Schwann cells) nabwo bufa. Okusaanyaawo kuno okw'ekikuta kya myelin kuyitibwa demyelination . Okusinziira ku kifo myelin w’alumbibwa, obubonero bwo bujja kwawukana.

Endwadde ki ezonoona myelin?

Waliwo endwadde eziwerako ezonoona myelin. Oyinza okuba nga wali owuliddeko ku ndwadde zino ezimu.

Endwadde ezikwata myelin mu busimu obw’omu makkati (CNS):

Obulwadde obusinga okumanyibwa abantu abasinga obungi bwe bawuliddeko, obulumba myelin y’obusimu obw’omu makkati (kwe kugamba, obwongo n’omugongo), ye multiple sclerosis . Okugatta ku ekyo, waliwo endwadde endala eziwerako ezikwata myelin y’obusimu obw’omu makkati:

• Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Buno bulwadde obutatera kulabika, bwa maanyi, obw’amaanyi obw’abaserikale b’omubiri obubeera mu busimu obw’omu makkati.
• Obulwadde bwa Schilder’s Sclerosis: Era bumanyiddwa nga `(Diffuse Myelinoclastic Sclerosis)`, buno bulwadde obutatera kulabika nga bukendeeza ku busimu obubeera mu baana.
• Transverse Myelitis: Buno bulwadde bwa autoimmune obuleeta okuzimba omugongo.
• Neuromyelitis Optica: Mu kino, abaserikale b’omubiri balumba obusimu bw’eriiso n’omugongo nga bayita mu busimu obuziyiza endwadde .
• Optic Neuritis : Kino era kizingiramu okuzimba obusimu bw’amaaso.
• Tumefactive Demyelination : Kino kiwundu kimu ekyonoona myelin ekinene okusinga sentimita 2.

Endwadde ezikwata myelin mu busimu obw’okumpi:

• Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Obubonero buno busobola okulabika oluvannyuma lw’okukwatibwa yinfekisoni oba, si bulijjo nnyo, oluvannyuma lw’okugema.
• Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy ( CIDP ): Buno bulwadde obugenda mu maaso obuva ku busimu obuziyiza endwadde obulumbagana myelin.
• Paraproteinemic Demyelinating Neuropathy: Kino kika kya bulwadde bw’obusimu obukwatagana n’okubeerawo kw’ekirungo ekiziyiza obulwadde ekikwatagana ne kookolo.
• Charcot Marie Obulwadde bw’amannyo ekika kya 1 n’ekika kya X: Buno bulwadde bwa busimu obusikira.
• Obutaba na kikomo: Ekikomo bwe kiba kitono, myelin efiirwa obukuumi bwayo era atera okwonooneka.

Embeera ki endala eziyinza okwonoona myelin?

Waliwo ensonga endala lwaki ekikuta kya myelin kiyinza okwonooneka oba okusaanawo mu bantu abakulu:

• Obulwadde bwa Stroke
• Yinfekisoni, Obuzibu bw'abaserikale b'omubiri n'enkyukakyuka mu mubiri (`(Metabolic Disorders)`)
• Ebika by’obutwa
• Obutabeera na Vitamin B12
• Eddagala erimu, okugeza `(Ethambutol)`
• Okunywa omwenge ekisusse

Okugatta ku ekyo, mu ndwadde eziwerako ez’obuzaale ezitatera kulabika, ekikuta kya myelin tekikola bulungi. Eby’okulabirako mulimu Obulwadde bwa Tay-Sachs , Obulwadde bwa Gaucher , Obulwadde bwa Hurler Syndrome, n’Obulwadde bwa Niemann-Pick .

Teebereza engeri emirimu gy’omubiri gwaffe gye gyandikosebwa singa amakubo gano ag’amangu agatambuza obubaka mu mubiri gwaffe gaali gazibiddwa, ng’okusibira mu kalippagano k’ebidduka. Eno y’ensonga lwaki obulamu bw’ekikuta kya myelin kikulu nnyo.

Okwonooneka kwa myelin kuyinza okuddaabirizibwa?

Kino kye kibuuzo abantu bangi kye balina. Yee, myelin eyonoonese esobola okuddaabirizibwa , mu busimu obw’omu makkati ne mu busimu obw’okumpi. Naye kikulu okufuga ensonga ezireeta okumenya kwa myelin, gamba ng’okuzimba, n’okukozesa okuziyiza/okukyusakyusa abaserikale b’omubiri (okugeza , steroids , intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) , n’eddagala eddala). Bannasayansi bafunye enkulaakulana nnene mu kutegeera engeri eziyinza okutumbula okuddaabiriza myelin. Wadde nga waliwo okunoonyereza okusuubiza, tekinnategeerekeka bulungi mugaso gwe gufunye mu butuufu eri abalwadde. Mu kiseera kino tewali ddagala likkirizibwa okuddaabiriza myelin. Wano waliwo ebyokulabirako ebitonotono okuva mu kunoonyereza:

• Okugezesebwa okutono okwa Phase II clinical kulaga nti eddagala eriyitibwa antihistamine clemastine eriweebwa mu kamwa lirina eddagala eriddaabiriza myelin. Clemastine yalongoosa okutambuza obubonero bw’amasannyalaze mu balwadde ba multiple sclerosis abalina obusimu bw’amaaso obwonooneddwa. Okugezesebwa okulala okwakolebwa abantu okwasooka kwazuula nti eddagala lya sukaali erya metformin ne clemastine okugatta kyayamba okuddamu okukola myelin.
• Obutoffaali obusibuka mu nsikoNga baziyiza molekyu mu butoffaali bwa oligodendrocyte, obukola myelin mu nkola y'obusimu obw'omu makkati (bino bye "bizimba" eby'ebika by'obutoffaali byonna), ebibe ebirina obubonero obulinga obw'obulwadde bwa multiple sclerosis byasobola okuddaabiriza myelin yaabwe ne bidda engulu okutuuka ku ddaala eritali limu.
• Okunoonyereza kugenda mu maaso ku busobozi bw’obutoffaali obusibuka mu mubiri okuddaabiriza okwonooneka kwa myelin n’okukendeeza ku kukula kw’obulwadde buno.
• Eddagala eddala liraga nti lisuubiza mu kukuuma obusimu obutayongera kwonooneka. Eddagala eriziyiza okuzimba erya ibudilast lyakendeeza nnyo ku muwendo gw’obutoffaali bw’obwongo okufa (atrophy) mu kugezesebwa okwa Phase II. Eddagala eriweweeza ku bulwadde bw’okusannyalala erya phenytoin kyalaze nti teririna bulabe, nga likendeeza ku kwonooneka kwa myelin ebitundu 30% bw’ogeraageranya n’eddagala eriweweeza ku bulwadde bwa placebo. Asidi wa lipoic antioxidant ayinza okuyamba okuziyiza okwongera okwonooneka kw’obusimu.

Obubaka Obutwala Awaka

Kale, osobola okulaba kati engeri ekikuta kino ekya myelin gye kiri ekikulu eri enkola ennungi ey’obusimu bwaffe. Myelin yeetaagibwa nnyo okusobola okukola obulungi obuwumbi n’obuwumbi bw’obutoffaali buno obw’obusimu obuwuliziganya ne buli kitundu ky’omubiri gwaffe era obufuga buli kimu.

• Myelin kikuta ekikuuma ekikolebwa mu masavu ne puloteyina eyeetoolodde obutoffaali bw’obusimu.
• Kiyamba obusimu okutambula amangu era mu ngeri ennungi.
• Okwonooneka kwa myelin kuyinza okuvaako endwadde ez’amaanyi nga multiple sclerosis.
• Okunoonyereza kugenda mu maaso ku nkola z’okuddukanya n’okuddaabiriza endwadde ezireeta okwonooneka kwa myelin.

Endwadde n’embeera nnyingi bisobola okulumba myelin. Obulwadde bw’okusannyalala (multiple sclerosis) bwe businga okumanyibwa ku buno. Naye amawulire amalungi gali nti abanoonyereza buli kiseera banoonya engeri y’okukuuma, okuddaabiriza n’okuzza obuggya myelin. Era balina enkulaakulana gye bakola mu kukikola. Kale, waliwo essuubi!

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Myelin, myelin sheath, obutoffaali bw’obusimu, obusimu obuyitibwa neurons, enkola y’obusimu, enkola y’obusimu obw’omu makkati, enkola y’obusimu obw’okumpi, demyelination, multiple sclerosis