Taksa chhunga heng "marker" te hi engte nge ni? Antigens chungchang hi han sawi ila!

Kan taksa hian pawn lam atanga natna dona tur hian mahni invenna a nei tih i ngaihtuah ngai em? Mak a ni lo maw? Chuvangin, he defense system hian hna a thawh theih nan "tu nge ṭhian leh tute nge hmelma" tih hriat theihna tur kawng a neih a ngai a ni. Chutah chuan heng "antigens" te hi an rawn lut a, a awlsam zawngin sawi ila, hengte hi kan taksa invenna hnena "Hetah hian man tur a awm!"

Antigen chu eng nge ni tak tak?

I taksa hi ram lian tak angin ngaihtuah rawh. He rama lut apiang hian anmahni hriat theihna tur ID card an nei vek ang mai a ni. Antigens hi a takah chuan protein emaw polysaccharide emaw an ni. Cell, virus, bacteria ang chi thil pawn lamah an awm a ni. Hming ziakna label ang mai a ni. Kan immune system hian he label hi chhiarin hei hi taksa ta nge pawn lam atanga lo lut invader a ni tih a rel thin.

Tunah chuan en teh, heng antigens te hi virus, bacteria, pollen, parasite, leh cancer cell ang chi thilah chauh ni lovin, kan cell hrisel takah pawh a awm a ni. Kan taksa chhunga antigen awmte hi "self" kan ti thin. Virus leh bacteria ang chi thil tha lo tak takah antigen awmte chu "non-self" an ti a. Chumi awmzia chu kan taksa hian a cell te chu a hre chiang a, pawn lam atanga lo chhuakte lakah a che tihna a ni. Fing tak a ni lawm ni?

Antigen leh antibody inthlauhna i hria em?

Heng pahnih hi a buaithlak deuhin a lang thei a, mahse a awlsam hle.

Antigens are those markers , ka sawi tawh ang khan. Heng marker te hi kan taksa hnenah, "Hetah hian pawn lam atangin mi a lo kal!"

Antibodies hi kan immune cells siam protein bik a ni. Antigen tha lo tak tak hriatchhuah leh tichhe thei tura siam an ni. Dik tak chuan antigen tih thumal hi "antibody generators" tih ngaihdan atanga lo chhuak a ni a, chu chu "antibody siamna atana puitu thil" tihna a ni.

Antibody hi a danglam bik hle. Antibody tin hian antigen bik pakhat chauh an hre thei. Chabi leh lock ang mai a ni. Key dinglam chauhvin lock chu a hawng thei. Chutiang chuan heng pahnih hian hna an thawk a ni.

Eng ang antigens nge awm?

Antigens hi an lo chhuah dan azirin chi hrang hrangah then theih a ni. Eng nge an nih i en ang u.

1. Exogenous Antigens te hi a awm a

Hengte hi pawn lam atanga kan taksa chhunga lut thinte chu an ni. Ngaihtuah teh, hengte hi i hnar emaw, i hmui emaw, vun hliam atang pawhin i taksaah an lut thei a ni.

• Virus te hi a ni
• Bacteria te hi a ni
• Pollen a ni
• Parasites te hi a awm
• Fungi te pawh a awm

Heng zawng zawng hi he chi hi an ni.

2. Endogenous Antigens te hi a awm a

Heng antigens te hi kan taksa chhunga cell hrang hrangah a awm a. Kan immune system hnenah "I thian ka ni" (mahni) emaw, "Tunah chuan mi tha lo ka ni tawh a, min tichhe rawh" (harmful) emaw an ti thin. Entîr nân, kan cell ngei, bacteria emaw, virus emaw a kai tawhte chuan chutiang chhinchhiahna chu an dah a, chu chu tichhe tûrin immune system a hrilh a ni. Kan thisen sen (red blood cells)-a antigens leh kan taksa hi "ka ta" tia hretu special marker ``(HLAs)`` (Human Leukocyte Antigens) an tih te pawh hi he chi hi a ni.

3. Autoantigens te hi a awm

Hei hi a buaithlak deuh a ni. Hengte hi keimahni cell hrisel tak takte chhinchhiahna a ni. Mahse, a chang chuan kan immune system hian tihsual a nei a, heng cell hrisel tak takte hi "hmêlma" anga ngaihin a bei thin. Chutah chuan autoimmune natna a lo awm ta a ni.

4. Cancer cell-a antigen awm (Tumor Antigens) .

Hengte hi cancer cell chunglama marker bik an ni. Tin, `(Tumor-associated antigens - TAA)`, `(Tumor-specific antigens - TSA)`, `(Neoantigens)` emaw `(Oncogenic antigens)` tih te pawh i hre thei bawk.

A châng chuan hengte hi cell pangngai nêna hmun inang an ni a, mahse cancer cell-ah chuan an thawk dân a inang lo (entir nân, cancer cell chuan cell pangngai aiin protein engemaw zat a siam tam zâwk thei a ni). Hun dangah chuan heng antigens te hi cancer cell genes-a mutations emaw, cancer cell chhunga virus emaw atanga siam a ni.

Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) te hi eng nge ni?

Hei hi group pawimawh tak a ni. Heng cell te hi immune system-in, "Hetah hian indona a lo thleng ta!" Kan taksaah hian heng cell chi thum kan nei a, chungte chu macrophages, dendritic cells leh B cells te an ni.

A awlsam zawngin detective fing tak tak angin an thawk a ni. Immune cell dangte invader nia an ngaihte chu an kawhhmuh thin. Chuvangin "professional antigen-presenting cells" tia koh an ni fo bawk.

He cell bik hian antigen a tawk a, chu chu a ei zo vek a, a then te teah a then a, chu chu a cell chung lamah a then thenkhat chu a rawn pholang ta a ni. Hei hi T cells tan ``wanted poster'' ang mai a ni . T cells te chu an lo kal a, heng antigen chi hrang hrangte hi an enfiah a, he invader hi an hre chiang em tih an enfiah thin. Antigen chu T cell-a receptor bik nen a inmil a nih chuan, chu T cell chuan immune system dangte chu ``attack!'' turin a hrilh a ni.

Antigen taksaa a luh chuan eng nge thleng?

I taksa hian pawn lam atanga antigen tha lo tak tak lakah chemical antibodies an tih hmangin a inveng thin . I taksaah antigen a luh chuan, i immune systemB-cells te hian uluk takin an check thin.

B-cells hian receptor bik an nei a, chu chuan antigen chu a inmil tha em tih enfiah thin – a hmaa kan sawi tawh ang khan key leh lock ang khan. Match a awm chuan B-cell hian antibodies a siam tan thin. A siam antibody tin hian chu antigen chu hre thei tur pianzia danglam tak an nei vek a.

Antibody hna chu a chunglama a pianzia bik nena inmil antigen zawng chhuah hi a ni. Antibodies te hi kal in heng antigens te hi an inzawm khawm thin. Tichuan i immune system chuan chu thil tha lo tak takte chu a tichhia thei a ni.

I immune system hian antigen a tawk tawh chuan chu chu hre rengtu cell bik a nei ta a ni. Hei hi immunological memory an ti a . Hei vang hian invader ang chiah kha a lo kir leh a nih chuan taksa hian a chhang let rang zawk thei a, a ti tha zawk bawk.

Mahse, harsatna tlem a awm. A chang chuan heng thil tha lo tak takte hi an inthlak danglam thin a, chu chu an antigens te chu an pianzia a inthlak tihna a ni. Tichuan kan immune system hian a hre thei lo, in atanga i chhuah lai khan i in chhunga rulhut zawng zawng kha a danglam vek tawh ang maiin!

Antigen test tih hi eng nge ni?

Antigen test hian i taksa tui, thisen, hmui, zun, leh bawlhhlawh, natna bik nena inzawm, marker (antigens) bikte a zawng thin. Hengte hi flu emaw, COVID-19 ang chi viral illness emaw i neih leh neih loh hriat nan emaw, cancer enkawlna kal zel dan tur hriat nan emaw hman tlanglawn tak a ni. Tin, taksa peng pe tur emaw, taksa peng thlak tur emaw screen-naah pawh an pui thei bawk.

Engtin nge antigen test hi an tih thin?

Hei hi eng ang antigen nge i zawn tih ah a innghat.

• Virus tan: Doctor chuan i hnar emaw i kawr emaw chu swab te tak te, tip nem tak hmangin a swab tlangpui ang. Chumi hnuah chuan swab-ah hian an zawn mek virus atanga antigens a awm leh awm loh an test ang. Viral antigen test thenkhat chu in lamah tih theih a ni (e.g., COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test). Heng test te hian minute 15 chhungin result a pe thei a ni.
• Antigen test dang (cancer marker, tissue matching ang chi): Doctor chuan i thisen, i zun emaw, i bawlhhlawh emaw sample a la ang. Chumi hnuah chuan lab-ah an thawn ang a, an thil zawn antigen chu an enfiah ang.

Antigen test hi engtiang chiahin nge a dik?

Hei hi eng antigen nge i zawn tih leh engtin nge i test tih ah a innghat bawk. Entirnan, virus infection atana rapid antigen test hi i natna lan chhuah tirh atanga ni engemaw zat chhunga tih a nih chuan a dik ber. Hei hi a chhan chu chutih lai chuan virus hi taksaah a tam ber a, test pawh a pickup a awlsam phah a ni.

Antigen test hman tlanglawn chi hrang hrang

Test i hriat tawh, emaw, tih ngai tawh emaw chu hetiang hi a ni:

• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test: CEA hi puitlingah chuan a level hniam takah a awm tlangpui. Mahse, natna thenkhat, cancer ang chiah hian thisenah CEA level a sang thei hle. Doctor-te chuan he CEA level hi an enfiah a, cancer enkawlna hian hna a thawk em tih an enfiah thin.
• Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test: HBsAg test hi thisen test dang nen tangkawpin hepatitis B hriat theihna atana hman a ni.
• Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) test: Kan taksaa cell tin hian kan thisen sen tih loh chu HLA set hrang hrang kan nei vek a. Organ emaw stem cell emaw transplant hian donor leh recipient te chu HLA inang an neih leh neih loh enfiah thin a ni. A dawngtu pawh hi donor-te HLA laka antibody an neih leh neih loh enfiah a ni bawk. An tih chuan taksain taksa peng thar chu a bei thei a (hei hi graft versus host disease an ti a ni). Transplant tam zawk hlawhtling tur chuan donor leh recipient te hian HLA-ah match tha tak an neih a ngai a ni. Mahse, an inang chiah a ngai lo.
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: Mipa prostate cancer vei emaw, prostate lama harsatna lian lo zawk nei emaw zingah PSA level a sang thei. He PSA test hi medical exam pangngaia tih theih a ni.
• SARS-CoV-2 emaw COVID-19 Antigen Test: Hei hi "rapid test" an ti \hin. I hnar emaw, i kawr emaw atanga sample lakah COVID-19 thlentu virus, SARS-CoV-2 atanga antigens awm leh awm loh a zawng thin. Hei hi in lamah test kit hmangin emaw, doctor-in emaw tih theih a ni.

Thisen group antigen te hi eng nge ni?

Thisen chi hrang hrang A, B, AB, leh O te i hre tawh mai thei a, heng lehkhabu te hian a takah chuan i thisen sen (red blood cells) chunglama antigen chi hrang hrangte a kawk a ni. A emaw B antigen emaw neiin i piang thei a, a pahnih (thisen chi AB), emaw, pakhat mah nei lovin (thisen chi O) i nei thei bawk. Hei hi ABO blood group system an ti a.

I thisen type-a "+" emaw "-" emaw tih hian antigen dang Rhesus factor emaw Rh factor emaw i neih leh neih loh a tarlang a ni. "Rhesus positive" emaw "Rhesus negative" emaw tih pawh i hre tawh mai thei.

I thisen cell-te hian antigen an neih chuan i taksa chuan "friendly" a ni tih a hria a, chu chu antibody a siam dawn lo. Chutiang a nih loh chuan i immune cells te chuan chu antigen nei thisen chu an bei ang.

Phên dangin sawi ila, i thisen chi chu A a nih chuan i antibodies te chuan B antigen hmangin thisen an bei ang. Tin, chutiang bawk chu a lehlamah pawh a ni. I thisen chi chu AB a nih chuan i taksa chuan antigen A leh B pahnih hi "friendly" angin a hmu a, a bei dawn lo. I thisen chi hi O a nih chuan antigen A leh B pahnih laka antibody i nei a ni.

Chuvang chuan thisen pek dawnin i thisen type match hi a pawimawh em em a ni. I thisen chi nena inmil lo thisen pek i nih chuan immune reaction na tak a thlen thei a ni.

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) chungchang tlem tal chu

HLAs hi special marker a ni a, chu chuan i cell te chu "self" a nih thu a hriattir a, chu chu i taksa ta a ni tihna a ni. I thisen sen tih loh cell zawng zawng hian HLA an nei vek a.

`(HLAs)` hi thisen chi hrang hrang angin i ngai mai thei a, mahse chu aia buaithlak zawk an ni. Entirnan, `(HLA)` tam tak kan nei vek a, chuvangin `(HLA)` combination inang chiah chiah nei mi dang hmuh tur a awm lo hle.

I HLAs laka antibody i siam thei a, chu chuan autoimmune disease a thlen thei a ni. Stem cell transplant i mamawh a nih chuan a inmil tur zawng turin HLA testing neih a ngai dawn a ni. Hetiang a nih chuan, a inmil ber chu a chhungte hnai tak, nu, pa, unaupa emaw, unaunu emaw a ni tlangpui.

A tawp berah chuan thil hriat reng tur

Hnathawh tur kan kalna kawngah kan tawn apiangah "hei hi a tha, hei hi a tha lo" tih ziak awm se a ropui dawn lo em ni? Awle, antigens hi hmanraw tangkai tak a ni a, chu chuan kan immune system chu chutiang chiah chuan a ti thei a ni.

I doctor chuan antigen test neihpui turin a ti thei a, chu chu routine checkup atan emaw, natna kal zel enfiah nan emaw, virus i vei em tih hriat nan emaw a ni thei. Chutiang hunah chuan test an tih dan leh an tih chhan chungchanga zawhna i neih apiang zawt ngei ang che. I hriselna hriat chian a pawimawh.

` Antigen, antibody, immune system, antigen test, thisen group, HLA, infection te