I fa hian rilru lama hmasawnna tur harsatna a nei em? Intellectual Disability chungchang hi han sawi ila.

I fa tê tê chu naupang dangte aiin thil ṭhenkhat zir leh hrethiam lo deuh niin i inhria ṭhîn em? A nih loh leh, mi dangte aiin ni tin hna thawhnaah ṭanpuina a mamawh tam zawk em? Chuvangin, vawiinah hian intellectual Disability, `(Intellectual Disability)` an tih condition chungchang kan sawi dawn a ni. He hming i hriat hian hlauthawng leh lungngai nghal suh. A pawimawh ber chu hemi chungchang hi uluk taka hriattir a ni.

He rilru lama harsatna hi eng nge ni?

A awlsam zawngin, rilru lama harsatna chu mi rilru lama theihna tihkhawtlai a ni a, chutah chuan finna, zir theihna, leh nitin nun thiamna te pawh a tel a ni . Mi zawng zawng a nghawng dan inang vek lo. Mi thenkhat chuan nghawng an nei tlem hle mai thei a, a tam zawk chu mahni inrintawkna neiin an khawsa thin. Mi dangte chuan nghawng nasa zâwk an nei thei a, an dam chhûng zawngin ṭanpuina leh ṭanpuina an mamawh thei bawk.

Mi tam tak chuan intellectual disability hi finna tlakchhamna mai mai niin an ngai a, chu chu intelligence test, `(IQ test)` kan hriat tawh hmanga teh a ni. Mahse chu chu a dik vek lo. Ni e, `(IQ test)` hi hei hi hriat theihna atana hmanraw pakhat chauh a ni. Ngaihtuah teh, mi thenkhat an awm a, an IQ level chu average emaw above average emaw a ni thei a, mahse nitin nunah mamawh thiamna dang lamah chak lohna an nei thei. Tin, mi thenkhat chuan IQ hniam zawk an nei thei a, mahse an thiamna leh theihna dangte chu a chak tawk a, chuvangin intellectual disability tehfung an tlin lo mai thei bawk. A nih loh leh, `(IQ test)`-in a tarlan aia chak lohna level hniam zawk an nei thei bawk.

He natna hi doctor-te'n official hming an hman chu "Intellectual Developmental Disorder" tih a ni. Hei hi American Psychiatric Association-in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)-a a hming an vuah a ni. Hetiang dinhmun hi a chhan dik tak hriat ni lo mah se, thluak hmasawnna inthlak danglamna avanga lo awm a ni fo . A tlem berah chuan kum 18 tlin hmaa thluak hliam, natna emaw, accident emaw a nih hnuah pawh a thleng thei bawk.

Hetiang dinhmun hi engtiang chiahin nge a awm?

Intellectual disability hi thil awmze nei tak, mahse a awm lo hle a, khawvel puma naupang 1% leh 3% inkar a ni. Hmeichhia aiin mipaah ​​a tam zawk deuh.

Intellectual disability chhinchhiahnate chu engte nge ni?

Intellectual disability symptoms hi skill group hrang hrang engemaw zat harsatnaah a innghat ber a ni. Hei hian zirna lama thiamna te, khawtlang nun thiamna te, leh chhungkaw lama thiamna te a huam a ni. Hengte hi eng nge ni tih hi han thlir ila:

Thiamna nena inzawm mizia

"Intelligence" tih hian kan chhehvel khawvel hriatthiamna leh inpawh tawnna zawng zawng a kawk a ni. ``IQ test'' hmanga tehna ṭawng leh math thiamna aiin a thui zawk a ni.A hnuaia mi hi finna ziarang thenkhat chu an ni:

• Eng thil pawh zir tura tihkhawtlai emaw, slow emaw neih (sikul hnathawh a\ang emaw, nitin thil tawn a\ang emaw pawh ni se).
• Chhiar chakna slow.
• A chhan leh a chhan lam hawia ngaihtuah harsa.
• Thil ngaihtuah thiam leh thutlukna siam harsat .
• Harsatna chinfel dan leh ruahmanna siam thiamna hman harsa.
• Awlsam taka ngaihtuahna tihbuai leh thil pakhata ngaihtuahna seng reng harsa.

Adaptive behaviors te mizia

Adaptive behaviors chu miten mahni inrintawkna leh mahni mamawh phuhrukna tura an zir thiamna leh theihna a ni . Hengte hi a tlem chuan symptoms an lantir thei a, chungte chu:

• Toilet training chu mahni inthiarna (inbual, incheina, etc.) zawi zawia zir chhuah hi a ni .
• Socialability tihhmasawn nan hian hun a ngai a ni.
• Mi thar, hriat loh hlauhna leh rinhlelhna nei lova awm ("low stranger danger" kan ti).
• Nitin hna pawimawh (inbual leh toilet hman ang chi) thawk turin nu leh pa emaw, enkawltu dang emaw atanga tanpuina mamawh, kum beisei a nih hnuah pawh.
• Inchhung hna leh hna tenau ang chi thil zir harsa.
• Hun hman dan leh sum hman dan ang chi concept hriatthiam harsa.
• Medical appointment enkawl leh damdawi ei kawngah tanpuina mamawh.
• Khawtlang ramri hriatthiam harsa.
• Khawtlang inpawhna, ṭhian nihna leh inngaizawngte pawh huam tel, hriatthiam harsa emaw, hriatthiamna tlem emaw.

Thil hriatna lama harsatna awm chhante chu engte nge ni?

Intellectual disability hian chhan tam tak a nei thei a. Mithiamte chuan a tam zawkah chuan chhan pakhat aia tam a inrawlh niin an ngai. Heng thilte hian naupang chu a pian hma emaw, a pian tirh emaw, a dam kum hmasa berah emaw a nghawng thei a ni.

Nau neih hmaa thil awm thei: 1.1.

• Genetics leh inheritance: Thil hriatna lama harsatna thlen thei dinhmun tam tak hi genetic mutations vang a ni thei. Heng mutations thenkhat hi thlah khat atanga thlah dangah a inthlak danglam thei a ni. Entirnan, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, leh Prader-Willi syndrome ang chi natna te hi a ni.
• Infection: Infection thenkhat, toxoplasmosis leh rubella te hian nausen thanna a tibuai thei a, cerebral palsy ang chi natna a thlen thei a, chu chuan rilru lama harsatna a thlen thei a ni.
• Teratogens: Hengte hi nausen hmasawnna tichhe thei thil a ni. Entirnan, zu, zuk leh hmuam, damdawi thenkhat, leh radiation nena inzawmna te hi a ni.
• Damdawi lam dinhmun: Naupai laia nuin damdawi lam dinhmun thenkhat a neih chuan nausen pianphung a tidanglam thei a ni. Chungte chuan a hnuah rilru lama harsatna a thlen thei a ni. Entirnan, hormone dinhmun, thyroid lama harsatna (`hypothyroidism`) ang chi te.

Nau neihna tichhe thei thilte:

• Oxygen tlakchhamna (hypoxia).
• Hun hmaa nau neih.
• Pian tirh atanga thluak chhiatna chi dang.

Naupan laia nghawng nei chhan: 1.1.

• Hliam emaw, chetsualna emaw: Chungte chuan thluak a tichhe thei a, chu chuan rilru lama harsatna a thlen thei a ni.
• Thil tha lo (toxic substance) nena inzawmna: Lead leh mercury ang chi metal rit tak takte hian thluak a tichhe thei a, rilru lama harsatna a thlen thei bawk.
• Infection: Infection pangngai, nervous system-a darh, measles emaw meningitis emaw pawh hian rilru lama harsatna a thlen thei a ni.
• Brain tumor emaw growths: Hei hian cancer leh cancer nei lo (`benign`) tumor te a huam vek a ni.
• Damdawi lam dinhmun: Epileptic natna hrang hrang, seizures leh ``Lennox-Gastaut syndrome'' te hian thluak a tichhe thei a ni. Hei hian rilru lama harsatna a thlen thei a ni.

Intellectual disability nen hian eng dinhmun dang nge lo awm thei?

Thil dang emaw, rilru lam harsatna emaw pawh hi thluaka inthlak danglamna avanga rilru lama harsatna thlentu emaw, thlentu emaw a awm thei bawk. Thinlung lama harsatna nei lo (intellectual disability nei lo tan pawh a awm thei bawk) dinhmun thenkhat chu:

• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a ni a, a rilru a hah lutuk a, a rilru a buai em em bawk a.
• Autism spectrum natna a ni.
• Impulse control lama harsatna awm thei.
• Mood disorder, a bik takin lungkhamna leh lungngaihna.
• Incheina lama harsatna awm thei.

Genetic disorder bik avanga rilru lama harsatna nei te chuan chu dinhmun hnuaia awmte nena inzawm hriselna lama harsatna dang an nei tam zawk thei a ni. I doctor chuan i fa chu eng dinhmun nge a hlauhawm zawk tih te, harsatna lian tham lo thleng tur venna atana i tih theih dan te a hrilh belh thei che a ni.

Engtin nge he dinhmun hi kan hriat theih ang?

Intellectual disability hriatchhuah hi a tlangpuiin multi-step process a ni. Hei hi a chhan chu i finna leh i adaptive behavioral abilities te pawh assessment a ngai a ni . I harsatna chauh ni lovin i chakna te pawh hriatthiam a pawimawh . I chakna i hriat hnu chuan, chu chaknate chu i siam that theih nan leh harsatna i hneh theih nan enkawlna leh intervention te chu i siam rem thei ang.

Heng tehna hrang hrangte hi kum a zirin pui thei tur test leh method hrang hrang a awm a. Test thenkhatah chuan naupang tê tê têah pawh rilru lama harsatna an nei tih hriat theih a ni. Mahse, heng test te hian ``IQ test'' nei thei tur leh an adaptive functioning kimchang taka an zirchian hma loh chuan engtiang chiahin nge a nasat tih an hre thei lo tlangpui.

A theihna hmunah chuan mithiamte chuan rilru lama harsatna nasatzia hi chi li-ah an ṭhen a:

• Hlek:Hetiang level nei te rilru kum zat chu kum 9 leh 12 inkar a ni. An chak lohna hian zirlai emaw, hna harsa tak tak emaw a tibuai thei a ni. Mahse, heng harsatnate hi an hneh thei fo va, an thawk thei fo a, a bik takin an naupan lai atanga specialized intervention leh support an dawn chuan. Hna an chelh fo a, mahni inrintawkna neiin an khawsa fo bawk. Thinlung lama harsatna nei zinga 85% vel chu hetiang level-ah hian an awm a ni.
• Moderate: Mihring rilru lama harsatna nei lote chu kum 6 atanga kum 9 inkar an ni. Ṭawng awlsam takin an inbiak theih a ni. Primary school level vel zirna an nei a. Mi tam zawk chuan eng emaw chen chu mahni inrintawkna neia nun an zir thei a, mahse kawng lakah chuan tanpuina level hrang hrang an mamawh a ni. Entirnan, group home-a tanpuina.
• Severe: Mihring rilru lama harsatna nasa tak nei te hi an rilru kum tlangpui chu kum 3 leh kum 6 inkar a ni. Thumal pakhat, thumal pakhat, leh/ emaw, kut zungtang pakhat chauh hmangin inbiakpawhna an hmang thin. Nitin enkawlna leh nitin nunphung leh hnathawh tur hrang hrang hmanga tanpuina an dawng a ni.
• Profound: Hetiang level of intellectual disability nei te hi an rilru kum chu kum 3 aia tlem lo an ni. Thumal hmang lovin an inbiak tlangpui a, kut zungtang leh rilru lam thil thenkhat chu an hrethiam a ni. An nun kawng tinrengah 24/7 damdawi lam enkawlna leh puihna an dawng a ni.

He natna hi hriat theih nan eng test nge tih thin?

Intelligence leh adaptive behavior test leh assessment bakah hian laboratory, diagnostic leh imaging test engemaw zat hian diagnosis-ah a pui thei a ni. Test tih theih turte chu i symptoms-ah a innghat. Test te hian i doctor chu a chhan bulpui ber a hriat theih nan a pui thei a, chu chuan enkawlna ruahmannaah a pui thei bawk.

Test tih theih thenkhat:

• Laboratory test, thisen leh zun test te hian rilru lama harsatna emaw, a kaihhnawih natna emaw awm chhan bulpui berte hriatchhuahna kawngah a pui thei a ni.
• Genetic counseling pek a ni. Thil hriatna lama harsatna thlentu emaw, tichhe thei emaw genetic condition hriatchhuah hian heng underlying conditions nena inzawm harsatna awmte venna emaw tihtlem emaw a pui thei a ni.
• Imaging test te pawh a awm. Hengte hi thluak insiam dan inthlak danglamna, cephalic disorders ang chi natna hriatchhuahna atan a tangkai hle.

I dinhmun emaw, i doctor rinhlelh dan emaw a zirin test dang pawh tih theih a ni. I doctor chuan eng test nge i tih theih tih leh eng nge an rawt tih a hrilh belh thei che a ni.

Engtin nge intellectual disability hi enkawl a nih?

Intellectual disability hi direct-a damdawi leh enkawlna a awm lo. Engpawhnise,Enkawlna leh puihna tha tak an neih chuan rilru lama harsatna nei te hian nunphung tha tak an nei thei a ni. Enkawlna an ngaih pawimawh ber chu anmahni insiamrem theihna leh nun thiamna (adaptive behaviors and life skills) an neih theih nan tanpui hi a ni.

Enkawl dan hrang hrang a awm a:

• Zirna lama puihna leh hmalakna: Hengte hian zirna programme leh structure-a inthlak danglamna siam turin a pui thin. Entirna pakhat chu Individualized Education Plan (IEP) tih hi a ni. Hei hian zirna ruahmanna leh beisei tur bik a tarlang a ni.
• Behavioral support leh interventions: Heng intervention chi hrang hrangte hian naupangte chu adaptive behavior leh a kaihhnawih thiamna zir turin a pui thei a ni.
• Vocational training: Hei hian rilru lama harsatna nei te chu hnathawhna nena inzawm thiamna zir turin a pui thei a ni.
• Chhungkaw zirtirna: Hei hian rilru lama harsatna nei chhungkua leh hmangaihte chu he natna chungchang hi an hriat belh theih nan a pui a, an hmangaih tak takte tanpui dan tur pawh a pui bawk.
• Damdawi chi hrang hrangte hi rilru lama harsatna nena inzawm emaw, a awm dun emaw dinhmunte tanpui nan hman theih a ni. Chûngte chuan rilru lama harsatna nei tak takte chu a enkawl lo nain, a thlentu chhinchhiahna ṭhenkhatah chuan a ṭanpui thei a ni.
• Khawtlang tanpuina: Mimal leh/ emaw an chhungte chuan tualchhung sorkar agency emaw, puihna pawl emaw an biak theih a ni. Chutianga an tih chuan service ṭangkai tak tak an hmuh theih nân a ṭanpui thei a ni. Hei hian in lama emaw hnathawhna hmuna tanpuina te, nitin hnathawhna atana duhthlan tur te a huam a ni.

Ka fa hian rilru lama harsatna a neih chuan eng nge ka beisei ang?

Mihring rilru lama harsatna nei tlem te, a nih loh leh chutianga awm thei dinhmun nei te chuan anmahni leh midangte inkara danglamna thenkhat chu an hre thei mai thei. Mahse, rilru lama harsatna nei te ziarang pawimawh tak chu an chunga thil thleng emaw, an chhehvel khawvel emaw chunga thil thleng hi an hrethiam tawk lo va, an process thei lo hi a ni.

Chuvangin, rilru lama harsatna nei tam tak chuan he natna hian engtin nge a nghawng tih hi an hrethiam tawk lo. Chu ai chuan, nu leh pa emaw, enkawltu dang emaw chu an fa emaw, an hmangaih tak fa emaw-ah rilru lama harsatna nei chhinchhiahna leh chhinchhiahna hmu hmasa ber an ni fo ṭhin.

I fa pawhin thiltum, duhzawng, leh chakna a nei tih hre reng ang che. An nun tha ber an hman theih nan an mamawh tanpuina nen heng thilte hi hriatchhuah tir turin i puih a pawimawh hle.

Rilru lama harsatna nei mite chuan mi dangte’n bum emaw, an hlawkpui emaw an tum lai chu an hre thei lo mai thei. Support programme hian rilru lama harsatna nei te chu mahni invenna tur a zirtir thei a, mahse enkawltute tanpuina leh enkawlna hi an hriselna atan a pawimawh hle.

Hetiang dinhmun hi eng nge a thlir ang?

Intellectual disability awm theihna tur thlirna chu thil tam takah a innghat a, a bîk takin a nasat dân, a chhan bulpui, leh a awm dun dân dangteah a innghat a ni .I fate doctor hi i fate thlirna leh an dinhmun enkawlna atana pui turin eng nge i tih theih tih hriatna tha ber a ni.

Thil hriatna lama harsatna nei tam tak chuan an dam chhungin ṭanpuina eng emaw zat an mamawh ang. Mahse, chu zinkawngah chuan pui thei tur programme leh pawl hrang hrang a awm a ni. Thil hriatna lama harsatna nei tam tak chu mahni inrintawkna neiin degree hrang hrangah an khawsa thei a ni. Mi tam tak chuan an mamawh, an duh leh duh dan azirin hna, chhungkaw nun leh nitin nun nena inzawm thil dang an nei a. A pum puiin, puihna dik tak a awm chuan rilru lama harsatna nei chuan nunphung tha tak a nei thei a ni.

Intellectual disability hi ven theih a ni em?

Vawi tam tak chu mithiamte chuan rilru lama harsatna awm chhan pakhat mah an hmuchhuak thei lo. Hetiang thil a thlen hian nu leh pate tan mahni inpuhmawh hi a tha lo. Mahse, i naupai lai emaw, i fa naupan lai emaw pawhin i fate hlauhawmna chu i tihtlem thei mai thei:

• Naupai laiin damdawi ei chungchangah doctor-in a rawtna zawm la, vaccine rawt zawng zawng (naupai lai leh naute dam chhung zawng) la vek rawh.
• Zu, damdawi pek loh, leh zuk leh hmuam bakah boruak tha lo, lead ang chi te ei tlem.
• Chhungkaw history-a rilru lama harsatna thlen thei dinhmun i neih chuan i doctor nen preconception genetic counseling chungchang sawipui rawh.

Ka fa hian rilru lama harsatna a neih chuan engtin nge ka enkawl theih ang?

Thil hriatna lama harsatna nei te chuan an hriselna emaw, nun chungchanga thutlukna lian dang emaw chungchangah thutlukna dik tak an siam thei lo mai thei. An dam chhung zawngin nu leh pate, an hmangaih tak takte, a nih loh leh enkawltu dangte ṭanpuina an mamawh thei a ni.

Engtikah nge ka fa hian doctor a hmuh ang?

Naupangin naupang enkawltu a tlawh fo hian rilru lama harsatna a neih chhinchhiahna hmasa ber chu a chang chuan hriat theih a ni. Heng tlawhnaah hian standard part pakhat chu "ages and stages" assessment a ni. Hei hian i fate thanlenna leh thanlenna chu an kum atana beisei tur nen a khaikhin a ni. Naupangin a naupan laia a hmasawnna tur thil pawimawh tak tak a tlin loh chhan dang pawh a awm thei tih hre reng ang che. Entîr nân, taksa natna emaw, rilru lam natna emaw, zir theih lohna bik emaw.

I fate hmasawnna chungchangah emaw, rilru lama harsatna nei thei an nih leh nih loh emaw ngaihtuahna i neih chuan i fa naupang enkawltu doctor nen inbia ang che. Ani chuan thil awmdan chu a hriatthiam theih nân a ṭanpui thei che a, i fate ṭanpui nâna i tih theih leh tih tûr chungchânga kaihhruaina a pe thei bawk che a ni.

Doctor hnenah eng zawhna nge ka zawh ang?

Fate doctor hnenah zawhna tam tak i zawt thei a, chu chuan i fa mamawh hriatthiamna leh thlawpna nasa zawk a siam thei a ni. Zawhna i zawh theih ṭhenkhat chu:

• Ka fa zirlai harsatna hi engtiang chiahin nge a nasat?
• A chaknate chu engte nge ni a, a harsatnate chu engte nge ni?
• Ka awmna hmunah emaw, online-ah emaw eng program emaw, support organization emaw nge awm, keimah emaw, ka fa emaw tanpui thei?
• Ka fate zirna lama a mamawhna atana pui turin eng school program nge awm?
• Ka fa hian mahni inrintawkna neiin a khawsa thei ang em, a awm a nih chuan eng rawngbawlna nge a mamawh ang?
• Ka fa hian natna dang a nei em, a nei a nih chuan enkawl theih a ni em?

"Mental Retardation" leh "Intellectual Disability" – Eng nge a danglamna?

"Mental retardation" leh "intellectual disability" tih thumal hian ngaihdan inang an sawi vek a ni. Mahse, tunah chuan "intellectual disability" tih hi chhan hrang hrang avangin a dik zawk a ni:

• A dikna: "Retard" tih thumal leh a kaihhnawih thumal hi French tawng atanga lo chhuak a ni a, a awmzia chu "zawi zawiin tih" tihna a ni. Tunhma atang tawh khan mithiamte chuan "mental retardation" tih hi zirlai slow emaw thluak hnathawh dan emaw sawina atan an hmang thin. Mahse, intellectual disability hi thumal buaithlak zawk a ni a, theihna leh nungchang lama harsatna a awm a ni. Chuvangin "intellectual disability" tih hi a dik zawk a ni.
• Inclusion: Tunah chuan "retarded" tih thumal chi hrang hrangte hi zah lohna anga ngaih a ni nasa hle. Heng thumal hman dik lohna hian inthliarna leh tihduhdahna a tipung a ni. Chuvang chuan professional organization leh mithiamte chuan tunah chuan "intellectual disability" tih thumal chauh an hmang ta a ni.
• Legal recognition: Kum 2010 khan US sorkarin `Rosa dan` a siam a. He dan hian sorkar kalphung, dan leh policy aṭangin "mentally retarded" leh "mentally retarded" tih thumalte chu a paih chhuak a ni. "Intellectual disability" leh "person with intellectual disability" tih thumal hi official leh dan anga hman tur dik zawk a lo ni ta a ni.

ADHD hi rilru lama harsatna a ni em?

Ni lo, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) leh intellectual disability hi natna hrang hrang pahnih a ni. An pahnih hian hmasawnna lama harsatna nei category khatah tla mah se , thil inang an ni lo. Mahse, mi tam tak chuan a rualin he natna pahnih hi an nei thei a ni.

Intellectual disability hi mi nun kawng tam takah nghawng nei thei dinhmun a ni a, mahse awm lohna tluantling a ni lo. Zirna leh nungchang lama tanpuina programme-ah hian chaknate hriatchhuah leh a hman tangkai dan tur ngaihtuah a ni.

Naupang rilru lama harsatna nei i neih chuan engtin emaw tak i mawhphurtu i ni em tih i ngaihtuah mai thei. Mahse, intellectual disability hi thil buaithlak tak a ni. A thlentu emaw, a thlentu emaw thil tam tak a awm avangin a thlen chhan dik tak sawi theih a ni lo tlangpui (chu chu i fain a neih chuan nangmah i inpuh tur a ni lo tihna a ni). A pawimawh ber chu support program leh pawl hrang hrang tanpui thei tur tam tak a awm a ni. Chutiang chuan rilru lama harsatna nei chuan mi dang ang bawkin nun famkim, hlim leh hlim taka nun theihna hun remchang a nei a ni.

Thupui tawi (Take-Home Message) 1.1.

Okay, chuvangin kan sawi tawh atanga i hriat reng tur thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

• Intellectual disability hi finna, zirlai leh nitin thiamna tichhe thei dinhmun a ni . Hei hi mi zawng zawng tan a inang lo.
• Hei hi ``IQ test chauh hmanga teh theih thil a ni lo.`` Adaptive behaviors pawh hi a pawimawh hle.
• A chhan tam tak a awm thei - genetics, naupai laia harsatna, nau piang laia harsatna, emaw, naupan laia accident emaw, natna emaw a awm thei. A chhan dik tak hriat chian a harsa fo thin a, chuvangin nu leh pate chuan anmahni an inpuh tur a ni lo.
• Hei hi damdawi awm lo mah se, \anpuina \ha tak, zirna \ha tak leh enkawlna \ha chuan nunphung a ti \ha thei a ni. Naupang chaknate hriatchhuah leh tihhmasawn a pawimawh.
• I fate hmasawnna emaw, a theihna emaw chungchangah rinhlelhna emaw zawhna emaw i neih chuan naupang enkawltu doctor rawn nghal rawh. Buaina i hriat hmasak poh leh tanpuina i dawng tam thei ang.
• Nangmah chauh i ni lo. Hetiang naupang leh chhungkaw tanpui tur hian resources, programme leh organization hrang hrang a awm a.

Naupang tin hi mi bik an ni tih hre reng la, naupang tin hian hmangaihna, enkawl leh hriatthiamna an mamawh a ni. Intellectual disability hi thil harsa tak a ni thei a, mahse thlawpna dik tak a awm chuan chu naupangte pawh chuan nun mawi leh awmze nei tak an hmang thei a ni.

` Thiamna lama harsatna, hmasawnna lama harsatna, zirlai harsatna, naupang thanlenna, rilru hriselna, adaptive behavior, special education