He mate kitakita tōu? Me ako tātou mō te whakamātautau Gram Stain.

Tērā pea kei te whakaaro koe he aha tēnei "Gram Stain". Tērā pea ka paku mataku koe ina tonoa koe e te tākuta kia mahi i tēnei whakamātautau. Kaua e manukanuka. He whakamātautau tino māmā tēnei, he whakamātautau tino nui hoki e mahia ana i ngā wā katoa. I tēnei rā, ka kōrerohia e tātou tēnei mea me te taipitopito, me te tino māmā noa iho.

He aha te whakamātautau Gram Stain?

He whakarāpopototanga noa iho, he whakamātautau taiwhanga te tae Gram e mahia ana hei tirotiro mēnā he mate kei roto i tō tinana, ā, mēnā he mate huakita te take. Whakaarohia he mamae tō korokoro, he patunga rānei e ahua pīrori ana. Kātahi ka whakapae pea te tākuta he hononga ki te huakita. I taua wā, ka taea e tēnei whakamātautau te hoatu wawe i tētahi whakaaro mōna.

Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te tango i tētahi tauira o tō mimi, o te pūkahukahu mai i tētahi patunga, i tētahi atu mea rite rānei, ka tirohia i raro i te karuārai. Mā tēnei ka kitea he aha ngā huakita kei reira, ā, mēnā kei reira, he aha te āhua o aua huakita. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te tākuta ki te whakatau ko ēhea ngā rongoā hei hoatu ki a koe me ēhea atu whakamātautau hei mahi.

He kupu whakataki poto ki ngā huakita

He rauropi iti rawa ngā huakita, he pūtau kotahi. Kei roto i ō tātou tinana, i runga i ō tātou kiri, me te nuinga o ngā wāhi katoa o te taiao. Kāore ētahi momo huakita e whara i a tātou, ā, ko ētahi e āwhina ana i a tātou. Engari kei reira ētahi momo huakita e puta ai ngā mate me ngā mate maha. He tino āwhina te whakamātautau tae Gram ki te tautuhi i aua huakita kino.

I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, ka rerekē ngā tae o ngā huakita i runga i ngā āhuatanga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ō rātou pakitara pūtau. Nō reira, ka whakarōpūtia rātou hei "karamu-pai" "karamu-kino" rānei. Engari kotahi te mea hei maumahara, ehara i te mea ka pāngia ngā huakita katoa e tēnei tikanga tae Karamu. Waihoki, he wā anō kāore e taea e tēnei whakamātautau anake te whakaatu tika he aha te mate. Heoi anō, ka hoatu he tohu nui mō te momo huakita, he āwhina nui tēnei ki te tīmata maimoatanga.

He tikanga tino hira te tae Gram, kua whakamahia i roto i te koiora moroiti mō ngā rau tau. I whakaurua tuatahitia i te tau 1882 e te tohunga huakita o Tenemāka, a Hans Christian Gram. Nāna i whakamahi tuatahi hei tautuhi i ngā rauropi e puta ai te niumōnia.

He aha ngā huakita Gram-pai me ngā huakita Gram-kino?

Nā, kia tirohia tātou he aha tēnei mea Gram-pai me Gram-kino. Ko tēnei whakarōpūtanga e hangai ana ki te āhua o te tauhohenga a ngā huakita ki te tae i tāpirihia ki te tauira i te wā o te whakamātautau tae Gram. Ka huri ētahi huakita ki te tae papura-kikorangi, ko ētahi ka huri ki te tae māwhero-whero.

I konei , ehara te kupu "pai" i te tikanga "pai", ehara hoki i te tikanga "kino".Ehara te kupu kino i te tikanga "kino" me te "kore huakita". He whakarōpūtanga noa iho tēnei i runga i te tauhohenga a te huakita ki te tae. I ētahi wā, ka kiia hoki ngā huakita he "gram-variable". Ko te tikanga tēnei kāore e rite te tae, ā, ka puta pea he whero me te papura whakaranu.

Ngā huakita karamu-pai

Ko ngā pakitara pūtau o ngā huakita Gram-pai he mea hanga mai i ngā paparanga matotoru o tētahi matū e kiia nei ko te peptidoglycan . Ko te peptidoglycan te wāhanga matua o ngā pakitara pūtau o te nuinga o ngā huakita. Tata ki te 90% o ngā pakitara pūtau o ngā huakita Gram-pai e hanga ana i tēnei. Koia te take e puta ai te kikorangi ki te papura i roto i te tae Gram.

Ko ētahi momo huakita Gram-pai ko:

• 'Momo Staphylococcus'
• 'Momo Streptococcus'
• 'Momo Corynebacterium'
• 'Momo Clostridium'
• 'Momo Listeria'

Ngā huakita Gram-kino

He paparanga angiangi o te peptidoglycan (tata ki te 10% o te pakitara pūtau) kei roto i ngā pakitara pūtau o ngā huakita Gram-negative. He nui hoki te ōrau o ngā lipids (arā, ngā waikawa ngako) kei roto i ngā pakitara pūtau. Koia te take e puta ai te whero ki te māwhero i roto i te tae Gram.

Ko ētahi momo huakita Gram-negative ko:

• `Neisseria gonorrhoeae me Neisseria meningitides`
• 'Momo Moraxella'
• `Escherichia coli (E. coli)`
• 'Momo Pseudomonas'
• 'Momo Proteus'
• 'Momo Klebsiella'

He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te tae Gram me te ahurea huakita?

Ki te whakapae tō tākuta kei a koe he mate huakita, ka tonoa e rātou he whakamātautau tae Gram me te whakamātautau ahurea huakita. Heoi, he rerekē ngā mōhiohio e whiwhihia ana mai i ēnei whakamātautau e rua.

Whakaarohia pēnei, he rite te tohu karamu ki tētahi pirihimana e haere ana ki te wāhi hara, ā, ka tere te tuhi i tētahi whakaahuatanga whānui o ngā tāngata whakapae (pēnei i te teitei, te tae kiri, me ngā kākahu). Mā tēnei ka taea e koe te whakaaro wawe ko wai kei reira.

Ko te ahurea huakita he tukanga e whakatipuhia ai ngā huakita i roto i tētahi tauira i roto i tētahi reo matūkai motuhake i roto i tētahi taiwhanga, kātahi ka tautuhia mā te ingoa. E hia ngā rā ka roa pea tēnei, nā te mea ka puhoi te tipu o ētahi huakita. Engari he āwhina anō hoki ki te tautuhi i ngā huakita tika me te maimoatanga tika mō rātou.

Nō reira, he hua tere mai i te tae GramAhakoa ka riro mai, he maha ngā wā ka taea anake te kī atu ki a koe te momo huakita. Engari he mea tino nui taua mōhiotanga kia tere ai te tīmatanga o te maimoatanga e te tākuta. Ko te ahurea huakita anake te huarahi hei tautuhi tika i ngā huakita.

He aha ngā mate ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamātautau tae Gram hei tautuhi?

Ka whakahaua e ngā tākuta he whakamātautau tae Gram hei āwhina i te tautuhi me te rongoā i ētahi mate kitakita. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia hei tautuhi i ngā mate pēnei i ngā mate mimi (UTI) me te niumōnia kitakita. Heoi, kāore e whakahaua mō ngā mate kitakita katoa. Hei tauira, kāore te tae Gram e mahia mō te mea pēnei i te paihana kai, engari ka taea te mahi ki runga i te tauira paru mēnā e tika ana.

Ngā huakita Gram-negative noa me ngā mate e pā mai ana i a rātou

Anei ētahi huakita Gram-negative me ngā mate ka pā mai i a rātou:

• ` Escherichia coli : Ngā mate urutā mimi (UTI), te paihana kai.`
• ` Legionella pneumoniae : Te mate a ngā Legionnaires.`
• ` Harmonella : Paitini kai, kirika taipoi.`
• ` Klebsiella : Pūngāwerewere, mate toto, mate patunga, mate wāhi pokanga rānei, meningitis kitakita.`
• ` Neisseria gonorrhoeae : Korona.`
• ` Proteus : Ngā mate urutā o te ara mimi (UTI).`
• ` Morganella morganii : Ngā mate mimi (UTI), te sepsis, te niumōnia, ngā mate patunga, ngā mate wheua me ngā uaua, ngā mate pūnaha io matua, me te pericarditis (te mumura o te kiriuhi e karapoti ana i te ngākau).`
• Aeromonas : ngā mate kanohi, te mate wheua (osteomyelitis), te meningitis huakita, ngā mate manawa "tata ki te toremi", ngā mate hononga.

Ngā huakita Gram-pai noa me ngā mate e pā mai ana i a rātou

Anei ētahi huakita Gram-positive me ngā mate ka pā mai i a rātou:

• ` Streptococcus pneumoniae : Pūngāwerewere kitakita.`
• ` Staphylococcus aureus : Pūngāwerewere kitakita, Staphylococcus aureus ātete-methicillin (MRSA), me te mate pāwera kino.`
• ` Momo Streptococcus Rōpū A : Ngā mate pukupuku korokoro.`
• ` Listeria : Paitini kai.`
• ` Clostridium : Paitini kai.`
• `Clostridium botulinum me Clostridium butyricum: Te Botulism.

Āhea te whakamātautau Gram e mahia ai?

Ki te whakapae tō tākuta kei a koe he mate kitakita, i ētahi wā he mate harore, ka tonoa e rātou he tae Gram me te ahurea kitakita. He huarahi noa tēnei hei tautuhi wawe i te mate kitakita i roto i tō tinana.

Ko wai ka whakahaere i te whakamātautau Gram Stain?

I runga i te momo mate pāwera kei a koe, ka kohia pea e ngā momo kaiwhakarato hauora he tauira mō te whakamātautau tae Gram. Hei tauira, ka tangohia pea e te tākuta wahine he tauira ūkui mō te whakamātautau tae Gram mō te gonorrhea. Ka tangohia pea e te tākuta manawa he tauira huware mai i tō maremare, i tō huware rānei, ka tukuna atu hei whakamātautau tae Gram mō te niumōnia kitakita.

Kātahi ka whakatakotoria e tō tākuta te tauira ki roto i tētahi ipu parakore, ka tukuna ki tētahi taiwhanga hei whakamātautau. Ka pania te tauira e tētahi kaipūtaiao taiwhanga hauora ki runga i ngā kiriata karuārai, ka pania he raupapa tae, ka tirohia i raro i te karuārai. Ka tuhia e rātou he pūrongo, ka hoatu ki tō tākuta.

Me pēhea te whakarite mō te whakamātautau Gram Stain?

He rongo pai! Kāore koe e hiahia ki te mahi i tetahi mea motuhake hei whakarite mō te whakamātautau tae Gram.

Me pēhea te whakahaere i te whakamātautau Gram Stain?

E toru ngā taahiraa matua o te whakamātautau tae Gram:

• Te kohikohi i te tauira.
• Te whakarite tauira.
• Te whakamātautau i te tauira.

Te kohikohi i te tauira tae Gram

Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te tango i tētahi tauira mai i tētahi wāhi e whakapaetia ana e tō tākuta he mate pāwera. Anei ētahi huarahi hei tango i tētahi tauira pēnei:

• Te waru, te paraihe rānei i te kiko mai i te mata o tētahi wāhanga o tō tinana.
• Te kohi wai, te rerenga rānei mai i tō tinana.
• Ko te tango i te ngira pai he tango i tētahi tauira wai mai i tētahi wāhi o tō tinana mā te whakamahi i tētahi ngira pai.

Anei ngā wāhi e taea ai e koe te tango tauira mai i te miro, te paraihe rānei:

• Korokoro
• Ngā pongaponga
• Ngā ira tangata
• Ngā whara kiri

Ko ngā tauira ka taea e koe te kohi tika ki roto i tētahi ipu parakore ko:

• Huware (huware)
• Mimi
• Tūru

Ko ngā wāhanga o te tinana e hiahiatia ana te tango ngira pai ko:

• Te wai synovial i roto i ō hononga.
• Te wai e karapoti ana i tō ngākau (te wai pericardial).
• Ko te wai pleural te wai e karapoti ana i ō pukahukahu.
• Ko te wai cerebrospinal (CSF) te wai e karapoti ana i tō taurakira.

Kātahi ka whakanohoia e te tākuta te tauira ki roto i tētahi ipu parakore, ka tukuna ki te taiwhanga.

Me pēhea te mahi i te tae Gram

I roto i te taiwhanga, ka horahia e te kaipūtaiao taiwhanga hauora te tauira ki runga i ngā kiriata karāhe karuārai. Ka kiia ēnei kiriata he "paninga". Kātahi ka pania he raupapa tae ki te paninga, ā, ka mahia te tae Gram.

E whā ngā taahiraa matua o te tukanga tae Gram:

• Te whakamahinga o te tae tuatahi (te waiorā karaihe).
• Te tāpiri i tētahi mea whakatika tae (te iodine a Gram).
• Te tango tae tere ki te etanoru, te āketone, te ranunga rānei o ngā mea e rua.
• Te tāpiri i te safranin hei tāpiri i te tae.

Te tirotiro i te tae Gram

Kātahi, ina tirohia e te kaipūtaiao taiwhanga hauora i raro i te karu hiko, ka whakarōpūhia e rātou ngā huakita kei reira mā te tae me te āhua :

• Tae : Ko ngā huakita Gram-pai he āhua papura ki te kikorangi, ko ngā huakita Gram-kino ia he āhua māwhero ki te whero.
• Āhua : Ko ngā āhua tino kitea he porowhita (cocci) he āhua tokotoko rānei (bacilli).

Waihoki, ka tirohia e te kaipūtaiao taiwhanga hauora ngā rōpū huakita i runga i te kiriata, ā, ka rapua hoki ētahi atu āhuatanga o te tauira. Hei tauira:

• Kei te noho takitahi ngā koki, kei te takirua, kei ngā rōpū tokowhā, kei ngā tautau, kei ngā mekameka rānei?
• He momona, he kikokore, he poto, he roa rānei ngā pēkere, he nui rānei ō rātou pua i tetahi pito?
• He huakita kei roto i ngā pūtau toto mā?

Kātahi ka whakaritea e te kaipūtaiao taiwhanga hauora tētahi pūrongo ka tukuna atu ki tō tākuta.

He aha ngā mōrearea o te whakamātautau tae Gram?

Kāore he mōrearea o te tango tauira ūkui, o te hoatu rānei i te huware, te mimi, te tauira paru rānei.

Mō te whakamātautau toto, he iti noa iho ngā mōrearea. Tērā pea he mamae me he marutanga o te wāhi i tangohia ai te toto, engari ka tere te ora.

Ko ngā mōrearea pea o te tango ngira pai ko:

• Te mamae, te kore whakamarie rānei.
• Te toto.
• He mate urutā.
• Te kino ki ngā kiko e karapoti ana.

He aha te tikanga o ngā hua o te tātaritanga Gram?

E rua ngā mea matua e whakaatuhia ana i ngā hua o te whakamātautau tae Gram: he tae "kino" he tae "pai" rānei. Kaua tēnei e whakapoauautia ki te kupu "kitakita-kino" "kitakita-pai" rānei.

Tae Gram kino

Ki te mea he "kino te tae Gram" te hua o tō whakamātautau, he "kāore he rauropi i kitea," ko te tikanga he iti noa ngā huakita hei kitea mā te tae Gram. Heoi, ki te mahi koe i tētahi ahurea o te tauira kotahi, tera pea ka kitea tonutia e koe ngā huakita.

Tae Gram pai

Ki te mea kei te whakaatu te hua o tō whakamātautau "pai te tae Gram", ko te tikanga he huakita kei roto i tō tauira. Ki te mea he pai te hua, ko te tikanga ka uru atu ngā mōhiohio penei:

• Momo huakita : Gram-pai, Gram-kino rānei.
• Te āhua o ngā huakita : ahakoa he porowhita (cocci) he āhua tokotoko rānei (bacilli).
• Ngā āhuatanga kē atu o te huakita : te rahi o ngā huakita, tō rātou nui (maha), me/ranei te āhua o te whakarōpūtanga o ngā huakita, mēnā e tika ana.
• Ētahi atu pūtau : Ahakoa he huakita kei roto i ētahi atu pūtau (i roto i te pūtau), he toto whero, he toto mā rānei.
• Harore : Ka taea hoki e te whakamātautau tae Gram te kimi i ngā harore i te āhua o te rewena, te pokepokea ai rānei. Heoi, me whai whakamātautau anō kia mōhio ai koe he aha te momo harore.

Mā ēnei mōhiohio, me ō tohumate me ētahi atu kitenga haumanu, ka āwhina i tō tākuta ki te whakatau ko tēhea te maimoatanga tino whai hua. I ētahi wā, he mea āwhina pea tēnei i mua i te putanga mai o ngā hua o te ahurea kitakita.

Kia pēhea te roa o te wā e mōhio ai ki ngā hua o te whakamātautau?

He tere tonu ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau tae Gram. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka kiia he tīmatanga noa iho ngā hua o te tae Gram. Ko te tikanga, kāore e taea e rātou anake te whakatau i te mate. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he ahurea kitakita me/ētahi atu whakamātautau rānei (hei tauira, ngā whakamātautau antigen me te paturopi mō ngā momo kitakita motuhake) hei whakaū i te mate.

Āhea ahau me waea atu ki taku tākuta?

Mena kua tāpaetia koe he mate urutā, ā, he raruraru kei a koe mō te maimoatanga e whiwhi ana koe, ki te kore rānei tō mate e pai ake, me whakapā atu koe ki tō tākuta.

He whakamātautau tino noa te tae Gram, he whakamātautau kore mamae, e whakamahia ana hei tirotiro i ngā mate kitakita, mate harore rānei. He uaua pea te tatari mō ngā hua o te whakamātautau tātaritanga. Engari kia mahara, ahakoa he aha ngā hua, kei reira tō tīma hauora hei āwhina i a koe. Kaua e wehi ki te pātai mō tō whakamātautau, mō ngā hua rānei.

Karere Tangohia ki te Kāinga

Āe, mai i ngā mea kua kōrerohia e tātou, ko te tumanako kei a koe he whakaaro pai mō te whakamātautau Gram Stain. Ko ngā mea matua hei maumahara ko:

• He whakamātautau te tae Gram e tere ai te whakatau mēnā kei reira ngā huakita me te momo o aua huakita .
• Mā tēnei ka whakarōpūtia ngā huakita hei karamu-pai, hei karamu-kino rānei . He āwhina tēnei i te tākuta ki te whiriwhiri i te rongoā.
• Ahakoa he tere ngā hua, he wā poto noa iho . Tērā pea me whakamahi he ahurea huakita hei tautuhi i te huakita tuturu.
• Kāore he mōrearea nui e pā ana ki tēnei whakamātautau.
• Mena he pātai āu, kaua e wehi ki te pātai ki tō tākuta .

Nō reira, ki te tono te tākuta kia whakamātauria koe pēnei, ko te mea nui kaua e mataku, engari kia mārama he mea nui tēnei mō tō oranga.

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