ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ (ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ)ꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯈꯉꯕꯤꯔꯤꯕꯒꯦ? ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯂꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ!

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯐꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯈꯜꯂꯨꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯐꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯀꯦꯚꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ, ꯂꯪꯁ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯉꯁꯤ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯂꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯀꯦꯚꯤꯇꯤ, ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯀꯦꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯪꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯦꯡ-ꯑꯣꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ (left pleural cavity) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡ-ꯂꯃꯇꯥꯛ (right pleural cavity) ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯨꯔꯦꯜ ꯀꯦꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇꯦ?

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡ:

• ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ : ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ, ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯐꯨꯗ ꯄꯥꯏꯄꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯣꯀꯊꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫
• ꯍꯥꯔꯠ : ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯏ ꯄꯝꯄ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗꯥ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯛ ꯃꯈꯂꯒꯤ ꯀꯚꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯂꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ, ꯃꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯔꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ ?
• ꯊꯥꯏꯃꯁ: ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯝꯝꯌꯨꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯜꯌꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯀꯤ, ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫
• ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ : ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯉ꯭ꯀꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯪꯁꯀꯤ ꯅꯥꯀꯜ ꯑꯃꯃꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ:

• ꯂꯦꯐꯠ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯑꯣꯁꯦꯐꯦꯂꯤꯛ ꯚꯦꯅꯝ : ꯚꯦꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯚꯦꯅꯥ ꯀꯥꯚꯥ ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯅꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯝꯅꯩ꯫
• ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯚꯦꯅꯥ ꯀꯥꯚꯥ: 1.1.ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯗꯥ ꯏ ꯄꯨꯕꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯅꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯆꯦꯝꯕꯔ (right atrium)ꯒꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯝꯅꯩ꯫
• ꯄꯂꯃꯣꯅꯥꯔꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯉ꯭ꯛ (pulmonary trunk): ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯂꯃꯣꯅꯥꯔꯤ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯟꯇꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯝꯅꯩ꯫ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯄꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯔꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯦꯐꯠ ꯄꯂꯃꯣꯅꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯪꯁꯇꯥ ꯏ ꯄꯨꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫
• ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ : ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥꯅꯤ . ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯤꯁꯨ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯏ ꯄꯨꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯂꯦꯡ-ꯑꯣꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯟꯇꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯝꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯕꯗꯣꯃꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ, ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯂꯩ, ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ, ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯔꯆ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯟꯗꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ:

• ꯐꯦꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯇꯤꯁꯨꯁꯤꯡ꯫
• ꯂꯤꯝꯐ ꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ꯫
• ꯅꯔꯚꯁꯤꯡ꯫
• ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯗꯛꯇ (ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯗꯛꯇ)꯫
• ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯏꯅꯦꯜ (ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯏꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯔꯗꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ)

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯑꯣꯀꯦ, ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ? ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

• ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ: ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯝꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯥꯐꯕꯥ, ꯇꯪꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯁꯨ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫
• ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ: ꯊꯥꯏꯃꯁꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯐꯦꯇꯤ ꯇꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯅꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯇꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯝ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ‘ ꯃꯤꯗꯜ ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯕꯣꯟ ’ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫
• ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ: ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯂꯋꯦ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ . ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡ (ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ)ꯅꯥ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯠꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯂꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ, ꯂꯪꯁ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ "ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ" ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ "ꯃꯤꯗꯋꯦꯌꯔ" ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯉꯃꯈꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ:

• ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯕꯣꯔꯗꯔ: ꯈꯣꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯖ꯫
• ꯃꯈꯥ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯈꯩ: ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯀꯦꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯕꯗꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯦꯚꯤꯇꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯁꯂꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯔꯤꯑꯣꯔ ꯕꯣꯔꯗꯔ: ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯔꯅꯝ, ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯆꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨ ꯇꯥꯡ꯫
• ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥꯜ ꯕꯣꯔꯗꯔ: ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯏꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯔꯗ꯫
• ꯂꯦꯇꯔꯦꯜ ꯕꯣꯔꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ: ꯂꯦꯡ-ꯑꯣꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧꯁꯤꯡ (left and right lungs)ꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯎꯔꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ‘ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ’ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫

ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯔ-ꯄꯥꯔꯠ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ꯫

ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ, ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯃꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯏ:

• ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ: ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ꯫ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ꯫
• ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯔꯤꯑꯣꯔ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ: ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ꯫ ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯔꯅꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ꯫
• ꯃꯤꯗꯜ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ: ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ꯫
• ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥꯜ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ: ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ-ꯔꯦ ꯏꯃꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯥ (2D) ꯌꯦꯡꯏ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯖꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ꯫

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯏꯃꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯂꯤꯒꯅꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ (ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯖꯤ.)ꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯀꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯏꯃꯦꯖꯤꯡ (ꯁꯤ.ꯇꯤ. ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯟ) ꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯤ-ꯗꯤꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ (꯳ꯗꯤ) ꯚꯤꯎ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ, ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯏ: 1. ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ: ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ, ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯕꯣꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ:

• ꯑꯅꯣꯏꯕ
• ꯂꯦꯐꯠ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯑꯣꯁꯦꯐꯦꯂꯤꯛ ꯚꯦꯅꯝ꯫
• ꯂꯤꯝꯐ ꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ꯫
• ꯊꯥꯏꯃꯁ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯕꯥ꯫

2. ꯚꯤꯁꯦꯔꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ (visceral compartment): ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ, ꯃꯐꯃꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯒꯦ:

• ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ (ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ)
• ꯊꯃꯣꯏ
• ꯂꯤꯝꯐ ꯅꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ꯫
• ꯄꯂꯃꯣꯅꯥꯔꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯉ꯭ꯛ꯫
• ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯚꯦꯅꯥ ꯀꯥꯚꯥ꯫
• ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ꯫
• ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯗꯛꯇ (ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯗꯛꯇ)꯫
• ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ (ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ)

꯳.ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯚꯥꯔꯇꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ: ꯱.ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯏꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯔꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ:

• ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯚꯥꯔꯇꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯐ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯤꯁꯨꯁꯤꯡ꯫
• ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯏꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯔꯗ꯫

ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯤ-ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯟ (3D) ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯕꯣꯛꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯕꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯣꯔꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯂꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯔꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯤꯁꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯤꯟ-ꯃꯅꯥꯑꯣ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯃꯈꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯤꯁꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯇꯤꯎꯃꯔ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯊꯜꯂꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯇꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯏ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯀꯦꯟꯁꯔꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯤꯛ ꯏꯅꯐꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯅꯤ:

• ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫
• ꯀꯥꯔꯗꯤꯌꯦꯛ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫
• ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯖꯤꯌꯜ ꯀꯦꯟꯁꯔ꯫
• ꯒꯣꯏꯇꯔ꯫
• ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯌꯅꯥ꯫
• ꯂꯤꯝꯐꯣꯃꯥ ( ꯂꯤꯝꯐꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯟꯁꯔ) .
• ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯤꯎꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡ꯫
• ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯥꯏꯇꯤꯁ ( ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ (mediastinum)ꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯅꯐꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ)꯫
• ꯃꯥꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯁ (ꯃꯁꯜ ꯁꯣꯟꯊꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯌꯅꯥ)
• ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯅꯤꯎꯔꯤꯖꯝ (aorta ꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯄꯥ)

ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯩ꯫

ꯋꯥꯏꯗ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ-ꯔꯦ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ "ꯄꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯏ" ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯇꯥꯕꯤꯔꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ-ꯔꯦꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯂꯣꯃꯗꯥ (ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯦꯔꯣꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯚꯤꯎ) ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯤꯃꯤꯇꯔ 8ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯂꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ . ꯄꯥꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ:

• ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫
• ꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯚꯔꯇꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯜ (ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯏꯅꯦꯜ) ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ꯫
• ꯀꯥꯔꯗꯤꯌꯦꯛ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫
• ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯤꯎꯃꯔ꯫
• ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯥꯏꯇꯤꯁ꯫
• ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯅꯤꯎꯔꯤꯖꯝ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯁꯦꯜ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯦ?

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ:

• ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ-ꯔꯦ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫
• ꯁꯤ.ꯇꯤ.ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯟ (ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯦꯠ ꯇꯣꯃꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯤ (ꯁꯤ.ꯇꯤ.) ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯟ)
• ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯥꯔ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯟ (ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯅꯦꯟꯁ ꯏꯃꯦꯖꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯥꯔ.ꯑꯥꯏ.) ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯟ)
• ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯣꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ( ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ )
• ꯑꯂꯠꯔꯥꯁꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯑꯦꯀꯖꯥꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯀꯃꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕꯅꯣ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝ-ꯁꯥꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫

ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡ ꯐꯅꯥ ꯊꯃꯒꯗꯒꯦ?

ꯍꯀꯁꯦꯜ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯀꯄꯨ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯆꯝ ꯆꯝꯕꯥ ꯇꯤꯄꯁ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ:

• ꯊꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯨ꯫ ꯃꯩꯈꯨ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫
• ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯇꯥ ꯍꯀꯁꯦꯜ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯥꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯎꯍꯩ-ꯋꯥꯍꯩ, ꯃꯅꯥ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯅꯥ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯥ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯇꯦꯜ, ꯁꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯤꯅꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯔꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧ꯫ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯔꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯧꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯌꯨ ꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯅꯕꯥ .
• ꯑꯗꯣꯃꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛ-ꯂꯥꯡꯊꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯆꯦꯀꯑꯄꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯆꯠꯂꯨ . ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ, ꯀꯔꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯗꯒꯦ (ꯇꯦꯛ-ꯍꯣꯝ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖ)

ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯣꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤꯕꯒꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ, ꯂꯪꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯀꯌꯥꯕꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯜꯂꯤ, ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯝ ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯥꯑꯣꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯥ ꯅꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯇꯣꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯪꯖꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯀꯁꯦꯂꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯒꯅꯤ꯫