ꯂꯧꯅꯒꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯨꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯔꯥ? ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯣꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯦꯟꯊꯈꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ (Esophageal Dilation)

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯊꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯨꯗ ꯄꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯆꯪꯗꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯉꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯆꯝ ꯆꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯖꯤꯌꯜ ꯗꯥꯏꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯇꯤꯎꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ/ ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯑꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯕꯥ ꯇꯨꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯡ ꯂꯣꯜꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯨꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇꯦ? ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯧꯍꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯔꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ‘ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯁꯤꯛ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ’ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ:

• ꯂꯧꯅꯒꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ: ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯊꯣꯡ-ꯊꯥꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ꯫
• ꯀꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ: ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯡ-ꯊꯥꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯅꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯡ-ꯑꯣꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫
• ꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯅꯥꯕꯥ: ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯅꯥꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ꯫
• ꯔꯤꯒꯔꯖꯤꯇꯦꯁꯟ (regurgitation): ꯈꯣꯝꯂꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛꯇꯥ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯄꯥ꯫

ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯖꯤꯌꯜ ꯗꯥꯏꯂꯦꯁꯅꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ (esophagus) ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝ-ꯁꯥꯒꯗꯒꯦ?

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯈꯔꯥ ꯁꯦꯝ-ꯁꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

• ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ: ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯍꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯪꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛ-ꯂꯥꯡꯊꯛ, ꯚꯤꯇꯥꯃꯤꯟ, ꯑꯥꯌꯨꯔꯕꯦꯗꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯁꯞꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯀꯆꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ .
• ꯑꯁꯪꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯌꯨ: ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯛꯀꯅꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯐꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯝꯂꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯏꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯦ?

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯱꯵ ꯆꯪꯏ꯫ ꯂꯥꯡꯇꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫

1. ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯄꯥ: ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯔꯣꯏ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯖꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯁꯦꯗꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯃꯁꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

2. ꯑꯦꯟꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯞ ꯏꯅꯁꯥꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ: ꯃꯊꯪꯗꯥ, ꯒꯦꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯣꯑꯦꯟꯇꯦꯔꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯤꯎꯕ (endoscope) ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫

3. ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯄꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ: ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

• ꯕꯦꯂꯨꯟ ꯗꯥꯏꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ: ꯱.ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯕꯦꯂꯨꯅꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯐꯨꯃꯖꯤꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯊꯗꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯕꯧꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯂꯦꯁꯟ: ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯤꯎꯕꯁꯤꯡ (bougies)ꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯖ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥꯁꯨ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫

4. ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯅꯕꯥ: ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯗꯤꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯥꯔꯚ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯇꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯍꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯅꯒꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯗꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯂꯤꯐ ꯄꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯔꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯊꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ, ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ, ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯐꯕꯥ, ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯖꯤꯌꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯀꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯹꯰% ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ .

ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯀꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯀꯃꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯂꯩ꯫

• ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯏ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ꯫
• ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯅꯕꯥ (perforation)꯫
• ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯣꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯇꯤꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫

ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯆꯪꯕꯒꯦ? ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯩꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯒꯦ?

ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯨꯝꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯛ ꯆꯤꯀꯄꯥ, ꯑꯅꯥꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯂꯅꯤ , ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯔꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯛꯌꯨꯏꯗ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯇꯔꯨ-ꯇꯅꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯌꯣꯒꯔ, ꯄꯨꯗꯤꯡ, ꯖꯦꯂꯤ, ꯁ꯭ꯌꯨꯞ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯁꯗ ꯑꯥꯂꯨ ꯆꯥꯕꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯂꯤꯐ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯔꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ, ꯃꯆꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯔꯅꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ꯫