Byose ku byerekeye virusi - abanzi bato tudashobora kubona - byoroshye!

Twese twumvise ibya virusi, si byo se? Cyane cyane vuba aha kuri `(COVID-19)`, ijambo virusi ryabaye igice cy'ubuzima bwacu. Ariko se koko virusi ni iki? Ni gute idutera indwara? Ntugahangayike, uyu munsi turaganira kuri ibi byose mu buryo bworoshye kandi busobanutse, nk'aho turimo kuvugana n'inshuti.

Virusi ni iki? (Virusi ni iki?)

Muri make, virusi ni agakoko gato cyane . Ni gato cyane ku buryo tudashobora no kubibona n'amaso yacu, ni nk'udukoko duto. Izi virusi ntizishobora kwanduza abantu gusa, inyamaswa, ibimera, ahubwo zishobora no kwanduza bagiteri n'ibihumyo. Ariko hari ikintu kimwe kidasanzwe, si virusi zose zigira ingaruka kuri buri wese. Zindura gusa iyo zibonye "aho zituye" zikwiye. Ibi tubyita umwihariko w'umuntu .

Iyo virusi yinjiye mu mubiri, hari igihe ishobora kuba nta bubabare na buke. Ariko hari igihe ishobora kuba ikomeye cyane. Dore ubwoko bumwe bw'indwara virusi zishobora gutera:

• Indwara zitera ibibazo byo guhumeka (urugero: ibicurane, grippe)
• Kubabara mu nda, kuruka, impiswi
• Indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina (STIs)
• Indwara z'uruhu (urugero: inkoko, ibiheri)

Tekereza muri ubu buryo: virusi imeze nk'agace gato k'amakuru yerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo gapfunyitse mu "paki" nto. Iyi paki, cyangwa igishishwa cyo kurinda, cyitwa capsid . Virusi ntizikorwa n'uturemangingo. Rero ntizishobora gukora izindi virusi zonyine. Icyo zikora ni ugufata amabwiriza yazo, zikinjira mu turemangingo nk'utwo, hanyuma zigakoresha ibikoresho biri muri iyo selile kugira ngo zikore kopi zazo.

Ni nk'umuntu winjira mu gikoni cyawe, azanye resept ye bwite, agakoresha inkono zawe, amasafuriya, n'amatafari mu guteka ibiryo byawe. Ikibabaje ni uko barangiza bakangiza igikoni!

Virusi rimwe na rimwe zitwa "viriyoni".

Ni ibihe bintu bisanzwe biranga virusi?

Virusi hafi ya zose zifite ibintu bimwe na bimwe zihuriyeho. Reba:

• Zigizwe n'ibikoresho by'uturemangingo (RNA cyangwa ADN) hamwe n'agapira ka poroteyine kayirinda (capsid) kayikikije.
• Virusi zimwe na zimwe zifite igipfundikizo cyo hanze hejuru y'iyi capsid. Iyi yitwa ibahasha . Virusi zidafite igipfundikizo nk'icyo zitwa "virusi zambaye ubusa."
• Virusi ni nk'udukoko . Zikeneye rwose uturemangingo kugira ngo twororoke. Zishobora kubaho hanze y'uturemangingo igihe gito, ariko kugeza igihe capsid ivunitse.
• Ni ntoya cyane kurusha uturemangingo tw’umubiri wacu incuro zigera ku 100 kugeza ku 1000. Biragoye kwiyumvisha, sibyo?

Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa virusi?

Abaganga n'abahanga mu bya siyansi bashyira virusi mu byiciro hakurikijwe uko zisa (ingano, imiterere) n'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho by'uturemangingo birimo. Zigabanyijemo imiryango, nk'imiryango. Dore bumwe mu bwoko bwa virusi ushobora kuba warumvise:

Amwe mu moko ya virusi dukunze kumva

• Virusi za Grippe: Izi ni zo zitera ibicurane bisanzwe (grippe). Izi virusi za Grippe nazo zitera ibintu nk'ibicurane by'inyoni n'ibicurane by'ingurube (H1N1).
• Virusi za herpes zo mu bwoko bwa "human herpesviruses": Iyi ni ubwoko bunini bwa virusi. Ni zo zitera indwara nyinshi, harimo herpes zo mu kanwa no mu myanya ndangagitsina, chickenpox, herpes zoster (shingles), virusi ya Epstein-Barr, na cytomegalovirus (CMV).
• Coronavirus: Buri wese azi iri zina kugeza ubu, sibyo? Virusi itera COVID-19 ni yo izwi cyane muri uyu muryango. Ariko virusi zimwe na zimwe zo muri uyu muryango nazo zitera indwara nto nk'ibicurane.
• Virusi za papillomavirusi z'abantu (HPV): Izi ni zo zitera ibiheri. Hari ubwoko bwa HPV bushobora no gutera kanseri.
• Virusi za Enterovirusi: Izi virusi zitera indwara mu mara yacu. Ni zo zitera indwara nka polio n'indwara z'amaboko, ibirenge n'umunwa.
• Virusi za Flavi: Iri tsinda rya virusi rikwirakwizwa cyane n'imibu. Zitera indwara nka Dengue fever, Zika, na West Nile.
• Virusi za Orthopox: Izi virusi zitera uduheri ku ruhu. Mpox na smallpox ni ingero z'ubu bwoko bwa virusi.
• Virusi za Hepatite: Nubwo izi virusi zitari iz'umuryango umwe, zose zigira ingaruka ku mwijima wacu. Hepatite A, B, na C ni zo zikunze kugaragara cyane.

Ubwoko bwihariye bwa virusi

Hariho kandi ubundi bwoko bwihariye bwa virusi:

• Virusi za Retrovirusi: Izi ni virusi za RNA. Zikoresha poroteyine zidasanzwe kugira ngo zihindure RNA yazo muri ADN. Hanyuma zishyira iyo ADN muri ADN y'uturemangingo twacu. Hanyuma uturemangingo twacu dutangira gusoma ADN y'iyo virusi nk'aho ari amabwiriza yabo bwite. VIH ( virusi itera SIDA) na HTLV-1 ni ingero za virusi nk'izo.
• Virusi za Oncovirusi: Izi ni virusi zishobora gutera kanseri. Virusi nka HPV, virusi ya Epstein-Barr, virusi itera SIDA, hepatite B na C, HTLV-1, na virusi ya herpes y'abantu 8 (HHV-8) byagaragaye ko bifitanye isano n'ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa kanseri.
• Virusi za satelite: Izi virusi ntizishobora kororoka zonyine. Zikeneye virusi "imufasha". Izi virusi zikunze kuboneka mu bimera.
• Bacteriofage:Izi kandi zitwa "phages" mu magambo ahinnye. Izi virusi zanduza cyane cyane bagiteri. Abahanga mu bya siyansi ubu barimo gukora ubushakashatsi ku buvuzi bwa bagiteri nk'uburyo bwo kuvura indwara za bagiteri zidakira imiti yica udukoko.

Ni gute virusi zinjira mu mibiri yacu?

Ubusanzwe virusi zinjira mu mibiri yacu zinyuze mu mitsi yacu. Ibyo bivuze ahantu nko mu maso, mu mazuru, mu kanwa, mu myanya ndangagitsina, mu gitsina, no mu kibuno. Hari virusi zishobora no kwinjira mu mubiri binyuze mu gucika k'uruhu, cyangwa bivuye ku mubu cyangwa ku ruhu.

Virusi zikora zite?

Virusi yandura ingirabuzimafatizo igakurikiza intambwe nyinshi kugira ngo ikore kopi zayo.

1. Gufata: Virusi ibanza gufata ku ngirabuzimafatizo.

2. Kwinjira: Hanyuma akazu k'ibanga karashyirwamo.

3. Kwiyongera: Ingirabuzimafatizo zikora kopi y'uturemangingo twazo na poroteyine ziri muri zo.

4. Guteranya: Ibice bishya byakozwe bihurira hamwe bigahinduka virusi yuzuye.

5. Gusohoka: Virusi nshya iva mu karemangingo ikajya kwanduza izindi selile.

Kwinjira mu kazu

Virusi zikoresha uburyo butatu bwo kwinjira mu turemangingo:

• Uturemangingo dufatana: Uturemangingo twacu dufite uduce tw’inyuma dukora nk’ “amarembo.” Hari virusi zishuka utwo turemangingo zikibwira ko dufite uburenganzira bwo kwinjira no kwinjira muri ayo marembo.
• Guhuza mu buryo butaziguye: Virusi zimwe na zimwe zifatanya mu buryo butaziguye n’izinjira mu karemangingo.
• Bacteriophages ni virusi zishyira gusa ibintu byazo bya gene mu ngirabuzimafatizo ya bagiteri. Virusi yose ntabwo ikeneye kwinjira.

Bigenda bite nyuma yo kwinjira? (Gukora kopi)

Iyo virusi cyangwa imiterere yayo y’uturemangingo yinjiye mu karemangingo, ikoresha uburyo bubiri kugira ngo yikope. Hari ubwo virusi zimwe na zimwe zikoresha ubwo buryo bwombi.

• Uruziga rwa Lytike: Muri uru ruziga, virusi ikoresha umutungo w’ingirabuzimafatizo (nk’ibikoresho byo mu gikoni) kugira ngo ikore kopi nyinshi zayo. Uduce twa virusi turaterana, hanyuma ibikoresho bya genetike bikinjira muri capsid. Iyo kopi nyinshi za virusi zikozwe muri ubwo buryo imbere muri selile, selile iracika burundu. Hanyuma virusi nshya zirasohoka zikanduza izindi selile.
• Uruhererekane rwa Lysogenic: Virusi zimwe na zimwe zigira igihe cyo "gutuza" cyangwa "kwihisha". Zinjira mu turemangingo zikahamara igihe gito, ntacyo zikora. Ni nko kwinjira mu gikoni cyawe wihishe ukandika resept yazo mu gitabo cyawe cy'amafunguro aho guteka. Uturemangingo ntitumenya ko hari virusi imbere, bityo utwo turemangingo turagabanyuka kandi tukagwira mu buryo busanzwe. Buri turemangingo dushya twibasiwe tuba dufite kopi y'iyo virusi. Hanyuma, stress, bitewe n'ibintu nk'imiti runaka cyangwa impinduka z'ubushyuhe, virusi yihishe irakora, ikagera mu turemangingo, hanyuma uduce twa virusi tugakwirakwira mu mubiri wose.

Ubwoko butandukanye bwa virusi

Virusi zishobora gusobanurwa hakurikijwe imiterere itandukanye:

• Uko basa (imiterere n'ingano).
• Imiterere ya genome yabo.
• Niba hari poroteyine z’imiterere cyangwa ntazo hamwe n’ibahasha.

Imiterere ya virusi

Virusi zishobora kugaragara mu buryo butandukanye cyane. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bazishyira mu byiciro bakurikije imiterere yazo:

• Icosahedral cyangwa polyhedral: Iyi ni ishusho y'ishusho ifite impande nyinshi, nk'umupira w'amaguru. Virusi nyinshi zandura abantu zifite iyi miterere.
• Ingufu: Iyi virusi imeze nk'umuzingo. Amakuru yayo yerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo akubiye imbere nk'isoko.
• Ifite imiterere y'uruziga: Virusi zifite imiterere y'uruziga ni virusi zifite imiterere ikikije, yaba iy'uruziga cyangwa iy'ibice byinshi. Zimeze nk'umupira.
• Ingorane: Virusi zikomeye zifite imiterere irenze imwe hamwe. Virusi zandura bagiteri zigira "umutwe" w'ibice byinshi n'"umubiri" uzunguruka.

Ingano ya virusi

Virusi zose ni nto cyane - nto cyane ku buryo umuntu atazireba iyo udafite mikorosikopi ikomeye. Iyo upimye, nyinshi muri zo ziba ziri hagati ya nanometero 20 (nm) na 400nm. Tekereza nawe, ni ntoya inshuro 2000 ugereranyije n'agace k'umusenyi ! Ziba ntoya inshuro 100 kugeza 1000 ugereranyije n'uturemangingo two mu mibiri yacu.

Ariko ingano yazo zishobora gutandukana cyane. Urugero, virusi ya measles iruta virusi ya Zika incuro eshanu.

Amakuru yerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo kuri virusi

Amakuru abitswe muri virusi - ibikoresho byayo bya genetiki - ni `(DNA)` cyangwa `(RNA)`. `(DNA)` ni nk'igitabo cy'amabwiriza kibwira virusi uko yakorwa. `(RNA)` ni nk'amabwiriza imashini ikoresha ingirabuzimafatizo isoma ikanayahindura mu rurimi rushobora gukora poroteyine. Virusi ishobora kuba `(DNA)` cyangwa `(RNA)` gutya:

• Umurongo cyangwa uruziga .
• Uburyo bwo kumva neza cyangwa uburyo bwo kumva nabi: Uburyo bwo kumva neza RNA bushobora gukoreshwa nk'amabwiriza yo gukora uduce twa virusi mu buryo butaziguye nta ntambwe z'inyongera. Virusi za RNA zigaragaza neza imiterere yazo zikenera enzymes zihariye kugira ngo zikore RNA isobanura neza mbere yo gukora kopi za virusi.
• Ifite imigozi imwe cyangwa ibiri: Virusi za ADN zishobora kugira imiterere yazo ya genetiki nk'umugozi umwe (ssDNA) cyangwa nk'imigozi ibiri ifatanye (dsDNA). (DNA y'umuntu ifite imigozi ibiri). Virusi za RNA akenshi ziba zifite imigozi imwe, ariko hari na virusi zimwe na zimwe za RNA zifite imigozi ibiri.

Ese virusi zirazima cyangwa ntizibaho?

Iki ni ikibazo gishimishije gato. Abahanga mu bya siyansi ntibakunze gufata virusi nk'ibinyabuzima.Ibi biterwa nuko bidashobora gukora bimwe mu bintu ibinyabuzima bikora, nko guhindura ibiryo ingufu (metabolism). Bishobora kandi kubaho cyangwa kororoka bidafite ingirabuzimafatizo.

Ariko ku rundi ruhande, zishobora kwikora mu karemangingo gakwiye, kandi zishobora guhinduka (guhinduka) uko igihe kigenda gihita kugira ngo zikomeze kubaho. Si ibyo gusa, ahubwo zishobora no kwangiza no gusenya uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo muri icyo gikorwa. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abantu benshi babona virusi nk'ikintu kiba mu gace k’imvi, ku mupaka uri hagati y’ibinyabuzima n’ibidafite ubuzima.

Ni izihe ndwara ziterwa na virusi?

Nkuko twabiganiriyeho mbere, virusi zishobora gutera indwara zitandukanye. Zimwe mu ndwara zikunze kugaragara cyane ni izi:

• Ibicurane bisanzwe
• Ibicurane `(Ibicurane)`
• Covid-19 `(COVID-19)`
• Virusi itera ubuhumekero `(RSV)`
• Indwara y'inkoko
• Indwara y'iseru
• VIH/SIDA
• Virusi ya papillomavirusi/ibibyimba byo mu gitsina (HPV/ibibyimba byo mu gitsina)
• Herpes yo mu gitsina (HSV)
• Polio
• Ibisazi by'indwara y'ibisazi
• Mpox `(Mpox)`
• Zika
• Hepatite

Ibintu tugomba kwibuka (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

Kugeza ubu ugomba kuba uzi neza virusi. Wibuke ko virusi ari utuntu duto cyane tuza mu buryo bwose n'ingano zose. Zikeneye umuntu wo kutwanduza. Ariko si virusi zose zidutera kurwara. Mu by'ukuri, abahanga mu bya siyansi bavuga ko hashobora kuba hari virusi za tiriyari ziba mu mibiri yacu, nta ngaruka mbi zagize!

Ariko, virusi zidutera indwara zimeze nk'abashyitsi batifuzwa baza iwacu. Kubwibyo, dushobora kwirinda izi virusi dukomeza kugira isuku, gukaraba intoki kenshi, no gukingirwa indwara zimwe na zimwe. Niba ufite indwara iyo ari yo yose, ntukibagirwe gushaka inama kwa muganga. Komeza ugire ubuzima bwiza!

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