Ese uzi ibyakorewe ikizamini cya SIDA? Reka tubiganireho birambuye!

Iyo wumvise ijambo VIH, ushobora kumva ufite ubwoba cyangwa ukagira ubwoba. Ariko ni ingenzi cyane kubimenya. Kuko, iyo VIH imenyekanye hakiri kare, ni indwara ishobora kugenzurwa neza kandi ikabaho ubuzima bwiza. Rero, uyu munsi turaganira ku cyo gupimwa virusi itera SIDA ari cyo, uko wayipimwa, n'ibisubizo byayo.

VIH ni iki? Kuki iki gipimo ari ingenzi?

Muri make, VIH (virusi itera indwara z’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri) ni virusi yibasira ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri mu mubiri wacu. Ubudahangarwa bwacu bw’umubiri bumeze nk’ingabo zirinda igihugu cyacu. Virusi itera iyi ngabo ikayica intege. Hanyuma umubiri wacu ntushobora kwihanganira n’indwara ntoya.

Iyo ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA budavuwe neza, bushobora kuvamo SIDA (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) . Bushobora gushyira ubuzima mu kaga. Ariko, icyiza ni uko nubwo waba waranduye virusi itera SIDA, iyo umenyekanye hakiri kare ugatangira kuvurwa, ushobora gukomeza kugira ubuzima bwiza utageze ku cyiciro cya SIDA. Niyo mpamvu ari ngombwa cyane kwipimisha virusi itera SIDA.

Uburyo bwo gupima virusi itera SIDA buriho ubu burakora neza cyane mu gupima virusi. Kubwibyo, niba ubona ko ushobora kuba uri mu kaga, ni byiza kwipimisha.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibipimo biboneka kugira ngo hamenyekane agakoko gatera SIDA?

Hari ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bwo gupima virusi itera SIDA. Ibi bizamini bikoresha icyitegererezo cy'amaraso yawe (cyaba umutsi cyangwa urutoki) cyangwa icyitegererezo cy'amazi yo mu kanwa. Ibi bitandukanye n'amacandwe.

1. Isuzuma rya aside ya nucleike (NAT):

• Ibi bigenzura mu buryo butaziguye niba hari imiterere y’uturemangingo twa virusi itera SIDA (`HIV RNA`). Bishobora kandi kumenya umubare wa virusi iri mu maraso (`umubare wa virusi`).
• Iki ni ikizamini gihenze gato, gikorerwa muri laboratwari nini. Gikubiyemo gufata amaraso mu mitsi.

2. Ikizamini cy'irwanya indwara/Antibody:

• Ibi ntabwo ari ibijyanye na virusi ubwayo, ahubwo ni uko umubiri wacu ubyitwaramo.
• Ikintu cya mbere ugomba kureba ni ikintu cyitwa antigen . Antigen ni ikintu gikangura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wacu. Niba urwaye virusi itera SIDA, ugomba kuba ufite ikintu cyitwa antigen ya p24 mu maraso yawe.
• Hanyuma, turashaka ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwa virusi itera SIDA . Ubudahangarwa bwacu bw'umubiri bukora ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kugira ngo burwanye virusi.
• Antigens zishobora kugaragara mu maraso mbere y’uko haboneka antibody.

3. Ikizamini cy'umubiri urwanya indwara:

• Ibi bireba gusa abasirikare banduye agakoko gatera SIDA.

Muri rusange, ikizamini cya `NAT` kirahenze, bityo ntigikunze gukoreshwa mu gupima agakoko gatera SIDA keretse ufite ibimenyetso. Iyo ugaragaye ko wanduye agakoko gatera SIDA, muganga wawe ashobora gutegeka ko upimwa `NAT` kugira ngo arebe umubare w’agakoko gatera SIDA ufite.

Intambwe ya mbere yo gupima virusi itera SIDA ni ugupima antibody cyangwa antigen/antibody. Niba igisubizo cyagaragaje ko ari cyiza, hazakenerwa ibindi bipimo kugira ngo byemezwe.

Ni ryari ugomba kwipimisha agakoko gatera SIDA?

Nk’uko bivugwa n’itsinda rishinzwe kurwanya indwara muri Amerika, abantu bose bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 65 bagomba kwipimisha virusi itera SIDA nibura rimwe mu buzima bwabo. SIDA ntabwo itera ibimenyetso mu ntangiriro z’iki cyorezo. Kubwibyo, kwipimisha ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kumenya niba ufite iyi virusi. Iyo uyifite, ushobora kwirinda kuyikwirakwiza mu bandi.

Nanone, niba ufite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura agakoko gatera SIDA, cyangwa niba utwite, nta gushidikanya ko ugomba kwipimisha.

Ni nde uri mu kaga gakomeye kurusha abandi?

Agakoko gatera SIDA kandura binyuze mu guhererekanya amazi n'amaraso mu mibonano mpuzabitsina. Iyo uhuye n'aya mazi aturuka ku muntu urwaye agakoko gatera SIDA, uba uri mu kaga gakomeye. Gukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n'umuntu urwaye agakoko gatera SIDA udakoresheje uburyo bwo kwirinda (nk'udukingirizo) byongera cyane ibyago byo kwandura agakoko gatera SIDA.

Igihe ugomba kwipimisha agakoko gatera SIDA kenshi:

• Niba ukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n'umuntu ufite agakoko gatera SIDA, cyangwa umuntu utazi uko ahagaze ku gakoko.
• Niba ufite abakunzi benshi mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, cyangwa niba uwo mwashakanye afite abakunzi benshi mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.
• Niba uri umugabo kandi ugakora imibonano mpuzabitsina n'abandi bagabo (`MSM - Abagabo bakora imibonano mpuzabitsina n'abagabo`).
• Niba ufite indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina (STI) zitari virusi itera SIDA (kugira indi ndwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina byongera ibyago byo kwandura VIH).
• Niba usangiye inshinge n'abandi kugira ngo mutere ibiyobyabwenge.

Kwipimisha buri gihe bivuze rimwe mu mwaka, cyangwa ndetse kenshi. Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) kivuga ko abagabo bakora imibonano mpuzabitsina n'abagabo bagomba kwipimisha buri mezi 3-6. Baza muganga wawe inshuro ugomba kwipimisha.

Niba wakorewe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ni ngombwa kwipimisha virusi itera SIDA muri icyo gihe. Ugomba kandi kujya kwa muganga ako kanya ugatangira gufata imiti ya virusi itera SIDA, izwi nka PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) . Uyu muti ushobora gufasha kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Ariko, ugomba gutangira mu masaha 72 uhereye igihe wakorewe ku kazi.

Kuki gupima agakoko gatera SIDA ari ingenzi mu gihe utwite?

Birasabwa kwipimisha agakoko gatera SIDA mu gihe utwite, cyane cyane mu gihembwe cya mbere cy'umubyigano. Ibi biterwa nuko agakoko gatera SIDA gashobora kwanduzwa n'umubyeyi kugeza ku mwana. Gashobora no kwanduzwa binyuze mu mashereka. Iyo uhawe ubuvuzi hakiri kare mu gihe utwite, ushobora gukumira ko agakoko gatera SIDA kagera ku mwana wawe.

Niba utwite kandi ufite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura agakoko gatera SIDA, ni byiza kwipimisha inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu mu gihe utwite.

Ni hehe nabona ikizamini cya virusi itera SIDA?

Hari ahantu henshi ushobora kwipimisha (hari n'aho utuye mu rugo rwawe).

• Ushobora kuyibona kwa muganga wawe, kwa muganga, cyangwa ku kigo nderabuzima cy’abaturage.
• Ushobora kubona ahantu hakorerwa isuzuma rya virusi itera SIDA n'ibindi bipimo byandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina wandikisha aderesi yawe ku rubuga rwa CDC (nk'ahantu ho gupima virusi itera SIDA n'aho serivisi zo kwita ku buzima ziherereye). Ahantu henshi muri ho hakorerwa isuzuma ry'ubuntu.
• Niba ufite imyaka irenga 17, ushobora kugura agakoresho ko gupima virusi itera SIDA mu rugo muri farumasi cyangwa kuri interineti. Ikigo kimwe rukumbi cyemewe na FDA (Ikigo gishinzwe ibiribwa n'imiti) gupima virusi itera SIDA mu rugo ku isi ni OraQuick® Isuzuma rya virusi itera SIDA mu rugo .

Ni gute ikizamini cya virusi itera SIDA gipima virusi? "Igihe cy'idirishya" ni iki?

Ikizamini cya VIH gisuzuma virusi itera SIDA mu maraso yawe cyangwa mu mazi akoreshwa mu kanwa. Iyi virusi ishobora kuba ubwayo, antigen ya VIH n'ama-antibodies, cyangwa antibody gusa. Iyo ugaragaye ko wanduye, uzakenera ibindi bipimo kugira ngo byemezwe. Iyo ugaragaye ko wanduye, bivuze ko ushobora kuba udafite virusi.

Ariko, ni ingenzi cyane kumenya "igihe cyo kugaragara kw'impinduka" hano. Igihe cyo kugaragara kw'impinduka ni igihe kiri hagati y'igihe ufite virusi n'igihe ishobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe ikizamini. Iki gihe gitandukana bitewe n'umuntu ku wundi kandi bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ikizamini. Rero, ugomba kwipimisha nyuma y'uko igihe cyo kugaragara kw'impinduka kirangiye.

• Ikizamini cya aside nucleic (NAT): Iki ni cyo gihe gito cyane. Kishobora kumenya niba wanduye agakoko gatera SIDA hagati y'iminsi 10 na 33 nyuma yo kwandura.
• Ibizamini bya antigen/antibody: Ubwandu bushobora kugaragara hagati y'iminsi 18 na 45 nyuma yo guhura n'umuntu (gupimwa amaraso) cyangwa hagati y'iminsi 18 na 90 (gupimwa intoki).
• Ibizamini by’uturemangingo (bikorerwa mu rugo byihuse cyane): Bishobora kugaragaza ubwandu hagati y’iminsi 23 na 90 nyuma yo guhura n’ubwandu.

Niba ikizamini cyawe kitari icyawe, ariko ukaba ubona ko ushobora kuba warahuye nacyo, menya neza ko wongeye kwipimisha nyuma y’uko igihe cyo kuvura kirangiye.

Ese ugomba kwitegura mbere yo gukora ikizamini?

Nta kwitegura kwihariye gukenewe mu gupima amaraso. Ariko, ku bipimo byo mu rugo bikoresha amazi yo mu kanwa, ushobora kugirwa inama yo kwirinda kurya cyangwa kunywa iminota 30 mbere yo gupima. Kurikiza amabwiriza ari ku gikoresho neza.

Ni iki kibaho mu gihe cy'ikizamini?

Ibi biratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ikizamini urimo gukora n'aho kiri gukorerwa.

Ibizamini bya virusi itera SIDA bikorerwa muri laboratwari

Ibyinshi mu bipimo bya virusi itera SIDA bikorerwa umuganga ufata amaraso yawe akayohereza muri laboratwari. Ibi bishobora gukorerwa kwa muganga wawe cyangwa kwa muganga. Iyo ugaragaye ko wanduye, muganga wawe azakora ibizamini byinshi kugira ngo byemezwe. CDC isaba ko habaho urukurikirane rw'ibipimo bya virusi itera SIDA:

1. Ikizamini cya mbere: Ikizamini cya antigen/antibody kugira ngo harebwe antigen ya virusi itera SIDA p24 na antibody za virusi itera SIDA. Niba ufite ubwandu, ikizamini cya kabiri kirakenewe kugira ngo cyemeze ibisubizo.

2. Ikizamini cya kabiri: Ikizamini cy’uturemangingo kugira ngo harebwe uturemangingo tw’umubiri dukingira ubwoko bubiri bwa VIH, VIH-1 na VIH-2. Niba igisubizo cya kabiri nacyo cyagaragaje ko ufite VIH, byemezwa ko ufite VIH. Niba ibisubizo bitaragaragaza neza, hazakenerwa ikizamini cya gatatu.

3. Ikizamini cya gatatu: Ikizamini cya `NAT` kugira ngo harebwe niba hari agakoko gatera SIDA mu maraso yawe.

Uku guhuza ibipimo bifite akamaro kanini cyane mu gupima agakoko gatera SIDA.

Gupima virusi itera SIDA byihuse

Ibi bizamini bireba ubudahangarwa bwa virusi itera SIDA mu maraso yawe cyangwa mu mazi yo mu kanwa. Hariho kandi ikizamini cyihuse cya antigen/antibody ya virusi itera SIDA. Ibi bishobora gukorwa n'inzobere mu by'ubuzima ifata ikizamini cy'amaraso mu mitsi, mu rutoki, cyangwa mu kanwa.

Ibizamini bimwe na bimwe byihuse bishobora gutanga ibisubizo mu minota 5 gusa. Ariko ibuka ko ibi ari ibisubizo by'ibanze gusa. Niba ibisubizo byawe ari byiza, uzakenera kujya kwa muganga wawe kugira ngo agupime ibindi bipimo mbere yuko umenya neza uko uhagaze ku cyorezo cya SIDA.

Gupima virusi itera SIDA mu rugo

Ikizamini cyonyine cyemewe na FDA mu rugo ni OraQuick®. Iki ni ikizamini cyihuse cya VIH gishakisha ubudahangarwa bwa VIH. Kugira ngo ukikoreshe, ufata icyitegererezo cy'amazi yo mu kanwa ukoresheje isukari mu kanwa ko hejuru no hepfo. Hanyuma isukari ishyirwa mu gacupa gato. Igaragaza igisubizo cyavuyemo cyangwa kibi (nk'ikizamini cyo gutwita). Ibisubizo bishobora kugaragara mu minota 20 kugeza kuri 40.

Niba ibisubizo ari byiza, hakenewe gukorwa ibizamini byinshi kugira ngo byemezwe.

Ese hari ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'iki kizamini?

Nta ngaruka zikomeye zishobora guterwa no gupimwa agakoko gatera SIDA. Ushobora kumva umerewe nabi gato iyo amaraso afashwe cyangwa iyo hafashwe igitonyanga cy'amaraso mu rutoki rwawe, ni byo gusa.

Bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo?

Igihe bifata kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo byawe kiratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ikizamini. Bimwe mu bizamini byihuse, nk'ibizamini bya antigen/antibody na antibody, bishobora gutanga ibisubizo mu minota itarenze 20. Ikizamini cya `NAT` gifite igihe gito cyo kumenya virusi itera SIDA nyuma yo kwandura. Ariko, bishobora gufata igihe kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo. Bishobora gufata iminsi myinshi kugira ngo ibisubizo by'ikizamini cya `NAT` bigaruke.

Ibisubizo bivuga iki?

Ibisubizo by'ibizamini bishobora kuba bibi cyangwa byiza .

• Igisubizo kibiIbi bivuze ko ikizamini kitagaragaje ibimenyetso bya virusi. Ibi bishobora gusobanura ko udafite virusi itera SIDA, cyangwa ko umaze igihe kirekire wanduye virusi itera SIDA (mu gihe cyo kugaragara kw'icyorezo) kugira ngo utagaragaramo virusi.
• Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko ikizamini cyagaragaje ibimenyetso bya virusi. Ibi bishobora gusobanura ko ufite agakoko gatera SIDA, cyangwa ko hakenewe ibizamini byinshi kugira ngo byemezwe ibisubizo.

Nakora iki niba igisubizo cyanjye ari kibi?

Niba ikizamini cyawe cya mbere kitagaragaza ko uri muzima, ariko ukaba utekereza ko ushobora kuba warahuye na virusi itera SIDA (ni ukuvuga niba warapimwe mu gihe cyo kugabanuka kw'icyorezo), kora ikizamini cya kabiri nyuma y'uko igihe cyo kugabanuka kw'icyorezo kirangiye. Ikizamini cya kabiri gishobora kwemeza ko uri muzima.

Nubwo wasanga nta virusi itera SIDA, ni ngombwa kwirinda mu gihe kizaza. Vugana na muganga wawe niba PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) ikubereye. `PrEP` ni ikinini ufata buri munsi. Ishobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ku kigero cya 99%. Ku bantu batera imiti, bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigero cya 74%. Niba udafite virusi itera SIDA kandi umukunzi wawe akaba afite virusi itera SIDA, ni ngombwa gukoresha `PrEP` neza.

Nubwo wafata `PrEP`, ni byiza gukoresha agakingirizo kugira ngo wirinde agakoko gatera SIDA n'izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.

Nakora iki niba igisubizo cyanjye cyagaragaje ko ndi mwiza?

Iyo ubonye igisubizo cyiza mu isuzuma rimwe, ugomba gukorerwa ibizamini byinshi na muganga wawe kugira ngo umenye neza ko ari ukuri. Iyo umaze gupimwa, wowe na muganga wawe muzafatanya gutegura gahunda yo kuvura. Muganga wawe azagena aho virusi ya SIDA yakwirakwiriye kandi azaguha imiti yo kuyirwanya. Ubu buryo bwo kuvura virusi ya SIDA bwitwa ART (antiretroviral therapy) . Ubu buryo bufasha umubiri wawe kurwanya virusi no kuyirinda ko ikomeza gutera SIDA. Imiti mishya ihari irakomeye cyane. Iyo uyikoresheje neza kandi buri gihe, ushobora gukumira indwara no kubaho ubuzima bwiza.

Nanone, ugomba kuganira n'uwo mwashakanye ku bijyanye n'indwara yawe. Niba warakoranye imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye, ashobora kuba yarakwanduje. Bagomba no kwipimisha.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yo gupima VIH-1 na VIH-2?

Hari ubwoko bubiri bwa VIH: VIH-1 na VIH-2. Ibizamini bimwe na bimwe by’umubiri bishobora kugaragaza niba ufite VIH-1, VIH-2, cyangwa byombi mu maraso yawe. VIH-1 ni yo virusi ikunze kugaragara cyane. Nanone yandura byoroshye kurusha VIH-2.

Amaherezo, ngomba kuvuga... (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

Ni ibisanzwe kumva ufite ubwoba gato iyo utekereza kwipimisha agakoko gatera SIDA. Ariko, birakwiye kumenya ubuzima bwawe no kurinda abantu ukunda.

• Kwipimisha agakoko gatera SIDA byibuze rimwe mu buzima bwawe.Niba uri mu kaga gakomeye, bikore kenshi.
• Witondere igihe cyo kugabanuka kw'ibizamini. Kora ikizamini nyuma y'uko icyo gihe kirangiye.
• Niba igisubizo ari cyiza, ntugatinye. Ukoresheje uburyo bugezweho bwo kuvura (ART), ushobora kubaho ubuzima bwiza kandi bwishimye ufite agakoko gatera SIDA.
• Hari umuntu ushobora kugufasha. Biganireho n'inshuti, umuryango, cyangwa umujyanama wizeye.

SIDA ni indi ndwara y'ubuzima. Iyo imenyekanye hakiri kare kandi igafatwa neza, nta cyakubuza kugera ku nzozi zawe. Tumenye, tugire ubuzima bwiza!

VIH , gupima virusi itera SIDA, SIDA, ubuzima bw'imyororokere, ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, NAT, ikizamini cy'umubiri urwanya antigen, PrEP