I-Rubella (iMeasles yaseJamani): Ngaba uyazi ngale nto? Makhe sithethe ngokweenkcukacha!

Mhlawumbi uyasikhumbula isifo esibangela umkhuhlane ophantsi kunye namaqhuqhuva amancinci abomvu ebusweni nasemzimbeni. Abanye abantu babiza ngokuba yi-'German measles'. Yiloo nto siza kuthetha ngayo namhlanje, iRubella. Xa ujonga okokuqala, unokucinga, 'Owu, le yi-measles nje encinci.' Nangona kunjalo, esi asisosifo esimele sithathwe lula, ingakumbi ukuba sichaphazela umama okhulelweyo, njengoko sinokuba yingozi kakhulu kumntwana osesiswini . Ngoko ke, masifunde yonke into ngale rubella, akunjalo?

Yintoni iRubella? Ngamafutshane...

I-Rubella sisifo esosulelayo . Sibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yi-`(RuV virus)`. Enye yeempawu eziphambili zoku kukurhawuzelelwa emzimbeni. Ukuchaneka, la marhawuzelelwe abomvu aqala ebusweni bakho aze asasazeke emzimbeni wakho wonke. Yingakho abanye abantu beyibiza ngokuba yi -'German measles' okanye 'three-day measles' . Nangona kunjalo, oku akufani ne-measles eqhelekileyo esiyaziyo, kodwa intsholongwane eyibangelayo, i-rubella virus, ingcono. Ngoko ke musa ukubhidanisa ezi zifo zimbini.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukuba umama ufumana i-rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa, umntwana unokuba neengxaki zempilo ezinzulu . Siza kuthetha ngaloo nto kamva.

Yintoni iCongenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)?

Le yeyona nto iyingozi kakhulu kwi-rubella. `(Congenital Rubella Syndrome)` okanye `(CRS)` kuthetha ukuba xa umama okhulelweyo efumana i-rubella, intsholongwane idlulela kumntwana osesiswini. Khawucinge nje, ukuba esi sifo sidluliselwa kumama ukuya kumntwana, umntwana unokuba neemeko ezinzulu kakhulu ezifana neengxaki zesikhumba, ukulahleka kokuva, ukukhubazeka kokubona, isifo sentliziyo, kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nophuhliso lobuchopho ekuzalweni. Yiyo loo nto oomama abakhulelweyo kufuneka balumke kakhulu ngale nto.

Ingaba i-rubella kunye ne-measles ziyafana?

Hayi, ezi zizifo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo . Nangona iimpawu zifana, ezi zifo zimbini zibangelwa ziintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeentsholongwane . Ngoko ke kungcono ukuba ungazidibanisi zombini, akunjalo?

Ngubani ochaphazeleka kakhulu yi-rubella? Ixhaphake kangakanani?

Enyanisweni, nabani na unokufumana i-rubella. Kodwa njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, eyona mpembelelo imbi kakhulu ikwiintsana ezizelwe ngoomama abafumana i-rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-`(Congenital Rubella Syndrome - CRS)`.

Nangona singakhange sibhengeze ngokusesikweni ukuba i-rubella isusiwe eSri Lanka njengoko senze eMelika, ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kuye kwehla kakhulu ngenxa yokugonywa. Nangona kunjalo, i-rubella isabonakala kwamanye amazwe ehlabathi, ingakumbi kumazwe afana ne-Asia, i-Afrika, kunye ne-Middle East. Ke ngoko, kulungile ukuqaphela oku ukuba uhambela kwelinye ilizwe.

Zithini iimpawu ze-rubella?

Uphawu oluphambili lwe-rubella kukuqhambuka . Oku kudla ngokuqala ebusweni kudlulele emzimbeni. Kubantwana abancinci, ukuqhambuka kusenokuba luphawu lokuqala oluvelayo. Nangona kunjalo, kubantwana abadala nakubantu abadala, ukuqhambuka kusenokungabonakali de kube ziintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba ezinye iimpawu zivele.

Khawucinge nje, ngamanye amaxesha abantu abafikelela kwi-50% banokuba ne-rubella ngaphandle kokubonisa zimpawu . Kodwa basenokusasaza esi sifo kwabanye. Oko kuyoyikisa kancinci, akunjalo?

Nazi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-rubella:

• Amabala abomvu (kuqala ebusweni, aze avele emzimbeni wonke)
• Umkhuhlane omncinci.
• Ukukhwehlela
• Umqala obuhkungu
• Impumlo enemifinya
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• Ububomvu bamehlo (Iliso elipinki / iConjunctivitis)
• Intlungu yamalungu
• Ubuthathaka (ubuthathaka)
• Ii-lymph nodes ezivuvukileyo (ezifana nentamo, amakhwapha)

Yintoni ebangela i-rubella?

Eyona nto ibangela i-rubella yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yi-`(RuV virus)` . Iintsholongwane zizinto eziphilayo ezincinci kakhulu. Azinakuphila zodwa. Into eziyenzayo kukungena kwiiseli zabantu, izilwanyana, okanye izityalo kwaye zisebenzise ezo seli ukwenza ezinye iikopi zazo. Ngamafutshane, zosulela imizimba yethu.

Ingaba i-rubella iyosulela? Isasazeka njani?

Ewe, i-rubella sisifo esosulelayo . Sisasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye ngamathontsi eentsholongwane akhutshwa emoyeni xa umntu ephefumla, ekhohlela, okanye ethimla. Sisenokusasazeka nangokuchukumisa iindawo ezingcoliswe yintsholongwane uze emva koko uchukumise impumlo okanye umlomo.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba inokudluliselwa ukusuka kumama okhulelweyo ukuya kumntwana wakhe esibelekweni . Ngamanye amaxesha, umntu unokusasaza i-rubella ngaphandle kwempawu.

Ngokwesiqhelo, i-rubella iyosulela kakhulu kwiveki ngaphambi nasemva kweveki emva kokuba kuvele irhashalala .

Ngaba abantu abadala nabo banokufumana i-rubella?

Ewe, i-rubella iyosulela, ngoko ke inokusuleleka kubantwana abancinci, kwabanye abantu abadala, okanye nakubantu abadala.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ufumana i-rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa?

Le yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka siyiqwalasele . Ukuba ukhulelwe, ingakumbi ukuba ufumana i-rubella kwi-trimester yokuqala , umntwana wakho usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana imeko ebesithethe ngayo ngaphambili, iCongenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS).

Kodwa kukho iindaba ezimnandi! Ukuba ugonyelwa i-rubella ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe, ungamkhusela umntwana wakho kwesi sifo (CRS).

Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba uvavanyo lwe-rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa "lulungile"?

Ukuba awunazo iimpawu, kwaye ugqirha wakho wenza uvavanyo lwegazi lwe-rubella ngaphambi okanye ngexesha lokukhulelwa, baya kujonga ukuba unazo na ii-antibodies ezichasene ne-rubella. Ezi antibodies ziiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezenziwa yimizimba yethu xa into enobungozi ingena emizimbeni yethu ukuze ilwe nayo.

Ngoko ke, ukuba uvavanyo lwakho lwe-antibody ye-rubella luthi "Lulungile", oko kuthetha ukuba ukhe wanayo i-rubella ngaphambili okanye ukhe wayigonyelwa. Nangona kunjalo, oko kuthetha ukuba awuchaphazeleki yi-rubella kwaye awuyi kuphinda uyifumane lula. Yinto entle kakhulu leyo ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

Zithini iimpawu zesifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-`(CRS)`?

Iimpawu ze-congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) zingabonakala xa umntwana ezalwa . Ukuba ufumana i-rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa, umntwana wakho unokuzalwa enesinye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Ukulahlekelwa okanye ukuwohloka kwamehlo: Ngenxa yeemeko ezifana ne-cataracts kunye noxinzelelo lwamehlo oluphezulu (i-glaucoma).
• Ukulahlekelwa okanye ukuncipha kokuva.
• Iziphene zentliziyo.
• Utshintsho olunxulumene nobuchopho: Ukungaphumeleli kobuchopho ukukhula ngokufanelekileyo, oko kuthetha ukuzalwa unengqondo encinci (i-microcephaly), ukudumba kobuchopho, ukufunda kunye notshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha.
• Izifo zamathambo.
• Izinto ezibangela ukuncipha kwegazi: iiplatelets ezisezantsi egazini (thrombocytopenia), i-anemia (i-hemolytic anemia).
• Isifo se-thyroid.
• Ukwanda kwesibindi kunye ne-spleen (`(hepatosplenomegaly)`).
• Isifo seswekile sohlobo loku-1 (`(Isifo seswekile sohlobo loku-1 / isifo seswekile esixhomekeke kwi-insulin)`).

Uyazi njani ukuba une-rubella?

Ukuze aqinisekise ukuba unayo i-rubella, ugqirha wakho uza kuqala akuhlole aze ajonge naziphi na izilonda emzimbeni wakho. Ukongeza, banokuvavanya igazi lakho, umchamo, okanye ii-swabs zempumlo okanye zomqala ukuze babone ukuba akukho zimpawu zentsholongwane ye-rubella.

Luhlobo luni lovavanyo oluqhutywayo?

Ezi zilingo zilandelayo zisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-rubella:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi : Inaliti encinci ifakwa emthanjeni osengalweni yakho kwaye kuthathwa isampuli yegazi lakho. Oku kuhlola ii-antibodies ze-rubella. Oku kunokubonisa ukuba unesifo okwangoku, ukhe wasinaso ngaphambili, okanye ukhe wagonywa.
• Iiswab zempumlo okanye zomphimbo : Ugqirha uza kuthatha iswab empumlweni okanye emqaleni wakho. Ilebhu iza kuyivavanya ukuze ibone ukuba ikhona na intsholongwane yerubella.
• Uvavanyo lomchamo : Uza kucelwa ukuba uchamele kwikomityi ecocekileyo. Isampuli yomchamo iza kuthunyelwa kwilabhoratri ukuze ihlolwe intsholongwane yerubella.

Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba uvavanyo lwe-rubella ``lulungile``?

Ukuba isampuli ethathwe kwisampuli yakho yempumlo, umphimbo, okanye umchamo ibuya ithi "ilungile", oko kuthetha ukuba okwangoku usulelwe yi-rubella .

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uvavanyo lwegazi olwenziwe ungaguli lubuya lusithi "lulungile", oko kuthetha ukuba une-antibodies ezilwa ne-rubella emzimbeni wakho.Kuthetha ukuba ikhona. Ii-antibodies ziiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezinokubona abahlaseli ezifana neentsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya. Ngoko ke, ukuba une-antibodies ``(Positive)`` xa ungaguli, kuthetha ukuba ukhe waba ne-rubella ngaphambili, okanye ukhe wagonywa, kwaye ngoku unamandla okuzikhusela kuyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yomzimba wakho yokuzikhusela iyazi indlela yokutshabalalisa intsholongwane ukuba ibuya.

Iphathwa njani i-rubella?

Akukho nyango lukhethekileyo lwe-rubella. Ihlala iphela yodwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Ungazinyanga iimpawu zakho ekhaya ngamayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha.

Ngenxa yokuba i-rubella iyosulela, ugqirha wakho uya kukuxelela ukuba uhlale kude nabanye abantu (`(ukuvalelwa yedwa)`) ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwesi sifo.

Ungazilawula njani iimpawu?

Kwiimeko ezininzi, iimpawu zerubella zinokulawulwa ekhaya. Ungasebenzisa amayeza okudambisa iintlungu afana neparacetamol, ukukhwehlela kunye namayeza omkhuhlane, njl. Nangona kunjalo, kungcono ukubuza ugqirha wakho malunga nonyango olufanelekileyo lweempawu zakho.

Kubalulekile: Ukuba umntwana wakho omncinci une-rubella, musa ukumnika amayeza ngaphandle kokubuza ugqirha kuqala.

Iphathwa njani loo meko `(CRS)`?

Unyango lwe-congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) luyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubukhali bayo . Ezinye iimeko zinokunyangwa ngamayeza okanye ngotyando. Nangona kunjalo, umonakalo othile uhlala uhleli . Kwimeko enjalo, konke okunokwenziwa kukulawula imeko nokunceda ukugcina umgangatho wobomi uphezulu kangangoko.

Ungayithintela njani i-rubella?

Eyona ndlela ilungileyo neyona ibalulekileyo yokuthintela i-rubella kukugonywa . Oko kuthetha ukufumana i-MMR vaccine okanye i-MMRV vaccine. Ukongeza, ungenza oku kulandelayo ukuze uzikhusele kwi-rubella:

• Hlamba izandla zakho rhoqo, ingakumbi xa ugula.
• Musa ukwabelana ngezinto zakho zobuqu ezifana neekomityi kunye neepleyiti nabanye .
• Gquma umlomo wakho nempumlo xa uthimla okanye ukhohlela.
• Ukuba uhambela kwelinye ilizwe, fumana kwangaphambili ukuba izifo ezosulelayo ezifana ne-rubella zixhaphakile na kwelo lizwe.
• Ukuba uceba ukuqala usapho , oko kukuthi, ukuba nomntwana, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufumana isitofu sokugonyela i-rubella, okanye uvavanyelwe ii-antibodies ze-rubella, ubuncinane inyanga enye ngaphambi kokuba uzame ukukhulelwa .

Zithini izitofu zokugonya i-rubella?

Isitofu sokugonya i-rubella singanikwa njengesitofu sokugonya se-`MMR` okanye se-`MMRV`.

• Isitofu sokugonya se-`MMR`Oku kukhusela kuzo zonke izifo ezintathu: I-Maasles, i-Mumps, kunye ne-Rubella. Nabani na oneminyaka engaphezu kwe-12 ubudala angayifumana le gonyo.
• Isitofu sokugonya se-`MMRV` : Esi sisixhobo sokukhusela kuzo zonke izifo ezine: imasisi, i-mumps, i-rubella, kunye ne-chickenpox (`(i-Chickenpox / i-Varicella)`). Nangona kunjalo, esi sitofu sinikwa kuphela abantwana abaphakathi kweenyanga ezili-12 kunye neminyaka eli-12 ubudala .

Ngubani onokugonyelwa i-rubella? Ngubani ongafanele ayigonyelwe?

Uninzi lwabantwana nabantu abadala abangaphezu kweenyanga ezili-12 ubudala banokuyifumana i-rubella vaccine. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abantu abayidingi i-vaccine, kwaye abanye basenokungafaneleki.

Awudingi ugonyo lwe-rubella ukuba:

• Ukuba sele ugonyiwe (kunokufuneka unikezele ubungqina obubhaliweyo boku xa useluhambeni, usiya esikolweni, okanye usiya emsebenzini).
• Ukuba uvavanyo lwakho lwegazi luqinisekisa ukuba unee-antibodies ze-rubella (oko kuthetha ukuba awuchaphazeleki yi-rubella).
• Ukuba wazalwa ngaphambi kowama-1957. Kuba kukholelwa ukuba phantse wonke umntu ozelwe ngaphambi kokuba kubekho ugonyo ukhe waba ne-rubella. (Oku kusenokusebenza eSri Lanka ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, kodwa kungcono ubuze ugqirha).

Iingcali zithi akucetyiswa ukufumana ugonyo lwe-rubella kwezi meko:

• Ukuba une-aleji kuyo nayiphi na into ekugonyo .
• Ukuba ukhulelwe .
• Ukuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka (`(inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka)`) - umzekelo, ngenxa `(i-HIV/AIDS)`, umhlaza, okanye amayeza athile owasebenzisayo.
• Ukuba usandul’ ukunikwa igazi , buza ugqirha wakho ukuba kufuneka ulihlehlise na ixesha lokugonywa.
• Ukuba unesifo sephepha (iSifo sephepha) .
• Ukuba ukhe wafumana ezinye izitofu kwiiveki ezine ezidlulileyo .

Ukuba uziva unamanxeba lula, wopha igazi lula, okanye unamalungu osapho aneengxaki zomzimba, qiniseka ukuba uthetha nogqirha ngaphambi kokuba ufumane isitofu sokugonya i-rubella.

Ndingayilindela ntoni into yokuba ndinesifo se-rubella? Iza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani?

I-Rubella idla ngokuba sisifo esingephi esiziphelela ngokwaso. Nangona kunjalo, inokosulela ukuya kuthi ga kwiiveki ezimbini, ngoko ke kungcono ukuhlala kude nabanye abantu kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngelixa uneempawu kwaye iveki emva kokuba irhashalala iphelile.

Ukuba ufumana i-rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nendlela enokuchaphazela ngayo umntwana wakho ongekazalwa.

Iimpawu ze-rubella zihlala malunga neentsuku ezintathu . Ezinye iimpawu zinokuhlala ukusuka kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiveki.

Ndingabuyela nini emsebenzini/esikolweni?

I-Rubella inokosulela kangangeveki emva kokuba irhashalala iqalile. Ngoko ke ukuba unerhashalala okanye naziphi na ezinye iimpawu, musa ukuya emsebenzini okanye esikolweni. Ngaphambi kokuba ubuyele, buza ugqirha wakho, indawo osebenza kuyo, isikolo sakho, okanye isikolo somntwana wakho ukuba wenze ntoni.

Ziziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho ngenxa ye-rubella?

Ezona ngxaki zixhaphakileyo nezinzima ze-rubella kukuphuma kwesisu kunye ne-congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) esithethe ngayo. I-CRS yenzeka kwiintsana ezizelwe ngoomama abane-rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

Ukongeza, iingxaki ezingaqhelekanga ziquka:

• Isifo samathambo
• Inani eliphantsi leeplatelet egazini (i-thrombocytopenia)
• Ukudumba kwengqondo (encephalitis)

Ngaba i-rubella ingabangela ukuphuphuma kwesisu?

Ewe, ukuba umfazi okhulelweyo ufumana i-rubella, usenokuba nesisu esiphumileyo. Kwakhona, umntwana unokuba neziphene zokuzalwa ezifana ne-cataracts, isifo sentliziyo, kunye nokulahlekelwa kukuva.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha malunga ne-rubella?

Ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho uneempawu ze-rubella, bonana nogqirha wakho ngoko nangoko . Ukuba uceba ukukhulelwa, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nendlela yokuzikhusela kwi-rubella ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe.

Ufanele uye nini kwigumbi likaxakeka (ER)?

Ukuba ukhulelwe kwaye unezinye zezi mpawu, bonana nogqirha ngokukhawuleza, okanye uye kwigumbi likaxakeka elikufutshane:

• Ukopha kakhulu
• Intlungu yesisu
• Ifiva
• Ukugodola

Yeyiphi imibuzo omele uyibuze ugqirha?

Ungabuza ugqirha wakho imibuzo efana nale:

• Ndingazinyanga njani iimpawu zam ekhaya?
• Ndingenza ntoni ukuze ndingazisasazisi i-rubella kwabanye abantu?
• Ndingazikhusela njani kwi-rubella?
• Ukuba ndikhulelwe, okanye ndikhulelwe, ndingamkhusela njani umntwana wam ongekazalwa kwi-rubella?
• Ngaba ndifanele ndigonyelwe i-rubella?

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-rubella, imasisi, kunye ne-chickenpox?

I-Rubella, imasisi, kunye ne-chickenpox zinokubonakala zifana, kuba zonke zibangela ukurhawuzelela. Kodwa zizifo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo . Zibangelwa ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentsholongwane .

Luhlobo luni lwentsholongwane i-rubella?

I-Rubella yintsholongwane yosapho lwe-`(Rubivirus)`, oluvela kusapho lwe-`(Matonaviridae)`. Ulwazi lwayo lwemfuza lukwi-`(RNA)`. Le ntsholongwane ineqokobhe elikhuselayo (`(capsid)`) kunye nesigqubuthelo (`(imvulophu)`) esinceda ukuba ingene kwiiseli zabantu. (Oku kungokwesayensi kancinci, kodwa kulungile ukwazi okuncinci.)

Imbali encinci malunga ne-rubella kunye nemithi yokugonya

Ngaphambili, ngaphambi kokuba kufunyanwe isitofu sokugonya i-rubella, abantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela babenesifo se-rubella. Ngelo xesha, i-rubella, ingakumbi kubasetyhini abakhulelweyo, yayinxulunyaniswa nokwanda kwesifo se-rubella (CRS) sokuzalwa, ukukhulelwa okuphumileyo, kunye nokufa kweentsana ezisandul’ ukuzalwa.

Nangona kunjalo, emva kokwaziswa kwegonyo le-rubella (malunga nowe-1969), inani lamatyala e-rubella kwihlabathi liphela lehla kakhulu. Ngoku, ngenxa yokugonywa, i-rubella ayibonakali rhoqo. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni i-rubella isakho kwamanye amazwe, kubalulekile ukuba sonke sikuqaphele oku kwaye sigonywe kwaye sihlale sikhuselekile.

Nangona i-rubella idla ngokuba sisifo esingephi, inokuba yingozi kakhulu kubafazi abakhulelweyo . Ukuba ufumana i-rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa, umntwana wakho usengozini enkulu yokonakala kwamalungu omzimba kunye neemeko ezisongela ubomi. Ukugonywa kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokufumana i-rubella kwaye kuyisasaze kwabanye.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule kweli nqaku (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, ngoko ke sithethe kakhulu nge-rubella. Ngamafutshane, nazi izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzikhumbule ngokuqinisekileyo:

• I-Rubella sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane . Uphawu oluphambili kukurhawuzelelwa.
• Nangona nabani na enokufumana i-rubella, iyingozi kakhulu ukuba umama okhulelweyo uyayifumana . Ingabangela imeko enzima kumntwana ongekazalwa ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)``.
• I-CRS inokubangela iziphene zokuzalwa komntwana ekuboneni, ekuveni, entliziyweni, nasengqondweni .
• Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuthintela i-rubella kukufumana isitofu se-MMR , ingakumbi ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe.
• I-Rubella ingasasazeka ngokukhohlela, ukuthimla, okanye ukuchukumisa izinto ezinentsholongwane .
• Ukuba uneempawu ze-rubella, bonana nogqirha ngokukhawuleza kwaye uhlale kude nabanye abantu.
• Ukuba ukhulelwe kwaye uneempawu ze-rubella (ingakumbi ukopha kakhulu, iintlungu zesisu, umkhuhlane, ukubanda), funa ingcebiso kagqirha ngokukhawuleza.

Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luluncedo kuwe. Hlala usempilweni!

I- Rubella, i-German Measles, i-Congenital Rubella Syndrome, isitofu sokugonya