So wowɔ ɔyare mmoawa bi? Momma yensua Gram Stain sɔhwɛ no ho ade.

Ebia woresusuw nea ɛyɛ "Gram Stain" yi ho. Ebia wo ho bɛpopo kakra bere a oduruyɛfo bi ka kyerɛ wo sɛ yɛ nhwehwɛmu yi no. Nanso mma ɛnhaw wo. Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye, na ɛho hia yiye a wɔtaa yɛ. Ɛnnɛ, yɛbɛka ho asɛm kɔ akyiri, tiawa koraa.

Dɛn ne Gram Stain sɔhwɛ?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, Gram stain yɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ lab a wɔyɛ de hwɛ sɛ ɔyare bi wɔ wo nipadua mu baabi, na sɛ ɛte saa a, sɛ ebia mmoawa na ɛde ba anaa. Fa no sɛ wo menewa mu yɛ wo yaw anaa kuru bi a ɛte sɛ nea ɛreyɛ ayɛ wo yaw. Afei ebia oduruyɛfo no besusuw sɛ ɛne mmoawa wɔ abusuabɔ. Saa bere no, sɔhwɛ yi betumi ama obi anya ho adwene ntɛm ara.

Nea ɛka eyi ho ne sɛ wobɛfa wo nsu, akisikuru a efi kuru bi mu, anaa biribi a ɛte saa bi na wode afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete ahwɛ. Eyi ma yenya adwene a ɛyɛ den sɛ ebia mmoawa wɔ hɔ anaa, na sɛ ɛte saa a, sɛnea wɔte. Eyi boa oduruyɛfo no ma osi nnuru a ɔde bɛma wo ne nhwehwɛmu afoforo a ɔbɛyɛ ho gyinae.

Nnianim asɛm tiawa a ɛfa mmoawa ho

Mmoawa yɛ abɔde ketewaa bi a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa biako. Wohu wɔn wɔ yɛn nipadua mu, yɛn honam ani, ne ɛkame ayɛ sɛ baabiara a atwa yɛn ho ahyia. Mmoawa ahorow bi mpira yɛn, na ebi mpo boa yɛn. Nanso mmoawa ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a wɔde nyarewa ne nyarewa ahorow ba. Gram stain sɔhwɛ no boa kɛse wɔ mmoawa a wopira saa a wohu mu.

Wɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu no, mmoawa gyina nnuru ne nneɛma a ɛwɔ wɔn nkwammoaa afasu mu so dan kɔla ahorow. Sɛnea ɛte no, wɔkyekyɛ wɔn mu sɛ "gram-positive" anaa "gram-negative". Nanso ade biako a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae ne sɛ ɛnyɛ mmoawa nyinaa na Gram stain kwan yi ka wɔn. Afei nso, mmere bi wɔ hɔ a sɔhwɛ yi nkutoo ntumi nhu nea yare no yɛ ankasa. Nanso, ɛma yehu mmoawa ko a wɔyɛ no yiye, na ɛno na ɛboa kɛse ma wofi ayaresa ase.

Gram stain yɛ ɔkwan a ɛho hia yiye a wɔfa so de staining adi dwuma wɔ microbiology mu mfe ɔhaha pii. Denmarkni mmoawa ho ɔbenfo Hans Christian Gram na odii kan de bae wɔ 1882 mu. Odii kan de dii dwuma de huu mmoawa a wɔde ahurututu mu yare ba.

Dɛn ne mmoawa a wɔyɛ Gram-positive ne Gram-negative?

Afei momma yɛnhwɛ nea saa Gram-positive ne Gram-negative ade yi nyinaa yɛ. Saa nkyekyɛmu yi gyina ɔkwan a mmoawa fa so yɛ wɔn ade wɔ aduru a wɔde ka nhwɛsode no ho bere a wɔreyɛ Gram stain sɔhwɛ no so. Mmoawa bi dan kɔla kɔkɔɔ-blue, na afoforo nso dan kɔla pink-kɔkɔɔ.

Ha , "positive" nkyerɛ "papa", na saa ara nso na ɛnkyerɛ "negative".Negative nkyerɛ "bɔne" anaa "mmoawa biara nni hɔ." Ɛyɛ nkyekyɛmu a egyina sɛnea mmoawa no yɛ wɔn ade wɔ aduru no ho so ara kwa. Ɛtɔ da bi a, wɔsan frɛ mmoawa "gram-variable." Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔn ho nkekae ɔkwan koro no ara so, na ebetumi ayɛ te sɛ nea wɔadi afra pink ne kɔkɔɔ.

Mmoawa a wɔyɛ gram-positive

Ade bi a wɔfrɛ no peptidoglycan a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ Gram-positive mmoawa nkwammoaa afasu. Peptidoglycan ne ade titiriw a ɛwɔ mmoawa dodow no ara nkwammoaa afasu mu. Ɛyɛ bɛyɛ 90% wɔ Gram-positive mmoawa nkwammoaa afasu mu. Ɛno nti na ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ bruu kosi kɔkɔɔ wɔ Gram nkekae no mu no.

Gram-positive mmoawa ahorow bi ne:

• `Staphylococcus ahorow`
• `Streptococcus ahorow`
• `Corynebacterium ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ`
• `Clostridium ahorow`
• `Listeria ahorow`

Mmoawa a wɔyɛ gram-negative

Gram-negative mmoawa wɔ peptidoglycan a ɛyɛ tratraa (bɛyɛ nkwammoaa fasu no 10%) wɔ wɔn nkwammoaa afasu mu. Wɔn nso wɔ lipids (i.e. fatty acids) ɔha biara mu nkyem a ɛkɔ soro wɔ wɔn nkwammoaa afasu mu. Eyi nti na ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ kosi pink wɔ Gram stain no mu no.

Gram-negative mmoawa ahorow bi ne:

• `Neisseria gonorrhoeae ne Neisseria akisikuru`
• `Moraxella ahorow`
• `Escherichia coli (E. coli)`
• `Pseudomonas ahorow`
• `Proteus ahorow`
• `Klebsiella ahorow`

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda Gram stain ne bacterial culture ntam?

Sɛ wo duruyɛfo susuw sɛ wowɔ ɔyare mmoawa bi a, wɔbɛtaa ahyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ Gram stain test ne bacterial culture test nyinaa. Nanso, ɛsono nsɛm a wonya fi sɔhwɛ abien yi mu.

Susuw ho saa kwan yi so, gram stain te sɛ polisini bi a ɔrekɔ baabi a nsɛmmɔnedi wɔ na ɔkyerɛw wɔn a wosusuw sɛ wɔyɛ saa no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛyɛ katee (te sɛ wɔn tenten, kɔla, ne ntade) ntɛm ara. Eyi ma wunya onii a ɔwɔ hɔ ho adwene ntɛm ara.

Mmoawa amammerɛ yɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so nyin mmoawa a wɔwɔ nhwɛsode bi mu wɔ aduannuru soronko bi mu wɔ aduruyɛdan mu na afei wɔde wɔn din kyerɛ. Eyi betumi agye nna pii, efisɛ mmoawa bi nyin nkakrankakra. Nanso ɛboa nso ma wohu mmoawa no pɔtee ne ayaresa a ɛfata ma wɔn.

Enti, nea efi Gram stain no mu ba ntɛmntɛmSɛ wonya mpo a, mpɛn pii no ebetumi akyerɛ wo mmoawa ko a wɔwɔ no nkutoo. Nanso saa nsɛm no ho hia paa ma oduruyɛfo no sɛ obefi ayaresa ase ntɛm. Mmoawa amammerɛ nkutoo ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so hu mmoawa no pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Nyarewa bɛn na Gram stain test betumi aboa ma wɔahu?

Nnuruyɛfo hyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ Gram stain test na aboa ma wɔahu ɔyare mmoawa bi na wɔasa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔde hwehwɛ tebea horow te sɛ nsu mu yare (UTIs) ne ahurututu mu yare a mmoawa de ba. Nanso, wɔnhyɛ sɛ wɔmfa mma mmoawa biara a wɔde ɔyare mmoawa ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔntaa nyɛ Gram stain mma biribi te sɛ aduan mu awuduru, nanso sɛ ɛho hia a, wobetumi ayɛ wɔ nsu a wɔde yɛ nsu mu nhwɛsode so.

Gram-negative mmoawa a wɔtaa yɛ ne nyarewa a wɔde ba

Gram-negative mmoawa bi ne nyarewa a wobetumi de aba ni:

• ` Escherichia coli : Nsuo mu yareɛ (UTIs), aduane mu awuduru.`
• ` Legionella pneumoniae : Asraafodɔm yare.`
• ` Salmonella : Aduan mu awuduru, Typhoid atiridii.`
• ` Klebsiella : Ahurututu mu yareɛ, mogya mu yareɛ, kuru anaa oprehyɛn beaeɛ yareɛ, bacterial meningitis.`
• ` Neisseria akisikuru : Akisikuru.`
• ` Proteus : Nsuo mu yareɛ (UTIs).`
• ` Morganella morganii : Nsuo mu yareɛ (UTIs), sepsis, ahurututu mu yareɛ, kuru mu yareɛ, ntini ne nnompe mu yareɛ, ntini a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no mu yareɛ, ne pericarditis (ntini a atwa koma no ho ahyia no mu ɔfe).`
• ` Aeromonas : aniwa mu yareɛ, osteomyelitis (nnompe mu yareɛ), bacterial meningitis, "ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nsuo mu" ɔhome mu yareɛ, nkwaa mu yareɛ.`

Mmoawa a wɔtaa nya Gram-positive ne nyarewa a wɔde ba

Mmoawa bi a wɔwɔ Gram-positive ne nyarewa a wobetumi de aba ni:

• ` Streptococcus pneumoniae : Ahurututu mu yare a mmoawa de ba.`
• ` Staphylococcus aureus : Ahurututu mu yare a mmoawa de ba, Staphylococcus aureus a ɛko tia methicillin (MRSA), ne awuduru a ɛma obi ho popo.`
• ` Kuw A Streptococcus ahorow : Strep menewa mu nyarewa.`
• ` Listeria : Aduan mu awuduru.`
• ` Clostridium : Aduan mu awuduru.`
• `Clostridium botulinum ne Clostridium butyricum: Nsuo mu yareɛ.`

Bere bɛn na wɔyɛ Gram sɔhwɛ?

Sɛ wo duruyɛfo susuw sɛ wowɔ ɔyare mmoawa, ɛtɔ mmere bi a fungal yare a, wɔtaa kra sɛ wɔmfa Gram stain ne mmoawa amammerɛ nyɛ. Eyi yɛ ɔkwan a wɔtaa fa so hu ntɛm ara sɛ ɔyare mmoawa bi wɔ wo nipadua mu.

Hena na ɔyɛ Gram Stain sɔhwɛ?

Ɛgyina ɔyare mmoawa ko a ebia wowɔ so no, akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo ahorow betumi aboaboa nhwɛsode bi ano de ayɛ Gram stain nhwehwɛmu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mmea ho oduruyɛfo betumi afa swab akɔ Gram stain nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya akisikuru. Ahurututu ho oduruyɛfo betumi afa nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ bi afi wo ɔfe anaa wo fĩ mu na ɔde akɔma wɔn akɔyɛ Gram stain nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya ahurututu mu yare a mmoawa de ba anaa.

Afei wo duruyɛfo de nhwɛsode no bɛhyɛ ade a mmoawa nnim mu na ɔde akɔ aduruyɛdan mu ma wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu. Nyansahufo bi a ɔwɔ aduruyɛdan mu bɛpete nhwɛsode no wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete so, de nnuru a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a ɛtoatoa so apetepete so, na ɔde afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete ahwɛ. Wɔbɛkyerɛw amanneɛbɔ na wɔde ama wo duruyɛfo.

Wobɛyɛ dɛn asiesie wo ho ama Gram Stain sɔhwɛ?

Asɛmpa! Ɛho nhia sɛ woyɛ biribi titiriw biara de asiesie wo ho ama Gram stain sɔhwɛ.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ Gram Stain sɔhwɛ no?

Mpɛn pii no, anammɔn atitiriw abiɛsa na ɛwɔ Gram stain sɔhwɛ mu:

• Nhwɛsode no a wɔbɛboaboa ano.
• Nhwɛsode ahosiesie.
• Nhwɛsode no a wɔsɔ hwɛ.

Gram stain nhwɛsode no a wɔboaboa ano

Nea ɛka eyi ho ne sɛ wubegye nhwɛsode bi afi beae bi a wo duruyɛfo susuw sɛ ɔyare mmoawa bi wɔ hɔ. Akwan bi a wobɛfa so ayɛ nhwɛso a ɛte saa ni:

• Ntini a wobɛpopa anaa wobɛbɔ wo nipadua no fã bi ani.
• Nsu anaa nsu a efi wo nipadua mu a wobɛboaboa ano.
• Fine-needle aspiration yɛ nsu a wɔde yi nsu bi fi wo nipadua mu baabi a wode ade a ɛyɛ fɛ yi fi hɔ.

Mmeae a edidi so yi ne mmeae a wubetumi afa swab anaa brush sample bi:

• Menem
• Hwene mu ntini
• Nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu
• Honam ani akuru

Nhwɛsode ahorow a wubetumi aboaboa ano tẽẽ akɔhyɛ ade a wɔmfa nnuru nnim mu ne:

• Nnompe (nsu a wɔde gu mu) .
• Nsuo a wɔde gu mu
• Agyanan

Nipadua no mmeae a ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔde ade a ɛyɛ fɛ twetwe no bi ne:

• Nsu a ɛwɔ wo nkwaa mu no.
• Nsu a atwa wo koma ho ahyia (pericardial fluid).
• Pleural fluid yɛ nsu a atwa w’ahurututu ho ahyia.
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) yɛ nsu a atwa w’akyi berɛmo ho ahyia.

Afei oduruyɛfo no de nhwɛsode no gu ade a mmoawa nnim mu na ɔde kɔ aduruyɛdan mu.

Sɛnea wɔyɛ Gram staining

Wɔ aduruyɛdan mu no, aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmubea nyansahufo no trɛw nhwɛsode no mu wɔ ahwehwɛ a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete so. Wɔfrɛ saa slide ahorow yi "smears." Afei wɔde nnuru a wɔde yɛ nneɛma toatoa so gu smear no so na wɔyɛ Gram stain no.

Gram staining nhyehyɛe no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma atitiriw anan:

• Wɔde aduru titiriw bi a wɔde yɛ aduru (crystal violet) di dwuma.
• Kɔla a wɔde siesie (Gram iodine) a wɔde bɛka ho.
• Wɔde ethanol, acetone, anaa abien no nyinaa afrafra a wɔde yi kɔla fi hɔ ntɛmntɛm.
• Wɔde safranin a wɔde siw yare ano.

Gram stain no a wobɛhwɛ

Afei, sɛ aduruyɛ dan mu nyansahufo no de afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete hwɛ a, wɔde wɔn kɔla ne wɔn nsusuwii hyehyɛ mmoawa biara a ebia wɔwɔ hɔ :

• Kɔla : Mpɛn pii no, mmoawa a wɔwɔ Gram-positive no yɛ kɔkɔɔ kosi bruu, bere a mmoawa a wɔwɔ Gram-negative no te sɛ pink kosi kɔkɔɔ.
• Nsusuwii : Nsusuwii a ɛtaa ba ne kurukuruwa (cocci) anaa poma (bacilli).

Afei nso, aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmubea nyansahufo no hwɛ mmoawa akuwakuw a ɛwɔ slide no so na ɔhwehwɛ nhwɛsode no su afoforo. Nhwɛsoɔ:

• So cocci wɔ hɔ biako, abien abien, akuw a emufo yɛ baanan, akuwakuw, anaasɛ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn mu?
• So bacilli no yɛ srade, ɛyɛ teateaa, ɛyɛ tiaa, ɛware, anaasɛ ɛwɔ nkwaboaa akɛse wɔ n’awiei biako?
• So mmoawa bi wɔ mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa mu?

Afei aduruyɛdan mu nyansahufo no bɛyɛ amanneɛbɔ bi na ɔde akɔma wo duruyɛfo.

Asiane bɛn na ɛwɔ Gram stain test mu?

Asiane biara nni swab a wɔbɛfa mu, anaasɛ wɔde nnompe, nsu, anaa nsu a wɔde yɛ nsu a wɔde ma mu.

Ɛdefa mogya mu nhwehwɛmu ho no, asiane ahorow no sua koraa. Ebia ɛyaw ne akuru bi wɔ baabi a wɔtwee mogya no, nanso ɛbɛsa ntɛm.

Asiane ahorow a ebetumi aba wɔ ade a wɔde twetwe ade a ɛyɛ fɛ mu ne:

• Sɛ obi te nka sɛ ne ho nyɛ no dɛ anaasɛ ɔte yaw.
• Mogya a ɛretu.
• Ɔyare mmoawa bi.
• Ntini a atwa ho ahyia a ɛsɛe.

Dɛn na Gram stain aba kyerɛ?

Gram stain sɔhwɛ aba da nneɛma atitiriw abien adi: "Gram stain a enye" ​​anaa "Gram stain a ɛyɛ papa". Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde eyi frafra asɛmfua "gram-negative" anaa "gram-positive" mmoawa.

Gram stain a enye

Sɛ wo sɔhwɛ no mu aba ka sɛ "negative Gram stain" anaasɛ "no organism seen" a, ɛtaa kyerɛ sɛ na mmoawa a ɛdɔɔso nni hɔ a Gram stain betumi ahu. Nanso, sɛ woyɛ nhwɛsode koro no ara amammerɛ a, ebia wobɛda so ara ahu mmoawa.

Gram stain a ɛyɛ papa

Sɛ wo nhwehwɛmu no mu aba ka sɛ "positive Gram stain" a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ na mmoawa wɔ wo nhwɛsode no mu. Sɛ nea ebefi mu aba no yɛ papa a, mpɛn pii no ɛbɛka nsɛm te sɛ eyi ho:

• Mmoawa ahorow : Gram-positive anaa Gram-negative.
• Mmoawa no nsɛso : sɛ́ ɛyɛ kurukuruwa (cocci) anaasɛ ɛte sɛ abaa (bacilli).
• Mmoawa su afoforo : mmoawa no kɛse, wɔn dodow (dodow), ne/anaasɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so boaboa mmoawa no ano, sɛ ɛfata a.
• Nkwammoaa afoforo : Sɛ́ ebia mmoawa wɔ nkwammoaa afoforo mu (intracellular), mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ, anaa mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa mu.
• Fungi : Gram stain test nso betumi ahwehwɛ fungi a ɛyɛ mmɔkaw anaa nkuku. Nanso, ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo na ama wɔahu ntontom ko a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Saa nsɛm yi ne wo yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne ne nneɛma afoforo a woahu wɔ ayaresabea no betumi aboa wo duruyɛfo ma wahu ayaresa a etu mpɔn sen biara. Ɛtɔ da bi a, eyi betumi aboa ansa na wɔanya nea efi mmoawa amammerɛ mu aba.

Bere tenten ahe na egye ansa na wɔahu nea efi sɔhwɛ no mu ba?

Gram stain nhwehwɛmu taa ma wonya nea efi mu ba ntɛmntɛm. Nanso, wɔtaa bu nea efi Gram stain mu ba no sɛ nea edi kan . Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔn nkutoo ntumi nhu yare no bere nyinaa. Ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ mmoawa amammerɛ ne/anaasɛ nhwehwɛmu afoforo (sɛ nhwɛso no, antigen ne antibody nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ ma mmoawa pɔtee bi) na ama wɔahu sɛ wɔahu yare no.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mefrɛ me duruyɛfo?

Sɛ wohu sɛ wowɔ ɔyare mmoawa bi na wowɔ ɔhaw biara wɔ ayaresa a woregye no ho, anaasɛ wo yare no nkɔ yiye a, hwɛ hu sɛ wobɛkɔ wo duruyɛfo nkyɛn.

Gram stain yɛ sɔhwɛ a abu so yiye, a mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ yaw, a wɔde hwɛ sɛ ebia ɔyare mmoawa anaa fungal bi wɔ hɔ anaa. Sɛ́ wobɛtwɛn nea ebefi nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare no mu aba no betumi ayɛ den kakra. Nanso kae sɛ, ɛmfa ho nea ebefi mu aba biara no, w’aduruyɛfo kuw no wɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛboa wo. Nsuro sɛ wubebisa nsɛm afa wo sɔhwɛ no anaa nea efii mu bae no ho.

Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔ Fie

Okay, enti ɛfiri deɛ yɛaka ho asɛm no mu no, mewɔ anidasoɔ sɛ woanya adwene pa wɔ Gram Stain sɔhwɛ no ho. Nneɛma titiriw a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae ne:

• Gram stain yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛma wohu ntɛm ara sɛ ebia mmoawa wɔ hɔ ne wɔn su .
• Eyi kyekyɛ mmoawa mu sɛ gram-positive anaa gram-negative . Ɛboa oduruyɛfo no ma ɔpaw nnuru.
• Ɛwom sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ ntɛm de, nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a edi kan . Ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ mmoawa amammerɛ na ama wɔahu mmoawa no pɔtee.
• Asiane kɛse biara nni sɔhwɛ yi mu.
• Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi a, nsuro da sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo .

Enti, sɛ oduruyɛfo bi ka kyerɛ wo sɛ yɛ nhwehwɛmu te sɛ eyi a, nea ɛho hia sen biara ne sɛ ɛnyɛ sɛ wobɛbɔ hu wɔ ho, na mmom wobɛte ase sɛ eyi yɛ biribi a ɛho hia ma wo yiyedi.

` Gram stain, Gram stain, mmoawa, ɔyare mmoawa, Gram positive, Gram negative, aduruyɛdan mu nhwehwɛmu