So wunim "adeɛ a ɛyɛ fitaa" yi ho asɛm ampa wɔ w'amemene mu? Momma yɛnka ho asɛm!

Yɛn nyinaa pɛ sɛ yehu yɛn amemene ho asɛm, ɛnte saa? Sɛ yɛka amemene no ho asɛm a, ɛsono afã horow, ne akwan horow a ɛsono sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma. Ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka ntini soronko bi a ɛwɔ amemene no mu a ɛboa yɛn ma yɛyɛ nneɛma pii a ɛho hia paa, te sɛ yɛyɛ yɛn da biara da nnwuma, yɛdwene, yɛbɛkae, na yɛadi yɛn nkate so ho asɛm. Wɔfrɛ ɛno sɛ ‘Gray Matter.’ Ebia woate saa din yi afi oduruyɛfo bi hɔ anaa baabi. Enti, ma yɛnhwɛ nea ɛyɛ?

Dɛn ne ‘Gray Matter’ yi?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ‘Gray Matter’ yɛ ntini bi a ɛho hia yiye wɔ w’amemene ne w’akyi berɛmo mu – wo `Central Nervous System’ . Ɛyɛ nea ɛboa wo ma woyɛ wo da biara da dwumadi ahorow sɛnea ɛsɛ. Wunim nea ɛwɔ mu? Ɛyɛ `ntini nipadua', `axon terminals', ntini nkwammoaa awiei, ne `dendrites' dodow kɛse titiriw.

Seesei ebia woresusuw nea ntini mu nkwammoaa (`neuron`) yɛ ho. Susuw ho saa kwan yi so, ntini mu nkwammoaa te sɛ ɔbɔfo ketewaa bi. Ɛwɔ afã atitiriw abiɛsa:

• `Ntini nipadua` kɛse bi . Eyi mu no, `nucleus` no wɔ. Te sɛ yɛn nipadua no sohwɛbea no, saa nuklea yi na ɛhwɛ nkwammoaa no dwumadi nyinaa so na ɛkora nkwammoaa no awosu mu nsɛm so.
• Axon yɛ ade tenten a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛwɔ nkorabata a ɛde anyinam ahoɔden nsɛnkyerɛnne kɔ. Ɛte sɛ telefon hama a ɛde nkrasɛm kɔ.
• ‘Dendrites’ pii wɔ hɔ , te sɛ nkorabata a egye nsɛnkyerɛnne fi nkwammoaa afoforo hɔ. Eyinom ne nea ɛboaboa nsɛm ano fi ntini mu nkwammoaa afoforo a ɛbɛn hɔ mu, te sɛ nea wɔne nnipa a wɔte bɛn hɔ no kasa.

Enti, saa ‘adeɛ a ɛyɛ fitaa’ yi nyaa ne din ɛfiri sɛ ɛwɔ ntini mu nkwammoaa nipadua dodoɔ bi te sɛ yei. Afei nso, ɛwɔ kɔla a ɛyɛ fitaa kakra.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na ‘Gray Matter’ nyin?

Saa ‘Gray Matter’ yi fi ase nyin fi ne mmofraase pɛɛ. Ɛne sɛ, sɛ akokoaa no wɔ ɛna no awotwaa mu a, efi ase nyin bere a `awotwaa no nyin` . Afei, sɛ wɔwo akokoaa no a, saa ‘Gray Matter’ yi dodow kɔ soro kosi sɛ obedi bɛyɛ mfe 8. Ɛnnyae ara, kɔsi sɛ ɔbɛdi bɛyɛ mfeɛ aduonu no, saa ‘Gray Matter’ yi a ɛyɛ den, kyerɛ sɛ, ntini mu nkwammoaa dodoɔ a ɛka wɔn ho wɔn ho denneennen no kɔ soro. Saa nkɔanim a ɛba wɔ density mu yi ne nea ɛma yetumi di nsɛm ho dwuma ntɛmntɛm (`high processing`) na yenya nkɔso wɔ adwene mu kɔ akyiri.

Nanso biribi a ɛho hia yiye a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae ni. Ntini a ɛma ntini no yɛ adwuma no nsan nyɛ foforo anaasɛ ensiesie ne ho. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ sɛ ntini bi sɛe anaa ewu a, wɔremmɔ foforo mfa nsi ananmu. Ɛno nti na ɛho hia paa sɛ yɛhwɛ yɛn amemene no.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na ‘Gray Matter’ a ɛwɔ onipa amemene mu no yɛ soronko?

Afei hwɛ, `nnufuboa` afoforo ntini nhyehyɛe, sɛ nhwɛso no, ɔkraman, ɔkraman, nso te sɛ yɛn de no kakra. Nanso, nsonsonoe akɛse wɔ onipa amemene no nhyehyɛe mu. Woahu amemene no mfonini, na nsensanee pii wɔ hɔ, ɛnte saa? Wɔ saa nwi no mu no, wɔfrɛ mmeae a "ɛkɔ fam" no `sulci` , na wɔfrɛ mmeae a "abura" no `gyri` . Saa `sulci` ne `gyri` yi ne ntini mu nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛwɔ amemene no ani. Ɛno ne nea yɛfrɛ no `gray matter`.

Susuw ho saa kwan yi so, ɛte sɛ nea wobobɔ krataa bi mu ma nneɛma pii bɛhyɛ baabi ketewaa bi. Eyi ne sɛnea yebetumi de amemene kɛse bi ahyɛ ti ketewa bi mu, na ɛsan nso ma yetumi sie `Gray Matter` pii. Eyi nti na nnipa wɔ `Gray Matter` pii sen mmoa a wɔnom nufusu afoforo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, onipa amemene wɔ `Gray Matter` dodow bɛyɛ mmɔho 1000 wɔ mmoawa amemene ani! So ɛnyɛ nwonwa?

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda ‘Gray Matter’ ne ‘White Matter’ ntam?

Ebia woate ‘White Matter’ nso ho asɛm. N’abien nyinaa, ‘Grey Matter’ ne ‘White Matter’, yɛ w’amemene ne w’akyi berɛmo no afã horow a ɛho hia. W’amemene no bɛyɛ 40% yɛ ‘Grey Matter’, bere a 60% a aka no yɛ ‘White Matter’.

• Ntini mu nkwammoaa nipadua ne wɔn dendrites na ɛwɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa mu . Saa dendrites yi yɛ nneɛma nketenkete a ɛte sɛ nsateaa a wɔne ntini a ɛbɛn wɔn no di nkitaho.
• Ɔkwan foforo so no, ‘White Matter’ no kura ntini mu nkwammoaa ‘axons’ atenten no. Eyinom ne nea ɛde nkrasɛm kɔ amemene ne akyi berɛmo no afã horow a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri.

Nsonsonoe nso wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no mu:

Esiane sɛ `Gray Matter` no kura ntini nkwammoaa nipadua dodow bi (baabi a nkwammoaa nucleus no wɔ) nti, nsɛm ho dwumadie kɔ so wɔ ha. Tumi soronko a nnipa wɔ sɛ wosusuw nneɛma ho na wosusuw nneɛma ho no gyina `Gray Matter` yi so. Ɛne sɛ, biribiara a yɛte nka, yehu, yedwene, yɛkanyan, yesua, yɛkasa, na yɛte ase no si wɔ `Gray Matter` mu.

`White Matter` dwumadie ne sɛ ɛbɛma nkitahodie akɔ `Gray Matter` mmeaeɛ ahodoɔ ntam, ne `Gray Matter` ne nipadua no afã foforɔ ntam. Te sɛ akwan a ɛde nkrasɛm kɔ.

Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ kɔla ahorow mu:

`Gray Matter` nya ne kɔla a ɛyɛ fitaa fi ntini mu nkwammoaa nipadua pii mu. `White Matter` nya ne kɔla fitaa fi ahobammɔ kataso a wɔfrɛ no `myelin sheath` a atwa `axons` ho ahyia no mu.

Dɛn na ɛto ‘Grey Matter’?

‘Gray Matter’ a ɛkɔ wo ntini a ɛwɔ wo mfinimfini no nyinaa mu no ho hia na ama woatumi adi wo kankyee so, wobɛkɔ so akae, na woasiesie nkate horow . Amemene no mmeae ahorow na ɛyɛ adwuma ahorow. Enti, ‘Gray Matter’ di dwuma kɛse wɔ nnipa dwumadi nyinaa mu.

Ɛhe na ‘Grey Matter’ wɔ?

Wohu nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa wɔ w’amemene no ani, ne amemene no mu ne akyi berɛmo no mu nso.

Adwene:

Nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa wɔ amemene no ani ne mmeae a emu dɔ. Amemene no mu mpopaho ne nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw – a wɔfrɛ no gyri ne sulci – yɛ ade a ɛyɛ fitaa. Saa nneɛma yi ma asase ani kɛse na ɛma ntini mu nkwammoaa pii ba, na ɛma nnipa amemene no yɛ adwuma kɛse sen mmoa a wɔnom nufusu afoforo.

Gray Matter yɛ nea ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse wɔ:

• Cerebellum : Eyi ne w’amemene no fã a ɛhwɛ nneɛma te sɛ wo kankyee ne wo kari pɛ so. Anwonwasɛm ne sɛ, amemene ketewaa yi wɔ ntini mu nkwammoaa pii sen w’amemene no afã afoforo nyinaa a wɔaka abom!
• `Cerebrum` : Eyi ne amemene no fã kɛse. Ɛka nneɛma te sɛ nsusuwii, gyinaesi, kasa, ne nkae ho.
• `Brainstem` : Eyi na ɛka amemene ne akyi berɛmo no bom. Saa ɔfã yi na ɛhwɛ dwumadi ahorow a ɛho hia te sɛ ɔhome ne koma bɔ so.

Akyi berɛmo:

`Gray Matter` yɛ abɛn a ɛte sɛ abɛn a ɛwɔ akyi berɛmo no nyinaa mu (nneɛma fitaa wɔ abɔnten). Wɔ akyi berɛmo mu no, wɔakyekyɛ mu ayɛ no afã pɔtee bi:

• Anterior grey column : Eyi ne nea ɛde nsɛnkyerɛnne kɔ ntini ahorow no so na ɛhwɛ kankyee so.
• `Posterior grey column` : Eyi ne baabi a yenya nkate ahorow fi nipadua no mu te sɛ nsa a wɔde ka, ɛyaw, ne ɔhyew.
• `Lateral grey column` : Eyi ne autonomic nervous system no wɔ abusuabɔ, kyerɛ sɛ, nneɛma a yennim so nni so (e.g. koma a ɛbɔ, fifiri).

Dɛn ne nneɛma a ɛde gray matter yera/yera ba?

Sɛ ntini mu nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ `Gray Matter` no mu wuwu a, ɛyɛ `atrophies` , a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛso tew. Ade titiriw nti a ntini mu nkwammoaa wuwu ne sɛ wɔmfa mogya nkɔ mu . Esiane sɛ saa ntini mu nkwammoaa yi reyɛ adwuma bere nyinaa nti, wohia oxygen pii (a efi mogya no mu) na ama wɔatumi ayɛ adwuma yiye. Sɛ wɔtwa mogya no mu mpofirim, sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ `akisikuru` anaa `amemene mu mogyatɔw` mu a, saa nkwammoaa yi betumi awuwu anaasɛ asɛe.

Grey matter ntini mu nkwammoaa wuwu fi awosu mu bere a yɛrenyin no, nanso ɛno ne nkwammoaa a ɛtra ase kyɛ sen biara wɔ yɛn nipadua mu.

Nea ɛka ho no, tebea afoforo pii wɔ hɔ a ɛbata nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛsɛe ade ho:

• Alzheimer yareɛ : Eyi yɛ tebea a protein ahorow abien – amyloid protein ne tau protein – boaboa ano wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so wɔ amemene no mu. Eyi ma ntini mu nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ ade fitaa no mu no wuwu.
• Parkinson yare : Ntini mu nkwammoaa a ɛyera wɔ amemene no fã a wɔfrɛ no substantia nigra a ade a ɛyɛ fitaa no wom no na ɛde yare yi ba. Ɛyɛ yare a ɛka kankyee.
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS) : Nnipa pii nim MS sɛ yare a ɛma nipadua no mu ntini yɛ mmerɛw a ɛka nneɛma fitaa. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu foforo ada no adi sɛ ɛsɛe nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa nso, titiriw nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛwɔ amemene no mu tɔnn no.
• Amemene mu Opira a Ɛyɛ Hu (TBI) : Sɛ wɔbɔ ne ti denneennen a, ebetumi asɛe ade a ɛyɛ fitaa no esiane mogya a ɛtɔ amemene no mu nti . Eyi betumi ama adeyɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no apoptosis (nkwaboaa a wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛe) mpo aba .

Dɛn ne su horow a ɛtaa ba wɔ ‘Gray Matter’ ɔsɛe ho?

Mpɛn pii no, sɛe ade a ɛyɛ fitaa no betumi de sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow te sɛ:

• Memory loss : Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wo werɛ fi nneɛma, ɛnte saa? Nneɛma nketenkete yɛ ade a ɛfata. Nanso sɛ ade fitaa no sɛe a, saa werɛ a wofi yi betumi ayɛ kɛse, na ebia wuntumi nkae nneɛma foforo mpo.
• `Adwene mu ɔhaw` : Eyi kyerɛ ɔhaw ahorow a ɛwɔ kasa mu (ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nsɛmfua, ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛte nea wɔreka no ase), ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔde wɔn adwene besi biribi so, ɛyɛ den sɛ wobesusuw nneɛma ho na wɔabu atɛn wɔ ntease mu, ne ɔhaw ahorow a ɛyɛ den sɛ wobesi gyinae a ɛyɛ den.
• Motor ho nsɛm : Ebetumi ayɛ den sɛ wobɛyɛ nnwuma a ɛfa nipadua no mu ahoɔden pa ho (e.g., sɛ wobɛbɔ atade bɔton, wobɛkyerɛw, wokura kuruwa).

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wobɛhwɛ ‘Gray Matter’ akwahosan?

Nnuruyɛfo taa de MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) di dwuma de hwɛ sɛnea wo grey matter ne white matter no akwahosan te. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi betumi aboa ma wɔahu tebea horow te sɛ Parkinson yare ne multiple sclerosis (MS).

Bio nso, sɔhwɛ afoforo a ebetumi ahwɛ sɛnea nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa no akwahosan ne ne dwumadi te ne:Wɔn ne `MRI a ɛyɛ adwuma (fMRI)` ne `positron emission tomography (PET)` .

So wobetumi adi nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛsɛe ade no ho dwuma?

Eyi yɛ awerɛhow kakra. Nea ɛyɛ awerɛhow no, mprempren ɔkwan biara nni hɔ a wɔbɛfa so asa anaasɛ wɔbɛsan de nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa asɛe no aba. Sɛnea madi kan aka no, sɛ ntini mu nkwammoaa wuwu pɛ a, ɛnsan nwo bio. Afei nso, ntini mu nkwammoaa no mpaapae na ɛnnɔɔso te sɛ yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa afoforo.

Enti, ɔkwan biako pɛ a wɔbɛfa so asa tebea horow a ɛfa ade a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛsɛe anaasɛ ɛyera ho ne sɛ wobedi sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no ho dwuma.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wobɛma ‘Gray Matter’ anya apɔwmuden?

Nanso, ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛhwere anidaso! Bere a yentumi nsiw nneɛma a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛyera no ano koraa no, nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a yebetumi ayɛ na ama yɛn amemene no fã a ɛsom bo yi akɔ so anya apɔwmuden.

Mogya ne oxygen a ɛfata ho hia ma `Gray Matter` akwahosan. Enti, ɛho hia yiye sɛ wodi asiane ahorow a ɛde `amemene mu ntini mu yare` ba no ho dwuma. Nneɛma bi a wubetumi ayɛ de ayɛ eyi ni:

• Sɛ wowɔ mogya mmoroso (hypertension) a, di so.
• Apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ a wɔyɛ daa .
• Nsã a wɔnom ano hye .
• Mu duru a ɛfata a wobɛkɔ so akura mu.
• Anadwo a wobɛda pa .
• Asikre ne srade a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu a wobɛhwɛ so .
• Kwati sigaretnom , anaa sɛ woyɛ saa a, gyae.
• Mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛtew adwennwen so .

Ɛwom sɛ fi awosu mu so tew bere a obi nyin de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ nnipa a wɔadi mfe 65 ne akyi a wɔteɛteɛ wɔn apɔw mu daa no wɔ grey matter dɔɔso sen wɔn a wɔnyɛ saa. Saa adanse yi kyerɛ sɛ sɛ wokɔ so yɛ nnam wɔ w’asetra nyinaa mu a, ebetumi aboa ma wo grey matter no anya apɔwmuden na aboa wo ma woatra ase akyɛ.

Afei nso, nneɛma foforo ne ahokokwaw foforo a wubesua wɔ adapɛn bi mu, ɛnyɛ nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi pɛ, betumi ama wo ``Gray Matter`` akwahosan atu mpɔn.`` Ɛwom sɛ saa adwene mu nkanyan yi mma ntini mu nkwammoaa foforo mma de, nanso ebetumi ama nkitahodi foforo aba ntini mu nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no ntam. Wɔfrɛ eyi ``amemene mu plasticity / neuroplasticity.``

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae

‘Grey Matter’ yɛ ntini a ɛho hia wɔ w’amemene ne w’akyi berɛmo mu a ɛma wutumi ne wiase a atwa wo ho ahyia no di nkitaho. Ɛyɛ adwene mu dwumadi nyinaa nnyinaso. Ayaresa tebea ahorow betumi aka wo ‘Grey Matter’. Nanso, daaWubetumi aboa ma woabɔ w’amemene akwahosan ho ban denam asetra a ɛfata a wubedi akyi, te sɛ apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ ne mu duru a ɛfata a wobɛkɔ so akura mu no so.

Sɛ wo anaa wo dɔfo bi renya yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne bi a wususuw sɛ ebia ɛne amemene mu yare bi wɔ abusuabɔ a, yɛsrɛ wo kɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn kɔhwehwɛ afotu. Ɛno ne ade a eye sen biara a wubetumi ayɛ.

` Amemene, Gray Matter, Ntini nhyehyɛe, Ntini mu Nkwammoaa, Akyi berɛmo, Nkae, Adwene, Amemene Akwahosan, White Matter, Ntini mu Nyarewa