So wunim HIV nhwehwɛmu no? Momma yɛnka ho asɛm nkɔ akyiri!

Sɛ wote asɛmfua HIV a, ebia wobɛte ehu anaa ehu kakra nka. Nanso ɛho hia paa sɛ wubehu ho asɛm. Efisɛ, sɛ wohu HIV ntɛm a, ɛyɛ tebea a wobetumi adi so yiye na wɔabɔ bra pa. Enti, ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka nea HIV nhwehwɛmu yɛ, sɛnea wobenya, ne nea efi mu ba no ho asɛm.

Dɛn ne HIV? Dɛn nti na sɔhwɛ yi ho hia?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) yɛ mmoawa a wɔtow hyɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no so. Yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no te sɛ asraafo a wɔbɔ yɛn man ho ban no. HIV mmoawa no tow hyɛ asraafo dɔm yi so na ɛma wɔyɛ mmerɛw. Afei yɛn nipadua ntumi nnyina nyarewa nketenkete mpo ano.

Sɛ wɔansa HIV yare no yiye a, awiei koraa no ebetumi abɛyɛ AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) . Ebetumi de nkwa ato asiane mu. Nanso, nea eye sen biara ne sɛ, sɛ wowɔ HIV mpo a, sɛ wohu ntɛm na wofi ase sa yare a, wubetumi akɔ so anya apɔwmuden a worenkɔ AIDS fã no. Ɛno nti na ɛho hia paa sɛ wɔyɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu.

Mprempren akwan a wɔfa so yɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu no tu mpɔn yiye wɔ mmoawa no a wobehu mu. Enti, sɛ wususuw sɛ ebia wowɔ asiane mu a, ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ wobɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu.

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow bɛn na wobetumi ayɛ de ahu HIV?

HIV nhwehwɛmu ahorow atitiriw abiɛsa na ɛwɔ hɔ. Saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi de wo mogya (ntini anaa nsateaa a wɔde twitwiw) anaa nsu a wɔde fa anom na edi dwuma. Eyi yɛ soronko wɔ nnompe ho.

1. Nucleic Acid Sɔhwɛ (NAT): .

• Eyi hwɛ tẽẽ sɛ HIV mmoawa no awosu mu nneɛma (`HIV RNA`) wɔ hɔ anaa. Ɛsan nso tumi kyerɛ mmoawa dodow a ɛwɔ mogya no mu (`viral load`).
• Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a ne bo yɛ den kakra, a wɔyɛ wɔ aduruyɛdan kɛse bi mu. Nea ɛka ho ne mogya a wobegye afi ntini bi mu.

2. Antigen/Antibody Nhwehwɛmu:

• Eyi nyɛ mmoawa no ankasa ho asɛm, na mmom sɛnea yɛn nipadua no yɛ n’ade wɔ mmoawa no ho.
• Ade a edi kan a ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ ne biribi a wɔfrɛ no antigen . Antigen yɛ biribi a ɛkanyan yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no. Sɛ wowɔ HIV a, ɛsɛ sɛ wonya biribi a wɔfrɛ no p24 antigen wɔ wo mogya mu.
• Afei, yɛhwehwɛ nnuru a ɛko tia HIV . Yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ saa nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa yi de ko tia mmoawa no.
• Wobetumi ahu antigens wɔ mogya no mu ansa na antibodies aba.

3. Nkwammoaa a Ɛko Tia Nyarewa Ho Nhwehwɛmu:

• Eyi hwehwɛ HIV nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa nkutoo.

Mpɛn pii no, `NAT` sɔhwɛ no bo yɛ den, enti wɔntaa mfa nhwehwɛ HIV mu gye sɛ wowɔ sɛnkyerɛnne bi. Sɛ wo hwehwɛ sɛ wowɔ HIV a, wo duruyɛfoɔ bɛtumi ahyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ `NAT` nhwehwɛmu mfa nhwɛ wo mmoawa dodoɔ.

Anamɔn a edi kan wɔ HIV nhwehwɛmu mu ne antibody nhwehwɛmu anaasɛ antigen/antibody nhwehwɛmu. Sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa a, ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo de si so dua.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu?

Sɛnea U.S. Preventive Services Task Force kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ obiara a wadi fi mfe 15 kosi 65 yɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu anyɛ yiye koraa no pɛnkoro wɔ n’asetra mu. Ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na HIV de sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow ba wɔ mfiase. Enti, sɛ wobɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu a, ɛno nkutoo ne ɔkwan a wobɛfa so ahu sɛ wowɔ ɔyare mmoawa no anaa. Sɛ woyɛ saa a, wubetumi asiw ano sɛ wobɛtrɛw akɔ afoforo mu.

Afei nso, sɛ wowɔ asiane kɛse mu sɛ wubenya HIV, anaasɛ woanyinsɛn a, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu yi.

Hena na ɔwɔ asiane mu kɛse?

HIV nam nipadua mu nsu ne mogya a wɔsesa bere a wɔda nna mu no so trɛw. Sɛ obi a ɔwɔ HIV no nya saa nsu yi a, wowɔ asiane kɛse mu. Sɛ wo ne obi a ɔwɔ HIV da a womfa nneɛma a ɛbɔ wo ho ban nni dwuma (te sɛ kɔndɔm) a, ɛma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya HIV no yɛ kɛse.

Bere a ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu mpɛn pii no:

• Sɛ wo ne obi a ɔwɔ HIV, anaa obi a wonnim ne HIV tebea da wɔ awotwaa mu, akyi berɛmo mu, anaa ano.
• Sɛ wowɔ nna mu ɔhokafo bɛboro biako, anaa sɛ wo hokafo no wɔ nna mu ɔhokafo bɛboro biako a.
• Sɛ woyɛ ɔbarima na wo ne mmarima afoforo da (`MSM - Mmarima a wɔne Mmarima da`).
• Sɛ wowɔ nna mu yareɛ (STI) a ɛnyɛ HIV (STI foforɔ a wobɛnya no ma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobɛnya HIV no yɛ kɛseɛ).
• Sɛ wo ne afoforo kyɛ nnade mu de twitwiw nnubɔne mu a.

Sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ no daa kyerɛ sɛ ebia pɛnkoro afe biara, anaasɛ mpɛn pii mpo. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ mmarima a wɔne mmarima da no yɛ nhwehwɛmu asram 3-6 biara. Bisa wo duruyɛfo mpɛn dodow a ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ wo nhwehwɛmu.

Sɛ wɔto wo mmonnaa a, ɛho hia sɛ woyɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu saa bere no. Ɛsɛ sɛ wokɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn nso ntɛm ara na wufi ase nom HIV nnuru bi a wɔfrɛ no PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) . Saa aduru yi betumi aboa ma wɔasiw HIV ano. Nanso, ɛsɛ sɛ wofi ase wɔ nnɔnhwerew 72 akyi bere a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ adwuma mu no.

Adɛn nti na HIV nhwehwɛmu ho hia wɔ nyinsɛn mu?

Wɔkamfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu wɔ nyinsɛn mu, titiriw wɔ ɔsram abiɛsa a edi kan no mu. Eyi te saa efisɛ HIV tumi fi ɛna mu kɔ akokoaa mu. Ebetumi afa nufusu nso so anya ɔyare no. Sɛ wunya ayaresa ntɛm wɔ nyinsɛn mu a, wubetumi asiw mmoawa no kwan sɛ ankɔ wo ba no mu.

Sɛ wonyinsɛn na asiane kɛse wom sɛ wubenya HIV a, ɛyɛ papa sɛ wobɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu mprenu anaa mprɛnsa wɔ wo nyinsɛn no mu.

Ɛhe na metumi ayɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu?

Mmeae pii wɔ hɔ a wubetumi ayɛ sɔhwɛ (ebinom mpo wɔ w’ankasa wo fie).

• Wubetumi anya wɔ wo duruyɛfo adwumayɛbea, ayaresabea, anaa mpɔtam hɔ akwahosan asoɛe.
• Wubetumi ahunu mmeaeɛ a wɔde HIV ne STI nhwehwɛmu foforɔ ma denam wo address a wobɛkyerɛw wɔ CDC wɛbsaet no so (te sɛ ``HIV Testing Sites & Care Services Locator''). Mmeae yi pii de sɔhwɛ ahorow a wontua hwee ma.
• Sɛ woadi boro mfeɛ 17 a, wobɛtumi atɔ HIV nhwehwɛmu afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma wɔ fie afiri nnurutɔnbea anaa intanɛt so. HIV nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ fie nkutoo a FDA (Food and Drug Administration) apene so wɔ wiase nyinaa ne OraQuick® In-Home HIV Test .

Ɔkwan bɛn so na HIV nhwehwɛmu tumi hu mmoawa no? Dɛn ne "Mfɛnsere Bere"?

HIV nhwehwɛmu hwehwɛ HIV mmoawa no wɔ wo mogya anaa wo ano nsuo mu. Eyi betumi ayɛ mmoawa no ankasa, HIV antigen ne antibodies, anaasɛ antibodies kɛkɛ. Sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu hu sɛ wowɔ bi a, wubehia nhwehwɛmu pii de asi so dua. Sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia wunni mmoawa no.

Nanso, ɛho hia yiye sɛ wubehu "mfɛnsere bere" a ɛwɔ ha no. Mfɛnsere bere no yɛ bere a ɛda bere a wowɔ mmoawa no ne bere a wobetumi de sɔhwɛ ahu no ntam. Saa bere yi gu ahorow wɔ onipa biara mu na egyina sɔhwɛ ko a wɔyɛ so. Enti, ɛsɛ sɛ wosɔ wo hwɛ bere a saa mfɛnsere bere yi atwam no.

• Nucleic acid sɔhwɛ (NAT): Eyi na ɛwɔ mfɛnsere mu bere tiaa sen biara. Ebetumi akyerɛ sɛ wowɔ HIV yareɛ wɔ nnafua 10 kɔsi 33 wɔ berɛ a woanya no akyi.
• Antigen/antibody nhwehwɛmu: Wobetumi ahu ɔyare mmoawa no wɔ nnafua 18 kosi 45 wɔ bere a wɔde ahyɛ mu akyi (mogya mu nhwehwɛmu) anaa nnafua 18 kosi 90 (nsateaa mu nhwehwɛmu).
• Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa mu nhwehwɛmu (a ɛyɛ ntɛm yiye na wɔyɛ wɔ fie): Ebetumi ahu ɔyare mmoawa no wɔ nnafua 23 kosi 90 wɔ bere a wɔde ahyɛ mu akyi.

Sɛ wo nhwehwɛmu no nyɛ papa, nanso wususuw sɛ ebia wɔada wo ho adi a, hwɛ hu sɛ wobɛsan ayɛ nhwehwɛmu bio bere a mfɛnsere bere no aba awiei no.

So ɛsɛ sɛ wusiesie wo ho ansa na woayɛ sɔhwɛ no?

Ahosiesie titiriw biara nni hɔ a ɛho hia ma mogya mu nhwehwɛmu. Nanso, wɔ fie nhwehwɛmu a wɔde nsu a wɔnom di dwuma ho no, wobetumi atu wo fo sɛ kwati adidi anaa anonne simma 30 ansa na wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu no. Di akwankyerɛ a ɛwɔ kit no so no akyi pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Dɛn na ɛba bere a wɔreyɛ sɔhwɛ no?

Eyi gu ahorow gyina sɔhwɛ ko a woreyɛ ne baabi a wɔreyɛ so.

HIV nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ lab

HIV nhwehwɛmu dodow no ara fa akwahosan ho ɔbenfo bi a ɔfa wo mogya na ɔde kɔ lab. Wobetumi ayɛ eyinom wɔ wo duruyɛfo adwumayɛbea anaa ayaresabea. Sɛ wohu sɛ wowɔ bi a, wo duruyɛfo no bɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu pii de asi so dua. CDC kamfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu nnidiso nnidiso a edidi so yi:

1. Sɔhwɛ a edi kan: Antigen/antibody nhwehwɛmu de hwɛ sɛ HIV antigen p24 ne HIV antibodies anaa. Sɛ wowɔ yare no a, ɛho hia sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛto so abien de si nea afi mu aba no so dua.

2. Sɔhwɛ a ɛtɔ so mmienu: Nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa sɔhwɛ a wɔde hwehwɛ nnuru a ɛko tia HIV ahodoɔ mmienu, HIV-1 ne HIV-2. Sɛ nea ɛto so abien no nso yɛ papa a, wosi so dua sɛ wowɔ HIV. Sɛ nea efi mu ba no ntumi nyɛ nokware a, ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛto so abiɛsa.

3. Sɔhwɛ a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa: `NAT` sɔhwɛ a wɔde hwɛ sɛ HIV wɔ wo mogya mu anaa.

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ saa nhwehwɛmu a wɔaka abom yi yɛ nea etu mpɔn 100% wɔ HIV a wobehu mu.

HIV ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm

Saa nhwehwɛmu yi hwehwɛ HIV a ɛko tia nyarewa wɔ wo mogya anaa anom nsu mu. HIV antigen/antibody nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm nso wɔ hɔ. Wobetumi ayɛ eyi denam akwahosan ho ɔbenfo a obegye mogya afi ntini bi mu, nsateaa a wɔde twitwiw, anaasɛ aduru a wɔde twitwiw n’ano mu no so.

Sɔhwɛ ahorow bi a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm betumi ama wɔanya nea efi mu ba wɔ simma 5 pɛ mu. Nanso kae sɛ eyinom yɛ nea edi kan a efi mu ba ara kwa. Sɛ wo aba no yɛ papa a, ɛho behia sɛ wokɔ wo duruyɛfo nkyɛn kɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo ansa na woatumi ahu wo HIV tebea pɔtee.

HIV nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ fie

Ofie sɔhwɛ biako pɛ a FDA apene so ne OraQuick®. Eyi yɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm a wɔhwehwɛ HIV nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa. Sɛ wode bedi dwuma a, wofa w’ano nsu no bi denam w’anom atifi ne fam a wobɛbɔ so. Afei wɔde swab no gu toa ketewa bi mu. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa anaasɛ enye (te sɛ nyinsɛn mu nhwehwɛmu). Wobetumi ahu nea efi mu ba no wɔ simma 20 kosi 40 mu.

Sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu pii de si so dua.

So asiane ahorow bi wɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu?

Asiane kɛse biara nni HIV nhwehwɛmu mu. Ebia wobɛte nka sɛ wo ho yeraw wo kakra bere a wɔtwe mogya no anaasɛ woyi mogya a ɛtɔ fi wo nsateaa mu no, ɛno ara ne no.

Bere tenten ahe na egye ansa na woanya nea efi mu ba?

Bere a egye ansa na woanya wo aba no gu ahorow gyina sɔhwɛ ko a wobɛyɛ so. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow bi a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm te sɛ antigen/antibody ne antibody nhwehwɛmu betumi ama nea efi mu ba wɔ nea ennu simma 20 mu. `NAT` sɔhwɛ no wɔ mfɛnsere bere tiaa a wɔde hu HIV bere a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu akyi. Nanso, ebetumi agye bere kakra ansa na woanya nea efi mu ba. Ebetumi agye nna pii ansa na nea efi `NAT` sɔhwɛ mu aba no asan aba.

Dɛn na nea efi mu ba no ka?

Nea efi sɔhwɛ mu ba betumi ayɛ nea enye anaasɛ ɛyɛ papa .

• Nea efi mu ba a enyeEyi kyerɛ sɛ nhwehwɛmu no anhu mmoawa no ho sɛnkyerɛnne biara. Eyi betumi akyerɛ sɛ wunni HIV, anaasɛ woanya HIV akyɛ dodo (wɔ mfɛnsere bere mu) sɛ wobehu sɛ wowɔ mmoawa no.
• Nea afi mu aba pa kyerɛ sɛ nhwehwɛmu no ahu mmoawa no kakraa bi. Eyi betumi akyerɛ sɛ wowɔ HIV, anaasɛ ɛho hia sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu pii de si nea afi mu aba no so dua.

Sɛ nea efi mu ba no nyɛ papa a, dɛn na meyɛ?

Sɛ wo nhwehwɛmu a edi kan no nyɛ papa, nanso wususuw sɛ ebia woanya HIV (kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ woyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ mfɛnsere bere no mu a), yɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛto so abien bere a mfɛnsere bere no aba awiei no. Sɔhwɛ a ɛto so abien no betumi akyerɛ sɛ nea efi mu ba no nyɛ papa.

Sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ papa mpo a, ɛho hia sɛ wobɔ wo ho ban daakye. Wo ne wo duruyɛfo nkasa mfa nkyerɛ sɛ ebia PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) fata wo anaa. `PrEP` yɛ aduru a wonom da biara da. Ebetumi atew asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobenya HIV afi nna mu no so 99%. Wɔ nnipa a wɔde nnubɔne gu wɔn mu fam no, ɛtew asiane no so 74%. Sɛ wo nni HIV na wo hokafoɔ nso wɔ HIV a, ɛho hia sɛ wode `PrEP` di dwuma yie.

Sɛ wofa `PrEP` mpo a, ɛda so ara yɛ papa sɛ wode kɔndɔm bedi dwuma de abɔ wo ho ban afi HIV ne `STI` afoforo ho.

Sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa a, dɛn na meyɛ?

Sɛ wunya nea ɛyɛ papa fi nhwehwɛmu biako mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo yɛ nhwehwɛmu pii na ama woahu sɛ ɛyɛ nokware. Sɛ wohu sɛ wo yare no wie a, wo ne wo duruyɛfo no bɛbom ayɛ ayaresa ho nhyehyɛe. Wo duruyɛfoɔ bɛkyerɛ baabi a wo HIV no atrɛ akodu na ɔbɛkyerɛw nnuru a ɛbɛboa ama woadi so. Wɔfrɛ HIV ayaresa a wɔde ko tia ɔyare mmoawa (ART) . Saa ayaresa yi boa wo nipadua ma ɛko tia mmoawa no na ɛmma ɛnkɔ so nkɔ AIDS. Nnuru foforo a ɛwɔ hɔ no wɔ tumi kɛse. Sɛ wode di dwuma yiye na wode di dwuma daa a, wubetumi asiw yare no ano na ansɛe na woatra ase yiye.

Afei nso, ɛsɛ sɛ wo ne wo hokafo a ɔne wo da no kasa fa nea wɔahu no ho. Sɛ wo ne obi ada a wommɔ wo ho ban a, ebia na wɔanya mmoawa no afi wo hɔ. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɔ wɔn nso hwɛ.

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda HIV-1 ne HIV-2 nhwehwɛmu ntam?

HIV ahorow abien na ɛwɔ hɔ: HIV-1 ne HIV-2. Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa mu nhwehwɛmu bi betumi ahu sɛ wowɔ HIV-1, HIV-2, anaa n’abien nyinaa wɔ wo mogya mu. HIV-1 ne HIV a ɛtaa ba. Ɛnyɛ den nso sɛ wobenya bi sen HIV-2.

Awiei koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ meka sɛ... (Take-Home Message)

Ɛyɛ ade a ɛfata sɛ wobɛte ehu nka kakra bere a woresusuw ho sɛ wobɛyɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu no. Nanso, ɛfata sɛ wuhu w’akwahosan na wobɔ nnipa a wodɔ wɔn ho ban.

• Anyɛ yiye koraa no, yɛ HIV nhwehwɛmu pɛnkoro wɔ w’asetra mu.Sɛ wowɔ asiane kɛse mu a, yɛ no mpɛn pii.
• Ma w’adwene nkɔ mfɛnsere bere no so. Yɛ sɔhwɛ no bere a saa bere no atwam no.
• Sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa a, mma wo ho nnpopo. Sɛ wode ayaresa a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ (ART) di dwuma a, wubetumi atra ase a ahoɔden wom na anigye wom a wowɔ HIV.
• Obi wɔ hɔ a obetumi aboa wo. Wo ne wo nnamfo, abusuafo, anaa ɔfotufo bi a wowɔ ne mu ahotoso nka eyi ho asɛm.

HIV yɛ akwahosan ho tebea foforo bi kɛkɛ. Sɛ wohu no ntɛm na wɔhwɛ so yiye a, biribiara nni hɔ a esiw wo kwan sɛ wubedu w’adaeso ahorow ho. Momma yɛnhwɛ yiye, momma yɛnnya apɔwmuden!

` HIV, HIV nhwehwɛmu, AIDS, nna mu akwahosan, nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa, NAT, antigen antibody nhwehwɛmu, PrEP