What are Opioids? How to use them safely and avoid addiction | Nirogi Lanka

When you experience severe pain that feels unbearable, your doctor may prescribe a potent painkiller. These medications are typically reserved for intense pain, such as that following surgery or associated with cancer, which standard painkillers cannot manage. We refer to this class of medication as 'opioids.' While they provide significant pain relief, it is essential that you are well-informed and proceed with caution. Beyond their therapeutic benefits, there is a risk of addiction if they are not managed correctly. At Nirogi Lanka, we want to walk you through everything you need to know about opioids.

What is the difference between an Opioid and an Opiate?

You may have heard these terms used interchangeably, but there is a distinction. Simply put, opiates are natural chemical substances derived from the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). Examples include morphine and codeine. Opioids is a broader term. It encompasses natural opiates, as well as laboratory-created (synthetic) and semi-synthetic versions. In short, every opiate is an opioid, but not every opioid is an opiate. Think of it like the word 'vehicles.' Cars, vans, and buses are all vehicles. Similarly, opiates fall under the larger category of opioids. Regardless of the classification, both types affect your body in similar ways, and both carry the risk of addiction.

How do opioids affect your body?

Your nervous system contains specialized receptors that regulate pain, mood, and stress, known as opioid receptors. When you take an opioid medication, it attaches directly to these receptors. This results in two primary effects: 1. Reduced pain perception: The medication blocks pain signals sent to the brain, significantly lowering the pain you feel. 2. Feelings of well-being: Opioids increase the production of 'dopamine' in the brain—a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure—which can create a sense of relaxation or euphoria.

Things your doctor needs to know before prescribing these medications

Before your doctor decides that an opioid is the right choice for you, you must have an open and honest conversation about your history. This is vital for your safety.

Why is it easy to become dependent?

There are several reasons. The euphoria we mentioned is a major factor; your brain may begin to crave that feeling even after your pain has subsided. Another factor is tolerance. Over time, your body may adjust to the dosage, meaning you need more of the drug to achieve the same pain relief or mood elevation. As you increase the dosage, your body becomes physically dependent. If you stop the medication suddenly, you may experience severe withdrawal symptoms, leading you to take the medication again to avoid them. This creates a dangerous cycle.

How can you use these medications safely?

Opioids are not inherently "evil," but they must be used with respect. When you follow your doctor’s instructions precisely, they are highly effective and safe.

• Take only the prescribed dose: Never take more than what your doctor ordered, and never take it more frequently than instructed.
• Do not alter your pills: Never crush, chew, or dissolve tablets unless specifically told to do so, as this can lead to an overdose by releasing the drug into your system too quickly.
• Avoid driving: Because these can cause drowsiness or dizziness, refrain from driving or operating heavy machinery, especially in the early stages of treatment.
• Avoid alcohol: Combining alcohol with opioids can lead to fatal respiratory suppression.
• Report side effects: If you feel any unusual discomfort, inform your doctor immediately.
• Never share your medication: This is critical. Do not give your pills to family or friends for any reason. What is safe for you could be lethal for someone else.
• Store securely: Always keep your medication in a locked cabinet out of reach of children and pets.

Overdose and Emergencies

If someone consumes too much of an opioid, it can result in an overdose. This is a life-threatening medical emergency. If you suspect an overdose, call 911 or your local emergency services immediately. Signs of an overdose include:

• Breathing that is very slow, shallow, or has stopped.
• Lips and fingernails turning blue or purple.
• The body becoming limp or unresponsive.
• Falling into a deep sleep, and being impossible to wake even when called or stimulated.
• Pupils becoming extremely tiny (pinpoint pupils).

For further guidance regarding poisonings, you may contact your local Poison Information Center. Hospitals use a life-saving medication called 'Naloxone' to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose.

Are these safe for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers?

Generally, opioids are not recommended during pregnancy. The medication you take can reach your baby, potentially causing the baby to become dependent on it. After birth, the baby may experience 'withdrawal' symptoms (neonatal abstinence syndrome), which can be very distressing and painful for the infant. Furthermore, these medications can pass into your breast milk. Therefore, if you are a nursing mother, you must speak with your doctor to discuss safer alternatives before taking these medications.