Menene DSM-5? Ta yaya wannan littafin zai iya taimaka maka ka koyi game da lafiyar kwakwalwarka! (DSM-5)

Wataƙila kun ji labarin wannan kalmar "(DSM-5)". Wataƙila daga likita, ko kuma wani wuri da ke magana game da lafiyar kwakwalwa . Don haka, yayin da wannan zai iya zama kamar abu mai rikitarwa ga mutane da yawa, bari mu yi magana a kai ta hanya mai sauƙi da abokantaka a yau. Kamar yadda za ku yi magana da aboki, ko?

Menene ainihin DSM-5, wannan littafin?

A taƙaice dai, DSM-5 cikakken jagora ne ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa , gami da cututtukan kwakwalwa da yanayi. Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka (APA) ce ta rubuta shi, ta gyara shi, kuma ta buga shi.

Wataƙila kana mamakin dalilin da yasa aka sami "5" a cikin sunan. Wannan yana nufin wannan shine bugu na biyar na wannan littafin kuma shine na baya-bayan nan da ake samu. An fara fitar da DSM-5 a watan Mayu na 2013. Sannan, a watan Maris na 2022, APA ta fitar da bugu na DSM-5 da aka gyara kuma aka sabunta. Ana kiransa DSM-5-TR™. TR yana nufin Gyaran Rubutu, wanda ke nufin cewa an yi "gyaran rubutu".

Abu ɗaya mai muhimmanci da za a tuna: `(DSM-5)` ​​da `(DSM-5-TR)` littattafai ne da aka tsara don amfani da su ga mutanen da ke da ƙwarewa ta musamman, kamar likitoci da likitocin tabin hankali. Bayanan da ke cikin waɗannan littattafan suna da fasaha sosai. Yana iya zama da wahala ga mutum na yau da kullun ya fahimta idan ya karanta shi. Saboda haka, kada ka taɓa karanta wannan littafin ka yi tunanin kana da cuta ko kuma ba za ka iya ganin likita ba. Wannan kamar littafi ne da ke koya maka yadda ake tuka jirgin sama. Muna iya son karanta shi, amma kawai karanta wannan littafin ba ya sa mu zama matukin jirgi, ko ba haka ba?

Baya ga DSM-5-TR, APA kuma tana buga littattafan abokan hulɗa waɗanda ke ƙara bayyana bayananta. Misalan sun haɗa da littafin DSM-5 Handbook of Differential Diagnosis (littafi wanda ke taimakawa wajen bambance tsakanin cututtuka masu kama da juna dangane da alamu) da kuma DSM-5 Clinical Cases (littafi wanda ya haɗa da nazarin shari'o'i na marasa lafiya daban-daban).

Menene ainihin manufar wannan littafin DSM-5?

Ka yi tunani a kai, kafin ka yi maganin kowace irin cuta, mataki na farko shi ne a gano ainihin menene cutar. Wannan abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cututtukan jiki da na kwakwalwa. A nan ne littafin ``(DSM-5)`` ya zo da amfani.

Wannan littafin ya ba da cikakkun bayanai dalla-dalla game da yanayi daban-daban na lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan da suka shafi kwakwalwa. Ya kuma bayyana alamun da alamun waɗannan cututtukan tare da misalai.

Baya ga bayyana cutar, DSM-5 ta kuma rarraba waɗannan yanayi. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa wa likitoci da ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa su gano cutar daidai kuma su bambanta ta da sauran cututtuka masu irin wannan alamu .

Ta yaya aka ƙirƙiri DSM-5? Wanene ya shiga cikin lamarin?

Don ƙirƙirar DSM-5, APA ta haɗu da likitocin tabin hankali sama da 160, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da sauran ƙwararru daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Ɗaruruwan wasu ƙwararru sun taimaka a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan batutuwa daban-daban. Ƙirƙirar DSM-5 kuma ta ƙunshi gwaje-gwaje da bincike mai zurfi a fannin.

Don ƙirƙirar DSM-5-TR, APA ta sake ɗaukar mutane da yawa waɗanda suka shiga cikin ainihin DSM-5. Jimilla , ƙwararru sama da 200 sun ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga DSM-5-TR.

Menene DSM-5 ke nufi?

DSM-5 ya fi mayar da hankali kan yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa . Duk da haka, saboda lafiyar kwakwalwa da aikin kwakwalwa ba abubuwa biyu ba ne daban-daban, littafin ya kuma ƙunshi yanayi da matsalolin da suka shafi yadda kwakwalwa ke aiki. Ya kuma haɗa da lambobin ganewar asali . Waɗannan lambobin suna sauƙaƙa wa masu samar da lafiya su kwatanta waɗannan yanayin da Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya da Matsalolin Lafiya Masu Alaƙa da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (ICD-10) .

Littafin ``(DSM-5)`` yana da manyan sassa uku:

Sashe na I: Ka'idojin DSM-5

Wannan sashe yana bayanin yadda kwararrun likitoci ya kamata su yi amfani da wannan littafin a cikin ayyukansu. Hakanan yana ba da jagora kan yadda ake amfani da DSM-5 lokacin da ake magance matsalolin shari'a, kamar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da shari'o'in kotu.

Sashe na II: Ka'idojin Ganewa da Lambobi

Wannan shine mafi girman sashe na littafin. Kowace babi a cikin wannan sashe tana magana ne game da takamaiman nau'in cuta. An bayyana takamaiman yanayin da ke cikin wannan rukunin a sarari kuma an bayyana su. Bari mu kalli wasu nau'ikan cututtukan a cikin wannan sashe da kuma cututtukan da suke ciki:

• Matsalolin Ci gaban Jijiyoyi : Waɗannan matsaloli ne da suka shafi ci gaban kwakwalwa da tsarin jijiyoyi . Misalan:
• `( Ciwon Autism Spectrum)` (Nau'o'in Autism daban-daban)
• Ciwon Rashin Hankali/Rashin Yawan Aiki ( ADHD )
• Nakasa a koyo (misali, Dyslexia - wahalhalun karatu, Dyscalculia - wahalhalun lissafi)

Schizophrenia Spectrum da Sauran Cututtukan Hauka:Waɗannan yanayi ne da ke haifar da rashin jituwa da gaskiya, ana fuskantar abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba, kuma ana samun camfe-camfe . Misalai: Schizophrenia - motsin rai `(Schizophrenia)` Ciwon Schizoaffective
• Matsalar Ruɗani

• Matsalolin Bipolar da Related: Waɗannan yanayi ne da yanayi ke canzawa cikin sauri tsakanin matsanancin yanayi (babban matakin farin ciki/farin ciki da ƙarancin matakan baƙin ciki/baƙin ciki). Misalai:
• `(Cututtukan Bipolar I da Bipolar II)`
• Ciwon Cyclothymic

• Matsalolin Damuwa: Yanayi da ke tattare da dogon baƙin ciki da rashin sha'awa. Misalan:
• Babban Ciwon Damuwa
• Ciwon Damuwa Mai Dorewa (wanda aka fi sani da Dysthymia)

• Matsalolin Damuwa: Yanayi da ke haifar da tsoro, damuwa, da rashin kwanciyar hankali fiye da kima. Misalai:
• Rashin Damuwa ta Gabaɗaya
• Matsalar Damuwa ta Jama'a (Tsoron Yanayin zamantakewa)
• Rashin Damuwa a Rabuwa
• Hare-haren Tsoro (Rashin Tsoro)
• Tsoro iri-iri (kamar tsoron tsayi, tsoron dabbobi)

• Matsalolin da ke damun mutum da kuma waɗanda suka shafi hakan: Yanayi da ke da alaƙa da tunani mai cike da damuwa, maimaituwa (sha'awa) da kuma ayyukan da za a yi don shawo kansu (tilastawa). Misalan:
• Ciwon Damuwa da Nauyin da ke Cike da Damuwa (OCD)
• Matsalar Tara Kuɗi
• Rashin Lafiyar Jiki
• Matsalar Zaɓen Fata da Matsalar Ja Gashi

• Matsalolin da suka shafi rauni da damuwa: Matsalolin tunani da ke tasowa bayan fuskantar wani mummunan lamari. Misalan:
• Matsalar Damuwa Bayan Tashin Hankali (PTSD)
• Matsalar Damuwa Mai Tsanani
• Matsalar Daidaitawa

• Matsalolin Rarrabuwa: Yanayi da ke haifar da rashin fahimtar kai, tunaninsa, ko muhallinsa. Misalan:
• Ciwon Bambancin Ra'ayi (wanda a da aka sani da Ciwon Halayyar Mutane da yawa)
• Rashin hankali na rabuwa
• Rashin Hana Mutum/Rashin Hana Mutum

• Alamomin Somatic da Matsalolin da Suka Shafi Wannan: Yanayin da alamomin jiki ke tasowa sakamakon damuwa ta tunani, ba tare da wata hujja ta zahiri ba. Misalan:
• Matsalar Alamomin Somatic
• Rashin Lafiyar Damuwa (tsoron rashin lafiya akai-akai)
• Matsalar Alamomin Jijiyoyin Aiki (wanda aka fi sani da Ciwon Juyawa)

• Matsalolin Ciyarwa da Cin Abinci: Halaye marasa kyau da halaye da suka shafi cin abinci. Misalan:
• Rashin abinci mai gina jiki (anorexia Nervosa) (ƙoƙarin rage kiba ba tare da cin abinci ba)
• Bulimia Nervosa (cin abinci da yawa sannan a wanke ko wasu hanyoyi)
• Matsalar Cin Abinci Mai Tsanani
• Pica (sha'awar cin abubuwan da ba za a iya ci ba - misali, ƙura, sandunan alli)

• Matsalolin Kawar da Mura: Misali, `(Enuresis)` (wannan ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar yin fitsari a gado).

• Matsalolin Barci da Farkawa: Matsalolin da suka shafi barci. Misalai:
• Matsalar Rashin Insomnia
• Barci kwatsam ( narcolepsy )
• Matsalolin Barci na Apnea
• Matsalar Mafarki
• Ciwon Kafafu Marasa Natsuwa

• Matsalolin Jima'i

• Matsalolin da ke haifar da rikici, rashin ƙarfin hali da ɗabi'a: Halayen da ke kawo cikas ga wasu, rashin ƙarfin hali, da kuma karya dokoki. Misalai:
• Rashin Tsarin Hana ...
• Matsalar Halayyar Dan Adam da Ba ta Da Alaƙa da Jama'a
• Kleptomania (sha'awar sata ba tare da iko ba)
• Pyromania (sha'awar kunna wuta)

• Matsalolin da suka shafi shan ƙwayoyi da jaraba: Matsalolin da amfani da abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyi da barasa ke haifarwa. Misalan:
• Matsalar Amfani da Barasa
• Matsalar Amfani da Shaƙa
• Matsalar Amfani da Opioid
• Alamomin da suka shafi janyewa

• Matsalolin Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi: Yanayi da ke shafar abubuwa kamar ƙwaƙwalwa da tunani saboda rashin aikin kwakwalwa. Misalan:
• Delirium (rikitar hankali kwatsam)
• Cutar Alzheimer
• Cutar Parkinson
• Cutar Huntington
• Raunin Kwakwalwa Mai Rauni

• Matsalolin Halayyar Mutum:Tsarin tunani, ji, da kuma halaye na dogon lokaci waɗanda ke sa ya zama da wahala a yi mu'amala da wasu. Misalai:
• Matsalar Halayyar Iyaka (BPD)
• Matsalar Halayyar Dan Adam

• Matsalolin Halayyar Jima'i

• Sauran Matsalolin Hankali da Ƙarin Lambobi: Yanayi waɗanda ba su dace da duk wani ƙa'idar ganewar asali ba, amma suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar mutum.

• Matsalolin Motsa Jiki Da Magunguna Ke Haifarwa Da Sauran Illolin Magani: Misalan:
• Tardive Dyskinesia
• Ciwon Cutar Neuroleptic Mai Lalacewa

• Sauran Cututtukan da Zasu Iya Zama Mahimmancin Kula da Lafiya: Waɗannan ba cututtuka ba ne da kansu, amma abubuwan da ke shafar ko faruwa tare da yanayi da za a iya gano su. Misali, cutar da kai, tunanin/halayyar kashe kai, tarihin kowace irin cin zarafi, ko rashin aikin yi.

Sashe na III: Matakai da Samfura Masu Tasowa

Wannan sashe ya tattauna takamaiman kayan aikin tantancewa da likitoci ke amfani da su don gano wasu yanayi. Ya kuma tattauna yadda bambance-bambancen al'adu zasu iya shafar ganewar asali, da kuma yanayin da za a iya haɗa su a cikin bugu na gaba na DSM amma suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike kafin a haɗa su.

Yaushe ne bugu na gaba na DSM zai fito?

APA ba ta fitar da sabbin bugu na DSM akan jadawalin da aka tsara ba. Madadin haka, ana sabunta DSM kamar yadda ake buƙata. Kafin bugu na biyar (wanda ya yi amfani da lambobin Romawa), an fitar da bugu na DSM a cikin shekaru masu zuwa:

• DSM-I®: 1952
• DSM-II®: 1968
• DSM-III®: 1980 (An sake fasalin DSM-III-R® a shekarar 1987)
• DSM-IV®: 1994 (An sake fasalin wannan rubutun, DSM-IV-TR®, a shekara ta 2000)
• DSM-5®: 2013 (Wannan rubutun an sake gyara shi, DSM-5-TR, an sake shi a 2022)

Za mu iya samun littafin DSM-5 kuma? A ina za mu iya samunsa?

Eh. Ana iya siyan DSM-5 a yawancin shagunan sayar da littattafai da kuma a intanet. Dakunan karatu na jama'a da yawa suna iya samun kwafin littafin (kodayake ɗakin karatun ku na gida ba zai ba ku damar kai shi gida ba, sai dai ku duba shi a ɗakin karatu).

Duk da cewa DSM-5 da DSM-5-TR suna samuwa ga jama'a ta hanyoyi daban-daban, yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa an rubuta wannan littafin ne don ƙwararrun likitoci. Saboda haka, kayan da ke cikin wannan littafin suna da fasaha sosai. Wannan yana nufin cewa yana iya zama da wahala ga talakawa su fahimci wannan littafin.

KaiKada ka taɓa amfani da `(DSM-5)` ​​​​ko `(DSM-5-TR)` ko wani littafi a madadin ganin likita ko mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa . Wannan kamar yin tiyata ne a kanka. Ba kyakkyawan ra'ayi ba ne ka yi hakan, ko ba haka ba? Saboda haka, ya fi kyau ka nemi magani daga ƙwararren mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa .

Shin har yanzu ana amfani da DSM-5? Menene sabuwar sigar?

Eh, har yanzu ana amfani da shi. Amma yanzu akwai nau'ikan wannan littafin guda biyu. APA ta fitar da DSM-5 a shekarar 2013. A shekarar 2022, APA ta fitar da wani sabon sigar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima mai suna DSM-5-TR. Wannan sabon sigar ya haɗa da dukkan sabbin canje-canje da sabuntawa da suka faru a fannin lafiyar kwakwalwa tun daga shekarar 2013. Saboda haka, DSM-5-TR a halin yanzu shine sigar da ta fi dacewa, ta zamani, kuma mafi inganci.

A tsakanin masu samar da lafiyar kwakwalwa, musamman likitocin tabin hankali da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam, DSM-5-TR ita ce hanya mafi muhimmanci wajen gano cututtukan kwakwalwa da na kwakwalwa. Duk da cewa wata cibiya a Amurka ta buga, DSM-5 muhimmin hanya ce ga likitoci a duk duniya. An fassara ta zuwa harsuna sama da 18.

Don haka, abu na ƙarshe da za a tuna (Saƙon Ɗauka Gida)

To, ga wasu abubuwan da ya kamata ku tuna daga abin da muka tattauna a kai:

• DSM-5 da sabon gyaran da aka yi masa, DSM-5-TR, muhimman littattafai ne ga ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa.
• Duk da cewa ana iya siyan waɗannan littattafai ko kuma a same su a ɗakunan karatu, an rubuta su ne don likitoci da ƙwararru, don haka harshen yana da fasaha sosai.
• Mutum mai matsakaicin hali zai iya jin daɗin karanta wannan littafin, amma kada ya taɓa amfani da shi don gano kansa.
• Idan kana tunanin kai ko wani ƙaunatacce na iya samun matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin (DSM-5), tabbatar da ganin likita ko mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa .

Kamar yadda ba za ka je wurin likita ba tare da an yi maka tiyata ba, shi ne mafi aminci kuma mafi dacewa ka nemi taimako daga ƙwararren ƙwararre idan ana maganar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ka fahimta?

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