Da annobar COVID-19, kalma da kusan dukkanmu muka ji kuma ta yi kama da ta kusa da rayuwarmu ita ce 'alurar mRNA'. Kuna iya tuna cewa ana yawan ambaton wannan kalmar da sunaye kamar Pfizer da Moderna. Wasu mutane sun yi magana mai kyau game da ita, yayin da wasu kuma suka ɗan tsorata da wannan sabuwar fasaha. To menene ainihin allurar mRNA? Ta yaya take aiki a cikin jikinmu? Ta yaya ta bambanta da allurar rigakafi ta yau da kullun? Akwai abin da za a ji tsoro? Bari mu yi magana game da duk wannan a sauƙaƙe, ta hanyar da za ku iya fahimta.
Menene allurar rigakafin mRNA kawai?
A taƙaice dai, allurar rigakafin mRNA magani ne na rigakafi wanda ke koya wa jikinmu, ko kuma ya horar da su don kare kansu daga cututtuka. Likita ko ma'aikacin lafiya mai horo yana ba ku allura a matsayin allura.
Allurar rigakafin mRNA guda ɗaya tilo da aka amince da amfani da ita a duniya zuwa yanzu ita ce don kariya daga COVID-19. Kuna iya tuna waɗannan sunaye biyu da kyau:
- Comirnaty® (wannan ita ce allurar rigakafin Pfizer-BioNTech da muka sani)
- Spikevax® (wannan ita ce allurar rigakafin Moderna)
Amma wannan fasaha tana da ƙarfi sosai. Masana kimiyya sun riga sun fara bincike ko za a iya amfani da wannan fasahar mRNA don yin alluran rigakafi ga wasu cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, da kuma cututtuka kamar ciwon daji. Wannan yana nufin cewa za mu iya samun fa'idodi masu yawa daga wannan fasaha a nan gaba.
To, menene wannan mRNA?
Ko da yake wannan na iya zama kamar wani abu na kimiyya, zan yi muku bayani da misali mai sauƙi.
Ka yi tunanin DNA ɗin da ke jikinka a matsayin babban littafi mai matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin babban ɗakin karatu. Wannan littafin ya ƙunshi dukkan umarni da girke-girke da ake buƙata don gina jikinka da kuma ci gaba da aiki. Wannan babban littafin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci har ba a yarda a fitar da shi daga ɗakin karatu ba, kuma ba a yarda a kwafi shi ba. Dole ne a kiyaye shi lafiya.
Yanzu nan ne mRNA ke shigowa. mRNA a takaice take nufin "messenger Ribonucleic Acid." Kamar 'messenger' ne. Abin da yake yi shi ne ya je babban littafi (DNA) a ɗakin karatu ya rubuta a kan takarda kwafin girke-girke (umarni) don yin furotin da jiki ke buƙata a wannan lokacin. Sannan ya ɗauki wannan takarda ya fita daga ɗakin karatu, zuwa ɗakin girkin tantanin halitta (wanda muke kira ribosomes).
Masu dafa abinci (ribosomes) a cikin kicin suna kallon girke-girke (mRNA) da manzo ya kawo kuma suna yin furotin kamar yadda aka rubuta. Idan aikin ya gama, sai su yaga takardar da aka rubuta girke-girke a kai su jefar. Ba sa ajiye shi.
Don haka, abin da allurar rigakafin mRNA ke yi shi ne ba wa jikinmu 'girkin' kawai wanda ke yin ƙaramin ɓangare, wanda za a iya gane shi a cikin ƙwayar cuta ta waje (misali, ƙwayar COVID-19).
Ta yaya alluran rigakafin mRNA ke aiki a jikinmu?
Kamar sauran alluran rigakafi, allurar rigakafin mRNA tana horar da tsarin garkuwar jikinmu don gane abokin gaba (kamar kwayar cuta) da kuma samar da makaman da ake buƙata don yaƙar wannan abokin gaba.
Bari mu ga yadda wannan ke faruwa a cikin allurar rigakafin COVID-19 mRNA:
1. Ba da umarni: Lokacin da ka sami allurar rigakafi, ana ba ƙwayoyin halittarka 'girke-girke' (mRNA) don yin furotin mai ƙarfi , wani ɓangare mai kama da spike-like na ƙwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 wanda ke haifar da COVID-19. Ka tuna, wannan ba cikakken ƙwayar cutar ba ce, ko ma wani ɓangare na ta. 'umarnin' ne kawai don yin ta.
2. Kwayoyin halitta suna samar da furotin: Kwayoyin halittarmu suna karanta wannan umarni kuma suna fara samar da furotin mai yawa. Waɗannan furotin suna bayyana a saman ƙwayoyin halittarmu.
3. Kunna tsarin garkuwar jiki: Yanzu kariyar jikinmu (tsarin garkuwar jiki) tana ganin wannan sabon furotin mai ƙarfi kuma tana damuwa. "Wane ne wannan baƙon? Wannan ba ɗaya daga cikinmu ba ne," in ji shi, kuma ya gano shi a matsayin 'mamaye'.
4. Makamai: Sai jami'an tsaro su fara kera makamai na musamman don yakar wannan abokin gaba. Waɗannan makamai su ne abin da muke kira antibodies . Suna kuma yin wani nau'in 'ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa' waɗanda za su iya tunawa da wannan abokin gaba.
5. Rushewar umarnin: Kamar yadda muke karanta saƙo muka yage shi muka jefar da shi, ƙwayoyin halittarmu suna ɗaukar umarnin daga wannan mRNA kuma suna lalata shi gaba ɗaya cikin 'yan kwanaki. Ba ya zama a jikinmu, kuma ba ya haɗa shi da DNA ɗinmu. Wannan wani abu ne da mutane da yawa ba su fahimta ba daidai ba.
Yanzu ka yi tunanin cewa ainihin kwayar cutar COVID-19 ta shiga jikinka. Wannan kwayar cutar ba baƙo ba ce ga tsarin garkuwar jikinka. Sun riga sun ga karuwar furotin na wannan kwayar cutar kuma a shirye suke su yi yaƙi da ita. Saboda haka, za su iya lalata kwayar cutar da sauri kafin ta yaɗu a jikinka. Wannan shine abin da ke kare ka daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani.
Menene bambanci tsakanin alluran rigakafi na gargajiya da alluran rigakafin mRNA?
Babban bambanci shine yadda garkuwar jikinmu ke gane abokin gaba. Domin fahimtar wannan cikin sauƙi, bari mu kalli wannan teburin .
| Nau'in allurar riga-kafi | Yadda yake aiki (a cikin sauƙi) |
|---|---|
| Allurar rigakafi ta Gargajiya | Ana allurar gaba ɗaya kwayar cutar, ko dai ta kashe ko ta raunana sosai, ko kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin furotin na kwayar cutar, kai tsaye cikin jiki. Tsarin garkuwar jiki yana mayar da martani ga wannan sinadarin da baƙon abu. |
| Allurar rigakafi ta mRNA | Ba a ba wa jiki wani ɓangare na ƙwayar cutar ba. Madadin haka, yana ba da 'umarni' (mRNA) ne kawai ga ƙwayoyin halittarmu don su yi wani ɓangare na ƙwayar cutar da za a iya gane su. Tsarin garkuwar jiki yana mayar da martani ga wannan furotin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin halittarmu. |
Shin dukkan alluran rigakafi ne ga COVID-19 mRNA?
A'a. Misali, allurar rigakafin COVID-19 da ake kira Novavax® ba allurar mRNA ba ce. Allurar rigakafin furotin ce. Wato, tana allurar gutsuttsuran furotin mai ƙarfi na ƙwayar SARS-CoV-2 kai tsaye cikin jiki.
Me ke faruwa idan ka yi allurar riga-kafi?
Wannan tsari yana da sauƙi sosai, kuma idan kun taɓa yin gwaji a baya, wannan iri ɗaya ne.
1. Ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya zai tsaftace hannunka na sama (ko wataƙila cinyarka ga ƙananan yara) da swab na barasa.
2. Sannan a yi allurar da allura mai kyau sosai.
3. A shafa ƙaramin siminti a wurin huda.
Abu mafi mahimmanci shine za a umarce ka da ka tsaya cak na kimanin mintuna 15 bayan allurar. Wannan shine don duba duk wani rashin lafiyan da ya faru kwatsam. Idan kai mutum ne da ke jin ɗan jiri ko tsoron allura, ya fi kyau ka zauna a wannan lokacin.
Menene fa'idodin allurar rigakafin mRNA?
Akwai manyan fa'idodi guda biyu na wannan fasaha.
- Saurin samarwa: Domin yin alluran rigakafi na gargajiya, ana buƙatar a girma kwayar cutar a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. Amma a cikin alluran rigakafi na mRNA, ba sai an girma kwayar cutar ba. Da zarar an san lambar kwayoyin halittar kwayar cutar, ana iya samar da mRNA mai dacewa da sauri. Saboda haka, lokacin da annoba ta bulla, ana iya samar da alluran rigakafi mai yawa cikin 'yan makonni, maimakon jira na watanni ko shekaru.
- Kariya daga rashin yin allurar riga-kafi: Samun kowace allurar rigakafin COVID-19, musamman allurar rigakafin mRNA, yana ba ku waɗannan fa'idodi idan aka kwatanta da wanda ba a yi masa allurar riga-kafi ba:
- Rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar COVID-19.
- Ko da kuwa an kamu da cutar, haɗarin kamuwa da rashin lafiya mai tsanani da kuma asibiti yana raguwa sosai.
- Rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan COVID na dogon lokaci bayan murmurewa daga COVID-19.
Menene haɗari da illolin allurar rigakafin mRNA?
Kamar kowace magani, alluran rigakafin mRNA suna da ƙananan illa da kuma rashin lafiyar da ba a saba gani ba. Yana da mahimmanci a san da waɗannan.
Ka tuna, illolin da ke faruwa galibi alama ce mai kyau cewa garkuwar jikinka ta fara aiki kuma tana gina garkuwar jiki. Waɗannan galibi suna ɓacewa gaba ɗaya cikin kwana ɗaya ko biyu.
| Illolin da Aka Fi Sani | Alamomin Rashin Lafiyar Jiki Mai Rarrafe Amma Mai Tsanani |
|---|---|
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Yaushe ya kamata in ga likita?
Wannan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci.
Idan ka fuskanci wata mummunar alamar rashin lafiyan jiki kamar wahalar numfashi, kuraje, ko kumburin fuska, lebe, harshe, ko makogwaro , je zuwa ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti mafi kusa (ETU) ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Wannan gaggawa ce ta likita.
Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi game da wannan allurar rigakafin, ko kuma idan ba ku da tabbas ko wannan allurar rigakafin ta dace da sauran cututtukan lafiyar ku, kada ku yi jinkirin yin magana da likitan iyali. Zai yi muku bayani game da komai kuma ya ba ku shawara mai kyau.
Menene tarihin wannan fasahar mRNA?
Duk da cewa ta shahara ba zato ba tsammani saboda annobar COVID-19, wannan fasahar mRNA ba wani abu bane da aka gano jiya. Tana da tarihin bincike na shekaru da yawa a bayanta.
- Binciken farko kan fasahar mRNA ya fara ne a shekarun 1970.
- A shekarun 1990 ne masana kimiyya suka fara ƙoƙarin ganin ko za a iya amfani da shi wajen samar da alluran rigakafi.
- Amma akwai manyan ƙalubale a lokacin. Kwayoyin mRNA suna da rauni sosai. Da zarar sun shiga jiki, garkuwar jikinmu tana lalata shi. Kuma babu yadda za a yi a shigar da su cikin ƙwayoyin halitta.
- Bayan fiye da shekaru 20 na bincike, masana kimiyya sun sami mafita ga waɗannan matsalolin. Sun koyi ƙirƙirar rufin ƙananan ƙwayoyin kitse (ƙwayoyin nanoparticles) don kare ƙwayar mRNA. Wannan shine abin da ake amfani da shi a cikin alluran rigakafi na yau.
- A ƙarshe, a shekarar 2018, an amince da wani magani mai suna patisiran don magance wata cuta mai saurin yaduwa ta jijiyoyi. Irin wannan hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen isar da RNA zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta daga baya ta share fagen samar da alluran rigakafin COVID-19 ga kamfanoni kamar Pfizer da Moderna.
Abu ne na al'ada a ɗan ji tsoro da shakku game da sabbin abubuwa, musamman a fannin likitanci. Idan wani abu ya zo wanda ya bambanta da tsoffin hanyoyin da muka saba da su, yana da wuya mu yarda nan take. Amma wannan fasahar mRNA wani abu ne da dubban masana kimiyya suka ƙirƙiro tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma ya tabbatar da cewa yana da aminci. Shi ya sa, lokacin da annoba mai tsanani ta zo, muka sami damar ƙirƙirar alluran rigakafi masu aminci da inganci cikin 'yan watanni, maimakon jira na shekaru.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Allurar rigakafi ta mRNA ba ta ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta ko sassan ƙwayar cuta ba. Suna ɗauke da 'umarnin' (mRNA) kawai da ake buƙata don yin wani ɓangare na ƙwayar cuta da ake iya gane shi.
- Wannan umarni zai cire gaba ɗaya daga ƙwayoyin halittarmu cikin 'yan kwanaki bayan an yi amfani da shi. Ba ya shafar DNA ɗinmu ta kowace hanya.
- Waɗannan alluran rigakafi suna da matuƙar tasiri wajen hana mummunan yanayi, a kwantar da marasa lafiya a asibiti, da kuma mace-mace, musamman daga cututtuka kamar COVID-19.
- Ƙananan illoli kamar ciwon kai da ciwon jiki bayan allurar riga-kafi sun zama ruwan dare, kuma suna nuna cewa garkuwar jikinka tana aiki.
- Matsalolin rashin lafiyan jiki masu tsanani, kamar wahalar numfashi ko kumburin fuska, ba kasafai ake samun su ba. Amma, idan sun faru, ya kamata a je nan da nan zuwa Sashen Gaggawa na Asibiti (ETU).
- Idan kana da wata shakka ko tambayoyi, kada ka dogara kawai da bayanan da ke kan intanet, amma ka nemi shawarar likitanka.
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