Ka san game da jajayen ƙwayoyin jinin da ke cikin jininka. Yawanci suna zagaye, masu sassauƙa, kamar ƙananan ƙwallan roba. Wannan yana ba su damar motsawa cikin sauƙi ta cikin ƙananan jijiyoyin jini a jikinka kuma su kai iskar oxygen zuwa dukkan sassan jikinka. Amma a wasu mutane, waɗannan ƙwayoyin jinin ja suna zama masu siffar sickle (siffar C), masu tauri da mannewa. Wannan shine abin da muke kira cutar sickle cell (SCD). Wannan ba cuta ba ce da ake gado, amma yanayin kwayoyin halitta ne.
Menene ainihin cutar sikila (SCD)?
A taƙaice dai, cutar sickle cell cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta da ke shafar jajayen ƙwayoyin jininmu. A cikin waɗannan jajayen ƙwayoyin jinin akwai wani furotin da ake kira hemoglobin . Babban aikinsa shi ne ɗaukar iskar oxygen daga huhu da kuma rarraba shi a cikin jiki. Haemoglobin na mutum mai lafiya yana da zagaye kuma santsi. Shi ya sa jajayen ƙwayoyin jinin suke da kyau a zagaye.
Amma a cikin wanda ke fama da cutar sickle cell, saboda lahani na kwayoyin halitta, siffar wannan kwayar halittar haemoglobin tana canzawa. Saboda wannan rashin sinadarin haemoglobin, ƙwayoyin jinin jajayen sun zama masu siffar sickle, masu tauri, da kuma masu mannewa. Ka yi tunanin, me zai faru idan ka yi ƙoƙarin aika da jini mai tauri, mai siffar sickle ta cikin siririn bututu, maimakon ƙwallon zagaye da ke tafiya tare da shi? Za su haɗu su makale a cikin bututun, ko ba haka ba? Haka nan, waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar masu siffar sickle suna makale a cikin siririn jijiyoyin jininmu, suna toshe kwararar jini. Wannan shine abin da ke haifar da matsaloli daban-daban kamar zafi mai tsanani da rashin jini .
Mene ne alamomin wannan cuta da aka saba gani?
Jariran da aka haifa da cutar sikila yawanci suna fara nuna alamun cutar kimanin watanni 5. Waɗannan alamun na iya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum. Hakanan suna iya canzawa akan lokaci.
| Alamar | Bayani mai sauƙi |
|---|---|
| Rashin jini | Kwayoyin halittar sickle suna da rauni sosai. Duk da cewa kwayar halittar jini ta yau da kullun tana rayuwa na kimanin kwanaki 120, waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna mutuwa cikin kwanaki 10-20. Wannan yana sa jiki ya rasa ƙwayoyin halittar jini, yana sa mutum ya ji gajiya da gajiya a kowane lokaci. |
| Matsalolin Jin Zafi | Wannan ita ce babbar alama kuma mafi tsanani ta wannan cuta. Lokacin da ƙwayoyin sickle suka taru suka toshe jijiyoyin jini masu laushi a cikin ƙirji, ciki, gaɓoɓi, da ƙashi, yana haifar da ciwo mai wahala. Idan wannan ciwon ya yi tsanani, kuna iya buƙatar a kwantar da ku a asibiti ku je ETU (Sashen Kula da Gaggawa) . |
| Kumburin hannu da ƙafafu | Idan jijiyoyin jini masu laushi waɗanda ke samar da jini ga hannuwa da ƙafafu suka toshe, waɗannan wurare suna fara kumbura. |
| Cututtuka masu yawan faruwa | Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na sickle wani lokacin suna lalata gaɓoɓi kamar su spleen. Sailon wata gaɓa ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu. Idan ya lalace, haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka yana ƙaruwa. |
| Rawaya daga idanu da fata | Yayin da adadin ƙwayoyin cutar sikila da suka lalace ke raguwa, fatar ido da fararen idanun na iya zama rawaya (kamar jaundice). |
| Matsalolin gani | Idan waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta suka toshe a cikin jijiyoyin jini da ke samar da jini ga ido, retina na ido na iya lalacewa kuma matsalolin gani na iya faruwa. |
| Jinkirin girma | Yara masu wannan matsalar na iya girma a hankali fiye da sauran yara, kuma balaga ma na iya jinkirta ta. |
Me yasa wannan cuta ke faruwa? Wanene ya fi fuskantar haɗari?
Babban abin da ke haifar da wannan cuta shi ne matsalar kwayoyin halitta. Yana faruwa ne sakamakon lahani a cikin kwayar halitta (ƙwayar halittar haemoglobin-beta) a cikin kwayar halittarmu ta chromosome 11, wacce ke da hannu a samar da haemoglobin.
Abu mafi mahimmanci shine kafin yaro ya kamu da wannan cuta, dole ne ya gaji wannan kwayar halitta mai lahani daga mahaifiyarsa da ubansa.
Idan iyaye biyu suna ɗauke da wannan kwayar halitta mai lahani, ma'ana ba su da cutar amma suna da kwayar halittar da ke haifar da cutar a jikinsu, ɗansu yana da damar haihuwa da cutar kashi 1 cikin 4 (25%).
Idan iyaye ɗaya ne kawai suka gaji kwayar halittar, yaron zai zama mai ɗauke da cutar. Galibi ba sa nuna alamun cutar, amma suna iya yada kwayar halittar ga 'ya'yansu.
A duk duniya, wannan cuta ta fi kamari a tsakanin mutanen Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Turai, da kuma 'yan asalin Indiyawan Asiya.
Yaya ake gane cutar? (Ganewar asali)
Akwai hanya mai sauƙi ta gano wannan. Gwajin jini mai sauƙi zai iya gano kasancewar wannan nau'in haemoglobin mai lahani. A ƙasashe da yawa, ana gwada kowane jariri da aka haifa don wannan.
Idan kai ko ɗanka an gano kana da wannan yanayin, likitanka zai iya ba da shawarar ƙarin gwaji (kamar yin gwajin musamman don duba haɗarin bugun jini). Kuma, saboda yanayin kwayar halitta ne, ana iya tura ka zuwa wurin mai ba da shawara kan kwayoyin halitta.
Idan kai ko abokin tarayyarka kuna da cutar sikila ko kuma mai ɗauke da cutar, za ku iya gwada ruwan amniotic na jaririnku a lokacin daukar ciki don ganin ko yana da cutar. Tambayi likitanku don ƙarin bayani.
Menene hanyoyin magancewa?
Akwai manyan manufofi guda uku na maganin cutar sikila:
- Hana rikicin ciwo
- Sarrafa alamun cutar da kuma samar da sauƙi
- Hana wasu rikitarwa
Akwai magunguna daban-daban don wannan.
Magunguna
- Hydroxyurea: Wannan maganin, wanda ake sha kowace rana, zai iya rage yawan hare-hare da kuma rage matsaloli kamar rashin jini da kamuwa da cuta. Mata masu juna biyu ya kamata su guji shan wannan maganin.
- Maganin rage radadi: Idan ciwon ya faru, magungunan rage radadi da likita ya rubuta na iya taimakawa wajen rage radadi.
- Sauran magunguna: Ana amfani da magunguna kamar "Crizanlizumab" (allura) da "L-glutamine" (foda) yanzu don rage ciwon kai, da kuma magunguna kamar "Voxelotor" don rage yawan jini.
Sauran jiyya
- Zubar da Jini: Ba da gudummawar jini mai lafiya zai iya hana rikitarwa kamar rashin jini da gurgunta jiki.
- Dashen Ƙwayar Halitta: Wannan dashen ƙashi ne. Wasu yara da matasa suna da damar warkewa gaba ɗaya daga cutar ta hanyar wannan. Duk da haka, dole ne a sami wanda ya dace da shi (yawanci dangi na kusa) don wannan.
Sabbin Hanyoyin Magani: Maganin Halitta
Tare da ci gaban kimiyyar likitanci, magunguna masu nasara da kuma alhaki ga wannan cuta sun bayyana yanzu. 'Casgevy' da 'Lyfgenia' sune sabbin hanyoyin magance kwayoyin halitta guda biyu. A takaice dai, waɗannan hanyoyin suna amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta da aka ɗauko daga ƙashin ƙashin majiyyaci, 'an gyara' su ta amfani da fasahar kwayoyin halitta kamar 'CRISPR', wato, an gyara lahani, an mayar da su ƙwayoyin halitta masu samar da ƙwayoyin jini ja masu lafiya, sannan a sake shigar da su cikin jiki. Wannan magani ne mai matuƙar ci gaba wanda zai iya warkar da cutar.
Menene alaƙar da ke tsakanin cutar sikila da malaria?
Wannan labari ne mai ban mamaki. Zazzabin cizon sauro cuta ce mai tsanani da sauro ke yadawa. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa kwayar halittar sickle cell ta samo asali ne don kare mutane daga zazzabin cizon sauro. Ta yaya hakan zai yiwu? Idan wanda ke ɗauke da cutar sickle cell (ba cutar ba, kwayar halittar kawai) ya kamu da zazzabin cizon sauro, ba ta da tsanani sosai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙwayoyin jinin ja masu siffar sickle suna hana ƙwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro girma yadda ya kamata a cikin jiki. Shi ya sa mutanen da ke ɗauke da wannan kwayar halittar suka tsira a yankunan da zazzabin cizon sauro ya zama ruwan dare, kamar Afirka.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Cutar sikila ba cuta ce mai yaɗuwa ba, illa cuta ce ta gado da aka gada daga iyaye.
- Babbar matsalar a nan ita ce siffar ƙwayoyin jinin jajayen jini suna canzawa kuma suna toshewa a cikin jijiyoyin jini.
- Babban alamun cutar su ne ciwo mai tsanani, gajiya akai-akai (rashin jini), da kuma kamuwa da cuta.
- Ta hanyar bin shawarwarin likita da suka dace, za ka iya sarrafa alamun cutar da kuma rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Yana da matukar muhimmanci ka ci gaba da tuntuɓar likitanka akai-akai.
- Godiya ga magungunan zamani kamar maganin kwayoyin halitta, yanzu akwai kyakkyawan fata ga wannan cuta.
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