ʻO nā mea āpau e pili ana i nā virus - nā ʻenemi liʻiliʻi a mākou e ʻike ʻole ai - maʻalahi!

Ua lohe kākou a pau i nā huakino, ʻeā? ʻOiai i kēia mau lā me ka `(COVID-19)`, ua lilo ka huaʻōlelo huakino i ʻāpana o ko kākou ola. Akā he aha maoli ka huakino? Pehea lākou e hoʻomaʻi ai iā kākou? Mai hopohopo, i kēia lā e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kēia mau mea a pau me ka maʻalahi a me ka maopopo, me he mea lā e kamaʻilio ana mākou me kahi hoaaloha.

He aha ka huakino? (He aha ka huakino?)

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he hua liʻiliʻi loa ka maʻi. He liʻiliʻi loa lākou a ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike iā lākou me ko mākou mau maka, ua like lākou me nā mea hoʻouka kaua liʻiliʻi. Hiki i kēia mau maʻi ke hoʻopili ʻaʻole wale i nā kānaka, nā holoholona, ​​​​nā mea kanu, akā i nā bacteria a me nā fungi. Akā aia kekahi mea kūikawā, ʻaʻole pili nā maʻi āpau i nā kānaka āpau. Hoʻopili wale lākou ma ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi "home" kūpono no lākou iho. Kāhea mākou i kēia ʻano kikowaena kikoʻī .

Ke komo kahi maʻi i loko o ke kino, i kekahi manawa hiki ke ʻeha loa. Akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke koʻikoʻi loa. Eia kekahi mau ʻano maʻi e hiki ai i nā maʻi ke hana:

• Nā maʻi e pilikia ai ka hanu ʻana (e like me ke anu, ka maʻi palū)
• ʻŌpū ʻeha, luaʻi, diarrhea
• Nā maʻi i laha ma ke ʻano moekolohe (STIs)
• Nā maʻi ʻili (e.g., chickenpox, warts)

E noʻonoʻo i kēia ʻano: ua like ka virus me kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike genetic i kāʻei ʻia i loko o kahi "pūʻolo" liʻiliʻi. Ua kapa ʻia kēia pūʻolo, a i ʻole ka pūpū pale, he capsid . ʻAʻole hana ʻia nā virus me nā cell. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā virus hou aʻe ma o lākou iho. ʻO kā lākou hana, ʻo ia ke lawe i kā lākou mau kuhikuhi, komo i loko o kahi cell host e like me kā mākou, a hoʻohana i nā mea hana i loko o kēlā cell e hana i nā kope o lākou iho.

Ua like ia me kekahi e komo malū ana i loko o kou lumi kuke, e lawe mai ana i kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī, a e hoʻohana ana i kāu mau ipu hao, pā, a me ke kapuahi e kuke ai i kāu meaʻai. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, hoʻopau lākou i ka hana ʻana i kahi haunaele o ka lumi kuke ke pau lākou!

I kekahi manawa ua kapa ʻia nā virus he "virions".

He aha nā ʻano maʻamau o nā virus?

Loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā virus kekahi mau ʻano maʻamau. E nānā:

• Ua hana ʻia lākou me nā mea genetic (RNA a i ʻole DNA) a me kahi ʻaʻahu protein pale (capsid) a puni ia.
• Loaʻa i kekahi mau virus kahi uhi waho ma luna o kēia capsid. Ua kapa ʻia kēia he envelope . ʻO nā virus i nele i kēlā uhi ua kapa ʻia ʻo "nā virus ʻōlohelohe."
• Ua like nā virus me nā parasites . Pono maoli lākou i kahi cell host e hoʻohua hou. Hiki iā lākou ke ola ma waho o kahi host no kekahi manawa, akā a hiki i ka wā e haki ai ke capsid.
• He 100 a 1000 manawa ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻāpana o ko kākou kino. He mea paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo, ʻeā?

He aha nā ʻano o nā Virus?

Hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​kauka a me nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā virus ma o ko lākou ʻano (ka nui, ke ʻano) a me ke ʻano o nā mea genetic i loko. Ua māhele ʻia lākou i nā ʻohana, e like me nā ʻohana. Eia kekahi o nā ʻano virus āu i lohe ai:

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano virus a mākou e lohe pinepine ai

• Nā maʻi palū: ʻO kēia nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ke anu maʻamau (flu). ʻO kēia mau maʻi palū kekahi kuleana no nā mea e like me ka maʻi manu a me ka maʻi puaʻa (H1N1).
• Nā maʻi herpes kanaka: He ʻohana nui kēia o nā maʻi. ʻO lākou ke kumu o nā maʻi he nui, me ka herpes waha a me ka herpes genital, ka chickenpox, ka herpes zoster (shingles), ka maʻi Epstein-Barr, a me ka cytomegalovirus (CMV).
• Coronavirus: Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau i kēia inoa i kēia manawa, ʻeā? ʻO ka maʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ka COVID-19 ka lālā kaulana loa o kēia ʻohana. Akā, ʻo kekahi mau maʻi i loko o kēia ʻohana hoʻokahi e hoʻoulu pū i nā maʻi liʻiliʻi e like me ke anu maʻamau.
• ʻO nā maʻi papilloma kanaka (HPV): ʻO kēia nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā warts. Hiki i kekahi ʻano HPV ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi kanesa.
• Nā Enterovirus: Hoʻoulu kēia mau virus i nā maʻi i loko o ko kākou ʻōpū. ʻO lākou ke kumu o nā mea e like me ka polio a me ka maʻi lima, wāwae, a me ka waha.
• ʻO Flaviviruses: Hoʻolaha nui ʻia kēia hui o nā virus e nā makika. Hoʻoulu lākou i nā maʻi e like me ke kuni Dengue, Zika, a me West Nile.
• Nā Orthopoxviruses: Hoʻoulu kēia mau virus i nā ʻulaʻula ʻili. ʻO Mpox a me ka maʻi ʻōpū nā laʻana o kēia ʻano virus.
• Nā maʻi Hepatitis: ʻOiai ʻaʻole no ka ʻohana hoʻokahi kēia mau maʻi, hoʻopilikia lākou a pau i ko kākou ake. ʻO ka Hepatitis A, B, a me C nā mea maʻamau.

Nā ʻano kūikawā o nā virus

Aia kekahi mau ʻano kūikawā ʻē aʻe o nā virus:

• ʻO nā Retroviruses: He mau virus RNA kēia. Hoʻohana lākou i nā protein kūikawā e hoʻololi i kā lākou RNA i DNA. A laila hoʻokomo lākou i kēlā DNA i loko o ka DNA o kā mākou mau cell. A laila hoʻomaka kā mākou mau cell e heluhelu i ka DNA o ka virus me he mea lā ʻo kā lākou mau kuhikuhi ponoʻī. ʻO HIV (ka virus e hoʻoulu ai i ka AIDS) a me HTLV-1 nā laʻana o ia mau retroviruses.
• ʻO nā Oncoviruses: ʻO kēia nā virus e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi kanesa. Ua pili nā virus e like me HPV, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, hepatitis B a me C, HTLV-1, a me human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) i kekahi mau ʻano maʻi kanesa.
• Nā virus ukali: ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau virus ke hana hou iā lākou iho. Pono lākou i kahi virus "kōkua". Loaʻa pinepine kēia mau mea i nā mea kanu.
• Nā Bacteriophages:Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau mea he "phages" no ka pōkole. Hoʻopilikia kūikawā kēia mau virus i ka bacteria. Ke noiʻi nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka lāʻau bacteriophage ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi bacteria i kūʻē i nā antibiotics.

Pehea e komo ai nā virus i loko o ko kākou kino?

ʻO ka maʻamau, komo nā virus i loko o ko kākou kino ma o ko kākou mau membrane mucous. ʻO ia hoʻi nā wahi e like me nā maka, ka ihu, ka waha, nā ʻōpū, ka vagina, a me ka anus. Hiki i kekahi mau virus ke komo i loko o ke kino ma o ka haki ʻana o ka ʻili, a i ʻole mai kahi makika a i ʻole ka ʻuku.

Pehea e hana ai nā virus?

Hoʻopilikia kahi maʻi i kahi cell a hahai i kekahi mau ʻanuʻu e hana i nā kope nona iho.

1. Hoʻopili: Hoʻopili mua ka maʻi i kahi pūnaewele kikowaena.

2. Komo ʻana: A laila ua hoʻokomo ʻia ke kelepona.

3. Hoʻopili hou ʻana: Hana ke kelepona i nā kope o kāna mea hoʻoilina a me nā protein i loko.

4. Hoʻākoakoa: Hoʻohui pū nā ʻāpana i hana hou ʻia e hana i kahi maʻi piha.

5. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia: Haʻalele ka maʻi hou i ke keena a hoʻomau i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā keena ʻē aʻe.

Ke komo ʻana i kahi pūnaewele

Hoʻohana nā virus i ʻekolu mau ʻano e komo ai i loko o nā pūnaewele:

• Ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka mea hoʻokipa: Loaʻa i kā mākou mau pūnaewele nā ​​mea hoʻokipa ma waho e hana ana e like me "nā ʻīpuka." Hoʻopunipuni kekahi mau virus i kēia mau pūnaewele e manaʻo he ʻae ko lākou e komo, a komo ma o kēia mau ʻīpuka.
• Hoʻohui pololei: Hoʻopili pololei kekahi mau virus a komo i loko o ke keena kikowaena.
• ʻO nā bacteriophages he mau virus e hoʻokomo wale i kā lākou mea genetic i loko o ke kelepona bacteria. ʻAʻole pono ke komo ʻana o ka virus holoʻokoʻa.

He aha ka mea e hana ma hope o ke komo ʻana? (Ke hana kope ʻana)

Ke komo kahi maʻi a i ʻole kāna mea hoʻoilina i loko o ke keena, hoʻohana ia i ʻelua mau ʻano hana e hana i nā kope o ia iho. I kekahi manawa hoʻohana kekahi mau maʻi i nā ʻano ʻelua.

• Pōʻaiapuni Lytic: Ma kēia pōʻaiapuni, hoʻohana ka maʻi i nā kumuwaiwai o ke kelepona kikowaena (e like me nā lako kīhini) e hana i nā kope he nui o ia iho. Hōʻuluʻulu nā ʻāpana viral, a hele nā ​​mea genetic i loko o ka capsid. Ke hana ʻia nā kope he nui o ka maʻi ma kēia ʻano i loko o ke kelepona, pahū ka cell i ka hopena. A laila puka mai nā virus hou a hoʻopili i nā cell hou aku.
• Pōʻaiapuni Lysogenic: Loaʻa i kekahi mau virus kahi manawa "mālie" a "hūnā" paha. Komo lākou i loko o nā cell a noho ma laila no kekahi manawa, me ka hana ʻole. Ua like ia me ke komo malū ʻana i loko o kāu lumi kuke a kākau i kā lākou meaʻai i loko o kāu puke meaʻai ma kahi o ka kuke ʻana. ʻAʻole ʻike ka cell aia kahi virus i loko, no laila māhelehele ka cell a hoʻonui maʻamau. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia cell hou e hana ʻia kahi kope o kēlā virus. A laila, hoʻoluhi, ma muli o kekahi mau kemika a i ʻole nā ​​​​loli o ka mahana, lilo ka maʻi huna i mea hana, pahū i loko o nā pūnaewele, a laha nā ʻāpana viral ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa.

Nā ʻano like ʻole o nā virus

Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā virus e nā ʻano like ʻole:

• Pehea ko lākou ʻano (ke ʻano a me ka nui).
• ʻO kā lākou mau waiwai genome.
• Inā paha he mau protein hoʻonohonoho a me kahi envelope.

Nā ʻano o nā virus

Hiki i nā virus ke ʻano like ʻole kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​​​​​ʻepekema iā lākou ma muli o ko lākou ʻano:

• ʻIcosahedral a polyhedral paha: He ʻano geometric kēia me nā ʻaoʻao he nui, e like me ka pôpeku. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā virus e hoʻopilikia i nā kānaka he ʻano kēia.
• Helical: Ua like ke ʻano o kēia maʻi me kahi cylinder. Ua ʻōwili ʻia kona ʻike genetic i loko e like me ka pūnāwai.
• Pōʻai: ʻO nā virus poepoe he mau virus i loaʻa kahi envelope a puni ka virus, ʻōwili a i ʻole nā ​​​​papa he nui. Ua like lākou me ka pōpō.
• Paʻakikī: ʻOi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi ʻano o nā virus paʻakikī i hui pū ʻia. Loaʻa i nā virus e hoʻopilikia i ka bacteria kahi "poʻo" multi-layered a me kahi "kino" wili.

Ka nui o ka maʻi

He liʻiliʻi loa nā virus a pau - liʻiliʻi loa ia e ʻike me ka ʻole o kahi microscope ikaika. Ke ana ʻia, ʻo ka hapa nui ma waena o 20 nanometers (nm) a me 400nm. E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ia mea, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 2000 mau manawa ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi hua one ! He 100 a 1000 mau manawa ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā cell i loko o ko mākou kino.

Akā hiki ke ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou nui. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maʻi measles ma mua o ka maʻi Zika ma kahi o ʻelima manawa.

ʻIke hoʻoilina o nā maʻi virus

ʻO ka ʻike i mālama ʻia i loko o kahi virus - ʻo kāna mea hoʻoilina - ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo `(DNA)` a i ʻole `(RNA)`. Ua like ʻo `(DNA)` me ka puke kuhikuhi e haʻi ana i ka virus pehea e hana ai. Ua like ʻo `(RNA)` me nā kuhikuhi a ka mīkini kelepona e heluhelu ai a unuhi ai i loko o kahi ʻōlelo e hiki ai ke hana i nā protein. Hiki i kahi virus ke `(DNA)` a i ʻole `(RNA)` e like me kēia:

• Laina a pōʻai paha .
• Manaʻo maikaʻi a manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole paha: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka RNA manaʻo maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi e hana pololei i nā ʻāpana viral me ka ʻole o nā ʻanuʻu hou aʻe. Pono nā virus RNA manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i nā enzymes kūikawā e hana i ka RNA manaʻo maikaʻi ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā kope viral.
• Kaulahao hoʻokahi a kaula pālua paha: Hiki i nā virus DNA ke loaʻa kā lākou mea genetic ma ke ʻano he kaula hoʻokahi (ssDNA) a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he ʻelua kaula i hoʻopili ʻia (dsDNA). (He kaula pālua ka DNA kanaka). ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻokahi kaula nā virus RNA, akā aia kekahi mau virus RNA kaula pālua.

He ola a he ola ʻole paha nā virus?

He nīnau hoihoi iki kēia. ʻAʻole manaʻo pinepine nā kānaka ʻepekema he mau mea ola nā virus.ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana i kekahi o nā mea a nā mea ola e hana ai, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka meaʻai i ikehu (metabolism). ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke ola a hoʻohua paha me ka ʻole o kahi cell host.

Akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hana hou i loko o kahi cell host kūpono, a hiki iā lākou ke loli (evolve) i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa e ola ai. ʻAʻole wale kēlā, akā hiki iā lākou ke hōʻino a luku i nā cell host i ke kaʻina hana. Ma muli o kēia, nui ka poʻe e manaʻo nei i nā virus e like me kahi mea e noho nei ma kahi hina, ma ka palena ma waena o ka mea ola a me ka mea ola ʻole.

He aha nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā virus?

E like me kā mākou i kūkākūkā ai ma mua, hiki i nā virus ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o nā maʻi viral maʻamau:

• Anu maʻamau
• Flu (Fluenza)
• Covid-19 `(COVID-19)`
• ʻO ka maʻi syncytial hanu `(RSV)`
• Maʻi puʻupuʻu
• Ka maʻi ahulau
• HIV/AIDS
• ʻO ka papillomavirus kanaka/nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōpū (HPV/nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōpū)
• ʻO ka herpes genital (HSV)
• Polio
• ʻO ka maʻi ʻalā
• ʻO Mpox `(Mpox)`
• ʻO Zika
• Hepatitis

Nā mea e pono ai mākou e hoʻomanaʻo (Leka Lawe-Home)

I kēia manawa, pono ʻoe e loaʻa kahi manaʻo maikaʻi o ke ʻano o nā virus. E hoʻomanaʻo, he mau mea liʻiliʻi nā virus i nā ʻano a me nā nui like ʻole. Pono lākou i kahi kikowaena e hoʻopili iā mākou. Akā, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​virus a pau e hoʻomaʻi iā mākou. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo nā kānaka ʻepekema he mau triliona o nā virus e noho ana i loko o ko mākou kino, me ka hana ʻole ʻana i ka pōʻino!

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā maʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi iā kākou ua like ia me nā malihini makemake ʻole e hele mai ana i ko kākou mau home. No laila, hiki iā kākou ke pale iā kākou iho mai kēia mau maʻi viral ma ka noho maʻemaʻe, ka holoi pinepine ʻana i ko kākou mau lima, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lāʻau pale no kekahi mau maʻi. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi maʻi, mai poina e ʻimi i ke kōkua lapaʻau. E noho olakino!

Nā virus, nā maʻi viral, nā ʻano virus, nā maʻi, ke olakino, ka palekana, nā maʻi