He aha ka make ʻana o ke kelepona? (Make Kelepona) - E aʻo kākou i kēia moʻolelo kupaianaha o ko kākou kino?

Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe pehea e hoʻohou hou ai ko kākou kino iā ia iho i kēlā me kēia lā? I kekahi manawa e hāʻule ana ko kākou ʻili, a i ka wā e loaʻa ai iā kākou kahi ʻeha, ho'ōla ia a ulu mai ka ʻili hou. Ma hope o kēia mau mea a pau he hana kupaianaha a koʻikoʻi hoʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo "Cell Death". ʻOiai paha he mea weliweli iki ka inoa, he mea nui loa ia e pono ai ko kākou kino e noho olakino. E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i ia mea ma nā ʻōlelo maʻalahi i kēia lā.

E nānā mua kākou, he aha kēia mau pūnaewele?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ua like nā pūnaewele me nā poloka hale liʻiliʻi e hana ana i ko mākou kino. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia ma mua o 30 trillion mau pūnaewele i loko o ko mākou kino. E like me ka pono o nā piliki e kūkulu i hale, ua hana ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ko mākou kino, me ko mākou ʻili, nā ʻiʻo, ke akepaʻa, ka puʻuwai, a me ka lolo, me kēia mau pūnaewele. ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana nui o kēlā me kēia pūnaewele.

• ʻIli kelepona: ʻO kēia ka uhi lahilahi e hoʻopuni ana i ke kelepona. Hana ia e like me ke kiaʻi puka, e kaohi ana i nā mea e komo a puka i waho o ke kelepona.
• Cytoplasm: ʻO kēia ka wai i loko o ke kelepona. Maanei e hana ʻia ai nā hopena kemika he nui o ke kelepona, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā protein a me ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu.
• Nucleus: ʻO kēia ke kikowaena hoʻomalu o ke kelepona, e like me ka lolo. Mālama ʻia kā mākou ʻike genetic āpau, a i ʻole DNA, i loko o kēia nucleus. Hoʻohana pū ka nucleus i ka ʻike i loko o kēia DNA e hana i ka RNA, kahi e lawe ai i nā leka e pono ai no ka hana ʻana o ke kelepona.

No ke aha e make ai nā pūnaewele i loko o ko kākou kino?

Aia kekahi mau kumu e make ai nā pūnaewele. He maikaʻi kekahi o kēia mau mea, ʻaʻole maikaʻi kekahi.

• Ka ʻelemakule ʻana: E like me ko kākou ʻelemakule ʻana, he ola ko nā pūnaewele. Ma hope o ka māhele ʻana o kahi pūnaewele olakino ma kahi o 50-60 mau manawa a hana i nā pūnaewele hou, ʻaʻole hiki i kēlā pūnaewele ke māhele hou. Ma hope o kēlā, make maoli ke kelepona.
• Poino: Ua hōʻino ʻia kekahi mau pūnaewele ma kahi hiki ʻole ke hoʻoponopono hou ʻia. Ke hana ʻia kēia, make maoli kēlā mau pūnaewele a pani ʻia e nā pūnaewele hou a olakino.
• Hoʻohana ʻole ʻia: I kekahi manawa, i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana, lilo kekahi mau ʻāpana i mea pono ʻole. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā manamana lima o kahi pēpē i ka wā mua, akā e hoʻokaʻawale wale ʻia ke make nā ʻāpana ma waena o lākou.
• Nā maʻi a me nā kumu o waho: ʻO nā germs, nā mea ʻawahia, nā ʻeha, a me kekahi mau kūlana olakino hiki ke hana i nā cell e hōʻino a make.

He aha nā ala nui e make ai nā pūnaewele?

E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i ʻekolu mau ala nui e make ai nā cell. He ʻokoʻa loa kēia mau mea ʻekolu kekahi i kekahi. ʻO kēia ka apoptosis, autophagy, a me ka necrosis.

1. Apoptosis - ka make ʻana o nā cell i hoʻolālā ʻia

Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo "programmed cell death." ʻO ka mea e hana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, ke hiki aku kahi cell i ka hopena o kona ola, a i ʻole ia i ka wā e hōʻino ʻia ai, luku ia iā ia iho ma ke ʻano maʻamau, me ka ʻole o ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā cell a puni.

ʻO ka laʻana maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā manamana lima o ka pēpē i loko o ka ʻōpū aʻu i ʻōlelo ai ma mua. I ka wā mua, aia kahi ʻili e like me ka ʻili ma waena o nā manamana lima. Ke make nā ʻāpana pono ʻole ma waena ma ke ʻano hoʻolālā ma muli o ke kaʻina hana o ka "Apoptosis", e kaʻawale maikaʻi nā manamana lima. Inā ʻaʻole hana pono kēia kaʻina hana, hiki i kekahi mau pēpē ke paʻa nā manamana lima i ka wā hānau (Syndactyly).

He aha ka mea e hana ai inā hewa kēia kaʻina hana?

• Inā ʻaʻole hana pono ka apoptosis:E noʻonoʻo i ka mea e hiki mai ana inā e hoʻomau nā ʻāpana kahiko a hōʻino ʻia i ke ola me ka make ʻole. E hoʻomaka ana kēlā mau ʻāpana e māhelehele me ke kāohi ʻole ʻia. ʻO kēia ke kumu nui e kū mai ai ke kanesa. He mau ʻāpana "make ʻole" nā ʻāpana kanesa ʻaʻole e make i ka wā e pono ai.
• Inā nui loa ka apoptosis: I kekahi manawa, make nā pūnaewele e pono ai ke kino i kēia kaʻina hana i ka wā ʻaʻole pono. No ka laʻana, i nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana nerve e like me ka maʻi Parkinson a i ʻole ka maʻi Alzheimer, make nui nā pūnaewele nerve koʻikoʻi (neurons) i loko o ka lolo. Hoʻopilikia kēia i ka hiki ke noʻonoʻo a neʻe.

2. Autophagy - ʻAi nā pūnaewele iā lākou iho

ʻO ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo ʻo 'Autophagy' ʻo ia hoʻi ka "ʻai ponoʻī." He hana hoʻolālā nō hoʻi kēia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole make ke kelepona holoʻokoʻa ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ka mea e hana ʻia ana, ʻo ia ka "ʻeli ʻana" o ke kelepona ponoʻī i nā ʻāpana kahiko, hōʻino ʻia, a pono ʻole i loko o ke kelepona a hoʻohana hou i nā mea i loaʻa e kūkulu i nā ʻāpana hou a olakino.

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ua like ia me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i kahi hale. Hoʻolei ʻoe i nā mea i haki, lawe i nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, a kūkulu i nā mea hou.

He aha nā mea maikaʻi a me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i kēia?

• ʻO ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi: Kōkua kēia kaʻina hana hou i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale e luku i nā germs e like me nā virus a me nā bacteria e komo i ke kino. Hiki iā ia ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā cell olakino mai ka lilo ʻana i mau cell cancer a pale aku i nā maʻi e like me ka maʻi puʻuwai.
• ʻO ka hemahema: Inā loaʻa i kekahi ke kanesa, hiki i kēia kaʻina hana o ka "Autophagy" ke loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole, no ka mea, hiki i nā hunaola kanesa ke hoʻohana i ka meaʻai keu mai kēia hana hou ʻana e ulu wikiwiki aʻe.

Hoʻāʻo kekahi poʻe e kāohi i kā lākou ʻai a hoʻokē ʻai paha i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻoulu hou i kā lākou mau cell. ʻOiai ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia e hoʻoulu kēia i ke kaʻina hana o ka "Autophagy", ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia e ka ʻepekema he pono. Hiki i nā kapu ʻai koʻikoʻi ke hōʻino i kou olakino, no laila pono ʻoe e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ia mea.

3. Necrosis - Nā pūnaewele e make koke ana

ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka make ʻana o nā cell me ka ʻole o kahi hoʻolālā, ma muli o kahi ulia. E like me ka `(Apoptosis)` e like me ka hoʻomaha maluhia, ʻo `(Necrosis)` e like me ka make ulia pōpilikia.

Ma muli o kahi ʻeha, mea ʻawahia, maʻi, a i ʻole ka nalowale ʻana o ke kahe koko i kahi wahi, ua hōʻino ʻia nā pūnaewele a 'pahū'. A laila e kahe ana nā mea o loko o ke kelepona a hōʻino i nā pūnaewele olakino e pili ana. Hoʻoulu kēia i ka mumū ma ia wahi a hoʻomaka nā pūnaewele hou aʻe e make. Ua kapa ʻia kēia he make ʻiʻo.

ʻO nā kumu nui o ka necrosis:

• Nā ʻeha a me nā ulia pōpilikia
• Nā maʻi e like me ka bacteria a me nā virus
• Nā mea ʻawahia a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau
• ʻO ka nalowale ʻana o ke koko a me ka oxygen i kahi ʻāpana o ke kino. No ka laʻana, i ka gangrene, make nā ʻiʻo ʻili. I ka avascular necrosis, make nā ʻiʻo iwi.