Ua noi ʻia anei ʻoe e lawe mai i kahi hōʻike koko i kou hele ʻana i ke kauka no kahi maʻi? Ua huikau paha ʻoe i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē ma luna? Loaʻa pinepine iā mākou nā ʻike e like me kēia. I kēia lā, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kahi ʻano hoʻāʻo a mākou e ʻike ai i loko o ia mau hōʻike, kahi mea paʻakikī iki paha, akā he mea nui loa ia. ʻO ia ka hoʻāʻo ELISA.
He aha wale nō ka ELISA?
ʻAe, e nānā mua kākou i ke ʻano o kēia mau huaʻōlelo ʻehā ʻo ELISA. ʻO ELISA kahi pōkole no Enzyme- Linked I mmuno sorbent Assay . He mea weliweli iki ke lohe ʻoe, ʻeā? Akā, mai makaʻu iā ia. I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻaʻole he maʻi ʻo ELISA. He ʻano hoʻāʻo kūikawā ia i hana ʻia ma kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua. Ua like ia me kahi meaʻai no ka kuke ʻana.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ʻike ai i nā mea liʻiliʻi loa i loko o ko kākou mau wai kino, e like me ke koko, ka mimi, a me ka lawai. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ʻike i nā mea e like me nā antibodies a ko kākou kino e hana ai e kūʻē i kahi germ kikoʻī (kapa mākou i kēia mau antibodies), nā ʻāpana o ka germ ponoʻī (kapa mākou i kēia mau antigens), nā hormones, a me nā protein.
Ua holomua loa kēia ʻano hana a ua kapa ʻia e nā kauka ʻo ia ka "Gold Standard" o nā immunoassays. ʻO ia hoʻi, he ʻano hana pololei loa ia a hilinaʻi hoʻi.
E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻāʻo hāpai ma ka home i hoʻohana ʻia e nānā inā hāpai ʻoe. Hana pū kēlā ma ke kumumanaʻo o ELISA. Ke nānā nei ia i ke alo o ka "hormone hāpai" i kapa ʻia ʻo HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) i loko o ka mimi.
No ka hoʻomaopopo pono ʻana i kēia, e aʻo mua kākou e pili ana i nā 'Antigens' a me nā 'Antibodies'.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano ELISA, pono mākou e ʻike e pili ana i ʻelua mau ʻano koʻikoʻi loa i loko o ko mākou kino: nā Antigens a me nā Antibodies.
He aha ka Antigen?
E noʻonoʻo i kahi ʻaihue, he ʻenemi, a he malihini paha e komo mai ana i loko o ko kākou kino. ʻO kēia malihini ka mea a kākou e kapa wale nei he antigen . ʻO kēia mau mea he mea ʻino ia i ko kākou kino. Hiki i kēia mau ʻenemi i kapa ʻia he antigens ke hele mai i nā ʻano he nui.
- Nā maʻi (e.g. dengue, HIV, coronavirus)
- Nā bacteria (e.g., nā bacteria e hoʻoulu ai i ka typhoid, tuberculosis)
- Nā Parasites
- Nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi allergies (e like me ka lepo, ka pollen, kekahi mau meaʻai)
- Nā protein ma luna o ka ʻili o nā hunaola kanesa
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻenemi kāna "kāleka ʻike" ponoʻī. ʻO kēlā kāleka ʻike ka mea a mākou e kapa nei he antigen.
He aha ka Antibody?
I kēia manawa, ke komo kahi antigen i loko o ko mākou kino, ʻaʻole e noho wale ko mākou kino ma laila. Loaʻa iā mākou kahi pūʻali koa kūpono loa i loko o ko mākou kino. Kāhea mākou ia mea he antigenʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale. Kāhea mākou i nā koa kūikawā i loko o kēia pūʻali koa he mau antibodies .
ʻO ke ʻano kūikawā o kēia mau antibodies, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ko mākou kino i kahi koa kūikawā (Antibody) e hoʻouka i kahi ʻano ʻaihue kikoʻī (Antigen). E like me hoʻokahi kī wale nō e kūpono i hoʻokahi laka.
Inā komo ka maʻi dengue i loko o ke kino, hana ke kino i nā antibodies e hoʻouka wale i ka maʻi dengue. Inā komo ka maʻi HIV, hana ia i kahi ʻano antibody ʻokoʻa e hoʻouka wale iā ia. Hele kēia mau antibodies a hoʻopili i kēlā ʻenemi (antigen) a hoʻoili iā ia i nā pūnaewele pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe e luku iā ia.
No laila, ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ELISA kahi ʻano hana e hoʻohana ai i ka pilina ma waena o kēia mau "koa" (Antibodies) a me "emies" (Antigens) i loko o ka lab e ʻike ai inā he maʻi ko mākou i loko o ko mākou kino.
No laila he aha ka mea e nānā ai ka hoʻāʻo ELISA?
Hiki iā ELISA ke ʻike i nā mea he nui. Ua like ia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmeʻa like e hana i nā mea like ʻole. Na kāu kauka e hoʻoholo i ka mea e nānā ai i kahi hoʻāʻo ELISA ma muli o kāu mau hōʻailona.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa kahi manaʻo maikaʻi e pili ana i kēia mai ka papa ma lalo nei.
| He aha ka mea e hoʻāʻo ʻia ai? | Nā Laʻana a me ka Wehewehe |
|---|---|
| Nā maʻi | Ke nānā nei ia i nā antibodies a ko mākou kino i hana ai e kūʻē i nā maʻi viral, bacteria a fungal paha, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana o ka germ ponoʻī (antigens). Nā laʻana: HIV, dengue, hepatitis A, B, C (Hepatitis), maʻi Lyme, syphilis . |
| Nā maʻi Autoimmune | I kekahi manawa, hele hewa ko kākou ʻōnaehana pale kino a hoʻomaka e hoʻouka i kā kākou mau hunaola olakino ponoʻī. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau mea he autoantibodies. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ia ka maʻi diabetes type 1 . |
| Nā Pae Hormone | Hoʻohana ʻia ia e ana i ka nui o nā hormones like ʻole i loko o ke kino. Nā laʻana: HCG (hāpai keiki), FSH (momona), Testosterone . |
| Nā Māka Puʻupuʻu | Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano maʻi kanesa e nā protein kikoʻī e hōʻiliʻili ana i loko o ke koko. Laʻana: hoʻāʻo PSA (Prostate-specific antigen) no ka maʻi kanesa prostate. |
| Nā maʻi ʻaleka | Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo inā he maʻi āpau ko mākou kino i nā mea e like me ka lepo a i ʻole nā meaʻai ma ke ana ʻana i nā pae o nā antibodies e pili ana iā lākou. |
| Nānā Lāʻau Lapaʻau | Hoʻohana mua ʻia ia e ʻike i ke alo o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me nā amphetamines a i ʻole cocaine i loko o ke kino. |
Pehea e hana ai i ka hoʻāʻo ELISA ma ka hale hana?
He ʻano loea iki ke ʻano o kēia hana. Akā e wehewehe wau iā ʻoe me kahi laʻana maʻalahi loa. E noʻonoʻo e kānalua ana kāu kauka he dengue kou a lawe i kahi hāpana koko mai ou aku e hana i kahi hoʻāʻo ELISA. Eia ka mea e hana ʻia ana ma ka lab.
1. Ke hoʻomākaukau nei i ka ʻenemi: ʻO ka mea mua, lawe ka loea ma ka lab i kahi pā palakiko kūikawā a hoʻopili i nā antigens o ka maʻi dengue ma luna. I kēia manawa ua mākaukau ko mākou "ʻenemi".
2. Ke hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kou koko: A laila, hoʻohui ʻia kāu hāpana koko i kēia pā. Inā he mau antibodies kou e kūʻē i ka dengue, e pipili lākou i nā ʻāpana maʻi dengue ma ka pā. E like me ka magnet. Inā ʻaʻohe antibodies dengue, ʻaʻohe mea e pipili.
3. Holoi ʻana: Ma hope o kēlā, holoi pono ʻia kēia pā. ʻO ka mea e hana ʻia, holoi ʻia nā mea pono ʻole a pau i pili ʻole i ka maʻi. ʻO nā antibodies i hoʻopili ʻia wale nō ke koe.
4. Ke hoʻohui nei i ka antibody "recognizer": I kēia manawa ke hele mai nei ka ʻāpana koʻikoʻi. Ua hoʻohui ʻia kekahi ʻano antibody, i hana kūikawā ʻia ma ka lab, i kēia. Loaʻa i kēia antibody kahi enzyme i hoʻopili ʻia iā ia. ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana "Enzyme-Linked" ma ka inoa. E pipili wale kēia antibody ʻelua i kāu mau antibodies i hoʻopili mua ʻia i ka pā.
5.Ka hopena kala: ʻO ka hope loa, hoʻohui ʻia kahi kemika i kēia e hana pū me ka enzyme a hana i kahi kala . I kēia manawa, inā he mau antibodies dengue kou i loko o kou kino, a ua hana ʻia kēia kaʻina holoʻokoʻa, e loli ke kala o kēlā mea. Inā loli ke kala, he maikaʻi ka hopena. Inā ʻaʻohe kala i hana ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻohe ou antibodies dengue i loko o kou kino. A laila he maikaʻi ʻole ka hopena.
Ma muli o ka ikaika o kēia kala, hiki iā ʻoe ke ana i ka nui o nā antibodies i loko o ke kino.
Pehea e wehewehe ai i nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ELISA?
ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki i kahi hoʻokolohua ELISA ke hāʻawi i ʻekolu mau ʻano hopena.
- Hopena maikaʻi: ʻO ia hoʻi, aia ka mea a ka hoʻokolohua e ʻimi nei (e.g. he antibody a antigen paha) i loko o kāu hāpana.
- Hopena maikaʻi ʻole: ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i loko o kāu laʻana ka mea a ka hoʻāʻo e ʻimi nei.
- Hopena kūpono ʻole: ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hewa kekahi mea i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. He hewa paha ia i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā laʻana a i ʻole kekahi mea i hana ʻia ma ka lab. Inā hana ʻia kēia, pono e hana hou ʻia ka hoʻāʻo.
ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo kāu kauka wale nō ke wehewehe pono iā ʻoe i ke ʻano o kēia mau hopena a me ka mea e hana ai ma hope. No laila, mai ho'āʻo e nānā iā ʻoe iho ma ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike ma ka Pūnaewele.
Pono anei au e hopohopo inā he ʻano ʻē ka hopena?
ʻAʻole loa. ʻOiai he ʻano ʻē kāu hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi he maikaʻi ia, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo he maʻi maoli nō kou. ʻO kēia no ka mea he nāwaliwali iki ko nā hoʻokolohua ELISA. ʻO ia ka hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena wahaheʻe i kekahi manawa.
ʻElua ʻano kēia:
- Nā Hopena Wahaheʻe-Positive: ʻO kēia ka manawa e hōʻike ai ka hoʻāʻo ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻoe i loaʻa maoli. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia hopena wahaheʻe e kekahi maʻi ʻē aʻe a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻē aʻe.
- Nā Hopena Wahaheʻe-ʻAʻole: ʻO kēia ka manawa e hoʻi mai ai ka hoʻāʻo "ʻaʻole maʻi" ʻoiai ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hana ʻia kēia inā hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo i nā lā mua o kahi maʻi i ka wā ʻaʻole i hana ke kino i nā antibodies lawa.
No kēia kumu, hoʻohana pinepine nā kauka iā ELISA ma ke ʻano he hoʻāʻo nānā . ʻO ia hoʻi, e hoʻokaʻawale i ka poʻe i loaʻa paha ka maʻi mai ka poʻe ʻaʻole. Inā maikaʻi ka hopena, e kauoha ke kauka i kahi hoʻāʻo kikoʻī ʻē aʻe (e like me ka Western Blot) e hōʻoia iā ia.
No laila, mai hopohopo inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hopena maʻamau ʻole. He ʻāpana wale nō ia o kahi puzzle nui aʻe. E noʻonoʻo kāu kauka i kāu mau hōʻailona, mōʻaukala olakino, a me nā hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻoholo hope ʻana. No laila, inā he mau nīnau kāu, mai kānalua e nīnau iā ia.
Leka Lawe-Home
- ʻAʻole maʻi ʻo ELISA, he ʻano hoʻāʻo ia i hana ʻia ma kahi hale hana.
- Hana kēia ʻōnaehana ma ka pilina ma waena o nā "ʻenemi" (antigens) a me nā "koa" (antibodies) i loko o ko mākou kino.
- Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ʻike i nā mea he nui, e like me nā maʻi, nā pae hormone, nā maʻi allergies, a me nā māka kanesa.
- Inā paha he maikaʻi ka hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ELISA, ʻaʻole ia he hōʻailona paʻa. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, he hoʻāʻo mua wale nō ia.
- ʻO kāu kauka ke kanaka maikaʻi loa a ʻo ia wale nō ke kanaka e hoʻoponopono i nā nīnau a hopohopo paha āu e pili ana i nā hopena o kāu hoʻāʻo.
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