E aʻo anei kākou e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana huna (opsonization) e hopu ana i nā ʻenemi o ke kino?

Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i ka nui o ke kaua e hana nei i loko o ko kākou kino i nā manawa a pau? ʻO nā maʻi e hele mai ana mai waho mai, nā pathogens e like me ka bacteria, nā cell cancer e ulu ana i loko o ke kino, a i ʻole ko kākou mau cell ponoʻī e ʻelemakule a make ... Loaʻa iā kākou āpau kahi ʻōnaehana pale nui e pale aku i ko kākou kino mai kēia mau mea a pau. Kāhea mākou i kēia ʻōnaehana pale. Ua like ia me kahi pūʻali koa e pale ana i ko kākou ʻāina. Akā pehea e ʻike ai kēia pūʻali koa i ka mea he ʻenemi a ʻo wai ka hoaaloha? I kēia lā e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kahi kaʻina hana kupaianaha loa, paʻakikī iki, akā he mea nui loa e kōkua ana i kēlā.

He aha ka Opsonization? E hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi kākou.

He mea paʻakikī paha kēia huaʻōlelo, akā he maʻalahi loa ke kumumanaʻo. ʻO ka Opsonization, i ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana e "hōʻailona" ai kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale a hopu i nā mea e hōʻino iā mākou, e like me nā germs a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​pūnaewele i hōʻino ʻia.

E noʻonoʻo i kēia. Ua pakele kekahi ʻaihue a ke peʻe nei i loko o kou hale. Hele mai nā mākaʻi e ʻimi iā ia, akā he paʻakikī ke loaʻa iā ia. Akā pehea inā hele mai kekahi a hoʻopili i kahi sticker ʻālohilohi ma nā lole o ka ʻaihue? A laila hiki i nā mākaʻi ke ʻike maʻalahi a hopu i ka ʻaihue ʻoiai i ka pōʻeleʻele. ʻO ia ka mea e hana ʻia me kēia kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia ʻo opsonization. Hoʻopili kahi ʻano protein kūikawā i nā germs a me nā cell i makemake ʻole ʻia e hiki ʻole i nā cell pale o ko mākou kino ke ʻike maʻalahi. E like me kēlā sticker ʻālohilohi. A laila hele mai kā mākou mau cell pale a ʻike i kēia mau mea "i hōʻailona ʻia", hopu iā lākou a luku iā lākou.

Mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene mai ka huaʻōlelo no "e hana i ka ʻono." E like me kā mākou e hoʻolilo ai i ka meaʻai i ʻono a makemake e ʻai ia mea, hōʻailona kēia kaʻina hana i kā mākou mau hunaola pale ma ke ʻano e makemake ai lākou e "ʻai" i nā germs.

No laila, ʻo wai kēia mau "māka" i kapa ʻia ʻo Opsonins?

E hoʻomanaʻo i kēlā mau "stickers ʻālohilohi" a mākou i kamaʻilio ai ma mua? ʻO kēlā mau stickers ka mea a mākou e kapa nei he opsonins i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. He mau protein kūikawā kēia e lana manuahi ana i loko o ko mākou koko a me ka ʻōnaehana lymphatic. Ke hoʻāla ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale, hoʻāla ʻia lākou a pili i ka ʻili o kēlā mau germs a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​pūnaewele makemake ʻole ʻia.

Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau opsonins he "bridging molecules" no ka mea ke hana nei lākou i kahi alahaka ma waena o ka germ a me ke cell immune e hele mai e luku iā ia. ʻAe kēia alahaka i ka cell immune e hopu maʻalahi a hoʻopuni i ka germ.

He aha ka manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo nui ʻo Phagocytosis?

ʻO Phagocytosis ka huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia e wehewehe i ka "moni ʻana a me ka luku ʻana i kekahi mea e nā cell." I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ia ka "ʻeli ʻana o ke kelepona." ʻO kekahi o nā cell pale i loko o ko mākou kino, e like me nā kaʻa ʻōpala, moni, hoʻoheheʻe, a luku i nā mea makemake ʻole ʻia. Kāhea mākou i kēia mau cell "moni ʻana".Ua kapa ʻia he mau phagocytes.

He aha ka mea a kēia mau pūnaewele phagocytic e ʻai ai?

• Germ: ʻO kēlā me kēia mea hoʻouka kaua mai waho mai, e like me nā virus, bacteria, fungi.
• Nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i ka maʻi: ʻO ko kākou mau pūnaewele ponoʻī i hōʻino ʻia e kahi germ.
• Nā pūnaewele make a ʻelemakule paha: Nā pūnaewele i hiki i ka hopena o ko lākou ola a ʻaʻole pono hou.
• Nā pūnaewele maʻi ʻaʻai: Nā pūnaewele e ulu kūpono ʻole a hōʻino i ke kino.
• Nā ʻāpana kelepona: Nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i koe i ka wā e make ai nā kelepona.

Nui nā hihia kahi e pono ai ka "marking" i kapa ʻia ʻo opsonization no ka hana pono ʻana o kēia kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe.

Pehea e hana ai kēia mau phagocytes?

Ua like kēia mau pūnaewele phagocytic me nā robots liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻōnaehana hōʻailona like ʻole i loko o ko mākou kino e haʻi iā lākou i ka mea a lākou e makemake ai e ale a me ka mea pono ʻole e ale. E hoʻomaopopo wale kākou i kēia mau ʻano hōʻailona ma kahi papa e like me kēia.

He aha nā ʻano opsonins i loaʻa?

Hoʻohana ko mākou kino i nā ʻano opsonins like ʻole e ʻike ai i nā ʻano ʻenemi like ʻole. Eia kekahi o nā laʻana nui:

• Nā Antibodies: ʻO kēia nā koa pūʻali koa kūikawā o kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale. Ke puka hou mai kahi germ (antigen) i ʻike mua ʻia, hoʻopili lākou iā lākou iho i ka germ, e like me ke kī e hoʻopili ana i kahi laka. Ke hoʻopili ʻia, hana pū ka antibody ma ke ʻano he opsonin. Hana maikaʻi nā antibodies Immunoglobulin G (IgG) a me Immunoglobulin M (IgM) i kēia hana.
• Nā kumu hoʻohui: He hōʻiliʻili kēia o nā protein e kōkua i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale e hana pū. Ke hoʻāla ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana, hele kekahi o nā protein āna e hana ai (no ka laʻana, C3b a me C4b ) a pipili i ka ʻili o nā germs. Hana kēia mau mea ma ke ʻano he opsonins ikaika loa.
• ʻO nā opsonins hoʻopaʻa Phosphatidylserine: He paʻakikī iki kēia inoa. I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, penei. Ke kokoke e make kahi cell (apoptosis), hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi mole i loko o kona membrane cell. ʻO kēia ka hōʻailona "ʻai-iaʻu" a mākou i kamaʻilio ai ma mua. He ʻano opsonin kūikawā kēia e hoʻopaʻa ai i kēlā hōʻailona.
• ʻO nā opsonins ʻē aʻe: Ma waho aʻe o kēia, aia kekahi mau protein ʻē aʻe e hana ana ma ke ʻano he opsonins. No ka laʻana, fibronectin a me ka mannose-binding lectin.

No ke aha he mea nui ka opsonization?

He mea nui loa kēia kaʻina hana no ko kākou ola ʻana. ʻElua kumu nui no ia mea.

1. Hopu i nā germs paʻakikī: Hoʻokumu kekahi mau bacteria i kahi uhi mānoanoa e like me ka capsule a puni lākou iho. ʻO kēia ka mea e paʻakikī ai i kā mākou phagocytes ke hopu a ale. Paheʻe lākou e like me kahi ʻāpana kopa. Akā i ka wā e hele mai ai nā opsonins (ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo C3b a me nā antibodies) a pipili i ka ʻili o kēia capsule, loaʻa i nā phagocytes kahi "lima" e hiki ai iā lākou ke hopu. A laila e ale maʻalahi ʻia a luku ʻia.

2. E mālama i kou kino i ka maʻemaʻe: Make nā piliona o nā cell a hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea hou i loko o ko kākou kino i kēlā me kēia lā. Inā noho mau kēia mau cell make e like me kēlā, hiki iā lākou ke pala a lilo i mea ʻawahia i ke kino, e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi like ʻole. Ma muli o ke kaʻina hana o ka opsonization, ua "hōʻailona ʻia" kēia mau cell e make ana, a hele mai nā cell phagocytic a wehe koke iā lākou. No laila, he kōkua nui kēia i ka mālama ʻana i ko kākou kino i ke olakino a me ka maʻemaʻe.

He aha ka mea e hana ʻia inā hewa kekahi mea i kēia kaʻina hana?

E like me nā ʻōnaehana āpau, hiki i kēia kaʻina hana opsonization ke hele hewa. ʻO nā maʻi genetic, nā hopena o kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, a i ʻole nā ​​​​kumu ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana o kēia ʻōnaehana. A laila hiki ke kū mai ʻelua ʻano pilikia nui.

• ʻAʻole hiki ke luku i nā mea ʻino: Inā ʻaʻole hana pono ʻia nā opsonins, a inā ʻaʻole hiki i nā phagocytes ke ʻike iā lākou, hoʻomaka nā germs, nā cell i hōʻino ʻia, a me nā cell cancer e hōʻiliʻili i loko o ke kino. Hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi pinepine a koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka pilikia o ka maʻi kanesa .

• Ka luku ʻana i nā mea pono ʻole e luku ʻia: I kekahi manawa, ma muli o kahi hewa i loko o kēia ʻōnaehana, hoʻomaka nā opsonins e pipili i ka ʻili o kā mākou mau cell olakino ponoʻī. A laila, hele mai nā cell phagocytic a luku i kēlā mau cell olakino, me ka manaʻo he "ʻenemi" lākou. Kāhea mākou i kēia kūlana he mau maʻi autoimmune . No ka laʻana, nā maʻi e like me lupus . Ua ʻike ʻia e ka noiʻi hiki i nā hewa i loko o kēia kaʻina hana ke kōkua i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi neurological e like me Alzheimer's .

Inā he kānalua kou e pili ana i kēia ʻano maʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e ʻike i kāu kauka a noi i ka ʻōlelo aʻo.

Hiki i ka opsonization ke mālama i nā maʻi?

He wahi hoihoi loa kēia o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i kēia manawa. Ke noiʻi nei nā kānaka ʻepekema inā hiki ke kāohi ʻia kēia kaʻina hana opsonization a hiki ke ho'ōla ʻia nā maʻi.

• No ke kanesa: He ʻano kelepona akamai loa nā hunaola kanesa e hiki ke pale aku i ka ʻōnaehana pale. Ke noiʻi nei mākou inā hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā opsonins artificial e pipili wale i ka ʻili o nā hunaola kanesa a kōkua i ka ʻōnaehana pale e luku iā lākou.
• No nā maʻi: Ke hana ʻia nei nā noiʻi e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano e "hoʻopaʻa" a pepehi i nā bacteria, ʻoiai nā mea i kūʻē i nā antibiotics.
• No nā maʻi autoimmune: Ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nei e hoʻomohala i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e ālai ai i ka opsonization o nā cell olakino.

Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hoʻāʻo pepehi kanaka opsonophagocytic (OPKA) he mau hoʻāʻo i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ka pono o kahi lāʻau pale. Ana lākou i ka hiki o nā antibodies i hana ʻia e ka lāʻau pale e "tag" i kahi pathogen a hoʻopau iā ia e nā phagocytes.

No laila, he hana ikaika loa ka opsonization e hana malū ana, ʻike ʻole ʻia, i loko o ko mākou kino, akā pale i ko mākou ola. Ua like ia me ka ʻoihana akamai e hōʻike ana i nā pahuhopu kūpono i kā mākou mau pūʻali koa pale.